Chapter 5 by https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa Large Biological Molecules en-us 2017-09-07 23:04:57 UTC 2017-09-14 16:21:31 UTC hello@padlet.com Chapter 5 Large Biological Molecules cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185719661 2017-09-07 23:05:29 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185719661 Carbohydrates cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185719691 simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides

]]> 2017-09-07 23:05:52 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185719691 Lipids cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185720233 are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers]]> 2017-09-07 23:10:41 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185720233 Proteins cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185720311 2017-09-07 23:11:22 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185720311 Nucleic Acids cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185720345 Genes consist of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides]]> 2017-09-07 23:11:39 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185720345 Sugars cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185720366 Glucose is the most common mononsaccharies]]> 2017-09-07 23:11:50 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185720366 Monosaccharides cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185721378 have molecular formulas that are multiple of CH2O]]> 2017-09-07 23:20:04 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185721378 Classification cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185721687 location of carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton]]> 2017-09-07 23:22:23 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185721687 Uses cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185721965 Major fuel for cells and raw building material]]> 2017-09-07 23:24:44 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185721965 Disaccharide cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185722242 is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides ]]> 2017-09-07 23:27:00 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185722242 Polysaccharides cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185722455 architecture and function are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages]]> 2017-09-07 23:28:41 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185722455 Starch cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185722664  a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers]]> 2017-09-07 23:30:05 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185722664 simplest form cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185723116 The simplest form of starch is amylose]]> 2017-09-07 23:33:28 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185723116 Glycogen cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185723281 is a storage polysaccharide in animals
and is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells
]]> 2017-09-07 23:35:17 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185723281 Cellulose cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185723463 is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells]]> 2017-09-07 23:37:08 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185723463 Chitin cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185723626 is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi]]> 2017-09-07 23:38:40 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185723626 Hydrophobic cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185724415 because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds]]> 2017-09-07 23:45:02 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/185724415 Important Lipids cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187607949 fats, phospholipids, and steroids]]> 2017-09-14 15:14:10 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187607949 Fats cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187608563 are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids]]> 2017-09-14 15:15:13 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187608563 Fatty Acids cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187609463 consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton]]> 2017-09-14 15:16:52 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187609463 Triacylglycerol cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187610073 In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol
 by an ester linkage ]]> 2017-09-14 15:18:04 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187610073 Saturated Fatty Acids cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187611000 have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds]]> 2017-09-14 15:19:42 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187611000 Unsaturated Fatty Acids cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187611647 have one or more double bonds]]> 2017-09-14 15:20:55 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187611647 Hydrogenation cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187613340 is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen]]> 2017-09-14 15:23:49 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187613340 Trans Fat cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187614495 Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds]]> 2017-09-14 15:25:37 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187614495 Essential Fatty Acids cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187615343 omega-3 fatty acids, which are required for normal growth and are thought to provide protection against cardiovascular disease]]> 2017-09-14 15:26:52 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187615343 Phospholipid cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187618135 two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol ]]> 2017-09-14 15:31:33 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187618135 Structure cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187620296 The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head.]]> 2017-09-14 15:35:03 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187620296 Arrangement cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187620737 At the surface of a cell, phospholipids are also arranged in a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior]]> 2017-09-14 15:35:51 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187620737 Steroids cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187621566 are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings]]> 2017-09-14 15:37:15 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187621566 Cholesterol cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187622598 is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized]]> 2017-09-14 15:38:57 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187622598 Functions of Proteins cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187623313 Some proteins speed up chemical reactions
Other protein functions include defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, or structural support
]]> 2017-09-14 15:40:08 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187623313 8 types of Proteins cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187623779 Enzymatic-accelerates chemical reactions
Defensive-protection against disease
Storage-storage of amino acids
Transport-transport of substances
Hormonal-coordination of organisms activity
Receptor-response of cell to chemical stimuli
Contractile and motor-movement
Structural-support]]> 2017-09-14 15:40:49 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187623779 Catalyst cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187627318 speed up reactions]]> 2017-09-14 15:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187627318 Polypeptide cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187628354 are unbranched polymers built from these amino acids]]> 2017-09-14 15:48:35 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187628354 Amino acids cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187628876 are organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups]]> 2017-09-14 15:49:31 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187628876 Peptide Bonds cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187629837 Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called ]]> 2017-09-14 15:51:20 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187629837 Four levels of Protein Structure cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187630771 2017-09-14 15:53:10 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187630771 Primary Structure cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187631445 is its unique sequence of amino acids]]> 2017-09-14 15:54:28 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187631445 Secondary Structure cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187631987 consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain]]> 2017-09-14 15:55:36 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187631987 Tertiary Structure cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187632178 §is determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)]]> 2017-09-14 15:55:57 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187632178 Quaternary Structure cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187632382 results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains]]> 2017-09-14 15:56:22 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187632382 cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187633242 Primary structure is like the order of letters in a long word.
Primary structure is determined by inherited genetic information.
]]> 2017-09-14 15:57:55 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187633242 cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187633556 result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone]]> 2017-09-14 15:58:30 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187633556 cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187633998 the overall shape of a polypeptide, results from interactions between
 R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents]]> 2017-09-14 15:59:09 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187633998 cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187634277 results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule]]> 2017-09-14 15:59:42 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187634277 Denaturation cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187635598 This loss of a protein’s native structure is
 called ]]> 2017-09-14 16:02:04 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187635598 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187636932 DNA provides directions for its own replication]]> 2017-09-14 16:04:37 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187636932 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187637460 The mRNA molecule interacts with the cell’s protein-synthesizing machinery to direct production of a polypeptide]]> 2017-09-14 16:05:36 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187637460 cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187637750 DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis]]> 2017-09-14 16:06:12 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187637750 Polynucleotides cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187638687 Nucleic acids are polymers called ]]> 2017-09-14 16:07:46 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187638687 Nucleotides cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187638916 Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called ]]> 2017-09-14 16:08:12 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187638916 Pyrimidines cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187639498 (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
 have a single six-membered ring]]> 2017-09-14 16:09:14 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187639498 Purines cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187639754 (adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring]]> 2017-09-14 16:09:41 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187639754 Phosphodiester linkage cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187640291 Adjacent nucleotides are joined by a phosphodiester linkage, which consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides]]> 2017-09-14 16:10:35 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187640291 Double Helix cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187640859 DNA molecules have two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis]]> 2017-09-14 16:11:29 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187640859 Antiparallel cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187642232 The backbones run in opposite 5¢ → 3¢ directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as ]]> 2017-09-14 16:13:49 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187642232 Structure of DNA and RNA cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187642684 2017-09-14 16:14:36 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187642684 Pairing of DNA cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187644211 Only certain bases in DNA pair up and form hydrogen bonds: adenine (A) always with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always with cytosine (C)]]> 2017-09-14 16:17:18 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187644211 Pairing of RNA cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187644734 complementary pairing can also occur between two RNA molecules or between parts of the
 same molecule.
In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U) so
 A and U pair
]]> 2017-09-14 16:18:16 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187644734 Human Genome Project cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187645313 Once the structure of DNA and its relationship to amino acid sequence was understood, biologists sought to “decode” genes by learning their base sequences.

]]> 2017-09-14 16:19:15 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187645313 cmincey1 https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187646303 The rapid development of faster and less expensive methods of sequencing was a side effect of the Human Genome Project]]> 2017-09-14 16:20:47 UTC https://padlet.com/cmincey1/70cqh2vhf8pa/wish/187646303