.logical operations

.comparisons between values

.ensures execution of instruction in the correct sequence

.decodes every instruction that processor will execute

.sends and receives control signals to and from other components

.checks signals have been delivered successfully

.make sure data goes to the correct place at correct time

system clock-generates regular clock pulses by emitting signals that continously switch from low(0) to high(1)

clock speed-how quickly the CPU can process instructions (Number of clock cycles in one second )

CLOCK SPEED ESSENTIALS :

.clock speed is mesured in hertz

.1 clock cycle per sec = 1Hz

general registers include storing the results of intermediate calculations that are part of larger computations

special purpose registers -

processor based registers used for a specific purpose

DECODE:The instructions (which are received in binary) need to be decoded before they can be run. This is the process the control unit uses to work out what the other components need to do.

Each processor will have slightly different encodings for instructions.

EXECUTE:The control unit will tell the other components what they need to do in order for the instruction to work.

Embedded systems use software known as firmware to control the hardware. Firmware is usually programmed in the factory where the microcontroller is produced. Unlike software, the user does not directly interact with the firmware. Assembly language is often used to develop firmware, as it provides direct control over specific hardware components.