The data that was collected clearly indicated that the male subjects looked at each painting in a much faster rate than the females. The female participants, on the other hand, focused more heavily on each picture and wall label. 

The results from the experiment showed that gender had an effect on short term memory. The male participants averaged a percentage of 21.2% and the female participants averaged a percentage of 61.1%. These averages were calculated by averaging the number of correct responses over the total number of pictures, for each gender. This nearly was a 40% difference in the efficiency of short term memory between the sexes. The results clearly showed that females proved to have a better short term memory than male subjects. 

TOUSSAINT L, WEBB JR., Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Empathy and Forgiveness, The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), (2005)

Aim:
Another study was conducted with the aim to examine gender differences in levels of empathy and forgiveness and the extent to which the association of empathy and forgiveness differed by gender. (In the study 4 hypothesis’ was predicted, but in this case only discussing 2 and 3) 

Hypothesis 2: Women will show higher levels of empathy than will men.

Hypothesis 3: There will be no gender differences in forgiveness.

Basic Information:

For this study to be conducted 127 participants were recruited from public beaches and community parks in Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego Counties in California. The participants formed a convenience sample for this cross-sectional study. In terms of gender, 45 (35%) were men, and 82 (65%) were women. Participants also had to have some requirements to be part of this research, such as they had to be between the ages of 25 years and 45 years, their annual income had to be between $25,000 and $65,000, and their education had to be between having some high school and having a college degree.

Forgiveness:
In this study the Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI; Enright, 2005) was used to assess multidimensional aspects of forgiveness. It is a self-report measure of the degree to which one person forgives another who has hurt him or her deeply and unfairly. A scale form 1 to 6.

Empathy

The Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES; Mehrabian, 1996, 1997), was used which is a one-dimensional measure of affective or emotional empathy. It is a self-report measure of one’s ability to experience another individual’s emotions or to feel what someone else feels. The BEES consists of 30 items. Eg. - Unhappy movie endings haunt me for hours afterward. - I cannot feel much sorrow for those who are responsible for their own misery.

 Scale ranging from −4  to +4 

 

The results of these analyses showed that, as predicted in Hypothesis 2, women had higher levels of empathy than did men. Also, as predicted in Hypothesis 3, no gender differences were observed in forgiveness between genders. 

The present results supported Hypothesis 2 and Hypothesis 3. As expected, analyses revealed that women had higher levels of empathy than men but that forgiveness did not differ by gender. There are gender differences in empathy but not in forgiveness.  

 
Although men show lower levels of empathy than do women, on the basis of the present findings, that empathy is more important for men in terms of promoting forgiveness. Women have higher levels of empathy, but this does not seem to help them forgive. From the study it seems that although they already possess higher levels of empathy, empathy- based forgiveness interventions may be less effective. It can also be concluded that these gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness is related to motivation rather than ability. Women generally may be more motivated to be empathetic and thus may show higher levels of empathy. 

 

Men may empathize differently than women.  Researchers in the empathy field describe two types of empathy. One type is called effective empathy which involves a shared emotional response that women may be better at achieving. The other type is called cognitive empathy and involves being able to see the world through the perspective of the other. Men may be better able to access this type of empathy.

From both studies that were taken place I do believe that there are psychological difference between both sexes. Gender does have an impact on how we deal with problems and situations that arise in our lives. Males and females think very differently from each other and this was proven by the two studies that took place.

I think that men tend to recall events using strategies that rely on reconstructing the experience in terms of elements, tasks or activities that took place, such as activities associated with competition or physical. 

Whereas I think that women have an enhanced ability to recall memories that have strong emotional components. They can also recall events or experiences that have similar emotions in common. Women are very adept at recalling information, events or experiences in which there is a common emotional theme. 

Source 1:
Limitations: One limitation is the total number of subjects that participated in this experiment was less. There were only 6 students. A larger number of participants could provide more accurate results.

Another limitation could be whether if they carried out the ethical procedures/considerations accurately or if they did not. 

Source 2:

Limitations: The present results represent cross-sectional data however we cannot be certain that this is the case entirely and that the reverse is not also true. Forgiving states may precede empathetic states, or these may simply be co-occurring phenomenon with neither having any causal priority. Future researchers should address changes in empathy and forgiveness using longitudinal designs. 

A second limitation is that, the participants were selected from the community, the present sample was a convenience sample, and hence its representatives is questionable. 

Ethical: Important to get the consent of the subjects that participates, however this information was not provided in the study article. Another ethical issue is that, the participants should be treated with respect, however this was not mentioned in the research. 

 
Source 2: 

Ethical: It is important to get the consent of the participants that participated in this study and this was done before the experiment. Participants then only completed the questionnaires. This was mentioned in the research.

Another ethical issue is that, the participants should be treated with respect, however this was not mentioned in the research. 

Empathy- has also been defined as the ability to feel the same emotion as another

Hostility- is seen as form of emotionally charged aggressive behaviour. It is more commonly used as a synonym for anger and aggression.

Gender- is generally conceived as a set of characteristics or traits that are associated with a certain biological sex (male or female). The characteristics that generally define gender are referred to as masculine or feminine