https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb Wondering bout gonorrhea then read bout it now en-us 2020-05-01 09:34:51 UTC 2025-09-18 16:33:05 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f469-1f3eb.png jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546463072 Gonorrhea is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially among young people in the 15-24 age group. While there is a cure, the infection can cause serious complications if it’s not treated properly. Learn more about gonorrhea, including what symptoms to watch for, how the infection is treated, and how to protect yourself.]]> 2020-05-03 09:08:02 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546463072 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546474260

A sexually transmitted disease (STI) that known as “the clap” or “the drip”.

Called as STI because it undergoes process of transmission – moves from one person to another person.

It can both infects both female and males.

Most people have no symptoms but it is notifiable.

]]> 2020-05-03 09:15:44 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546474260 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546476413 In some cases, gonorrhea causes no symptoms. In fact, you could be infected and not realize it. When symptoms do appear, they usually occur in the genital area.

Men are more likely to experience symptoms from gonorrhea, and those symptoms typically include:

• Pain or burning sensation with urination
• Pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis
• Pain or swelling in the testicles

In women, symptoms are less likely, but when they do appear they’re usually noticeable within about a week of infection. Symptoms of gonorrhea in women include:

• Pain or burning sensation with urination
• Increased vaginal discharge that may be bloody or yellowish
• Painful intercourse
• Vaginal bleeding between periods, including after vaginal intercourse
• Abdominal or pelvic pain

When gonorrhea occurs in other parts of the body, these are symptoms you might experience in those areas:

• Rectum: Anal itching, pus-like anal discharge, straining during bowel movements, and spots of blood on your toilet paper
• Throat: Sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in the neck
• Eyes: Pus-like eye discharge, eye pain, and sensitivity to light

]]> 2020-05-03 09:17:24 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546476413 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546810547

The common method of transmission is by sexual intercourse.

The risk of men contracting infection varies with the number of exposures with infectious females. It has been estimated 19% for one exposure and rising 57% for >= to 4 exposures.

The risk of infection to female from infected male have been thoroughly investigated but it have been found in those who have been exposed on more than one occasion have infection rates of between 92% - 59%.

Similarly, it has also been found that males were probably at greatest risk from menstruating females.

Once the gonococci is sexually transferrred, it attaches to the mucosal cells rapidly.

Micturition after intercourse do not remove them.

Due to the presence of pilli a special feature in the organisms allows movement and show marked ability to adhere to the human cells, especially to the squamocolumnar cells of the uterine cervix. It have been found that pilli present in the infectious gonococci can overcome the electrostatic force of repulsions between the negatively charged bacterial surface and the sialic acid on the surface of host cells and bind the organisms loosely to the cell surface.

When organisms are loosely attached to the host cells, many other factors come into play. These include non specific mechanisms such as the mutual attraction of hydrophobic moieties on cell and bacterial surfaces, and more specific mechanisms.

Gonococcal outer membrane protein II occurs in the cell membrane and helps in this process. The presence and absence of which produces different types of colonies and virulence. A single strain of gonococcus can produce many different variants and this helps the organisms to spread to different types as it colonizes.

Hence, the organisms produce endotoxin and attaches itself to the microvilli of the cell membrane and starts multiplying as a result  of phagocytosis.

]]> 2020-05-03 13:17:50 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546810547 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546886832

To prevent further infection, the defense system of the infected women's body releases WBC to attack and swallow the gonococci. WBC attacks the pathogen by swallowing the proteins on the gonococci to provide antibodies to attack the pathogen and to act as a defense system during future exposure, which is also known as formation of immunological memory.

But, immunological memory doesn't develop for gonococci.
As the WBC attacks and swallows the gonococci, they latch through their OPA receptors and these receptors prevents the process of developing immunological memory due to binding of OPA proteins.

Although immunological memory doesn't develop, the organisms still die and they enter the subepithelial tissue upon death. 

The phagocytosed gonococci are then found as pus in the urethral and cervical region.

The gonococci are found inside the phagosomes, degranulated, with dead cells in the vacuoles.

However in some polymorphs, large number of viable organisms are found which damage the polymorphs and are called as the "infectious units". These are protected from host attack and can invade epithelial cells.

In female the spread to the fallopian tubes occurs mainly at the time of menstruation.

Certain strains of gonococci seem to have particular abilities to spread to distant sites, so producing the Disseminated gonorrheal infection syndromes.

They show the resistance to the killing action of complement. 

Below attached is a mind map of the pathogenesis of Gonorrhea :

]]> 2020-05-03 14:04:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/546886832 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/548174207 1. Complication.

• Infertility in both women and men.

Females may have pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) whereas in males, they may have epididymitis.

• Increased risk of having HIV/AIDS
• Pregnant women have high risk of experiencing ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage
• Complications in babies

Newborn babies coming through the infected birth canal may have complications like blindness.

2. Prevention.

• Doing screening test
• Avoid doing sexual relationship with multiple partners
• Do not engage do any sexual activities with someone that have sexually transmitted infection or as long as the infection is not treated
• Practice safe sex
• Erythomycin can help prevent blindness

]]> 2020-05-04 05:35:25 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/548174207 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/548185091 🧫🧫🧫🧫🧫🔬🔬🔬🔬]]> 2020-05-04 05:43:31 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/548185091 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/548197545 Let's test your understanding about gonorrhea. Open the link above and answer the questions given. Good luck!!🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩]]> 2020-05-04 05:53:40 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/548197545 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/548213346 Too many words!!!!😵😵😵😵😵 Don't worry we have video for you too watch. Hope u guys enjoy and understand it.😎😎]]> 2020-05-04 06:04:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/548213346 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/549587309 Gonorrhea treatment in adults and babies will be the same.

• Antibiotics such as ceftriaxone is  given as an injection with oral azithromycin (Zithromax). 
• For those who develop allergic reaction to Ceftriaxone, other medications such as  Oral gemifloxacin (Factive) or injectable gentamicin and oral azithromycin. would be given.

To learn more on how they administrate the medications in patients, click the link above! Wish you all happy reading.

]]> 2020-05-04 15:05:55 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/549587309 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/549660099 First of all, if you develop any symptoms of Gonnorhea; especially if you recently had unprotected sex or had multiple sex partner, do seek for medical help.

• The doctors would perform history taking on you. Here the doctors would ask about your sexual life. No worries, all information collected from you will be private and confidential. 
• The doctors will then do physical examination with your consent. The examination involves your pelvic area. Doctors will try to look if there is any redness or swelling in your genital area.
• Urine test will be done to help identify the bacteria in your urethra.
• Swab of affected area. A swab of your throat, urethra, vagina or rectum can collect bacteria that can be identified in a lab. Take smear for gram staining - gram -ve diplococci can be seen.
• NAAT  assay is a serological test that will be performed to detect the DNA and RNA of Neisseria Gonnorhea.

]]> 2020-05-04 15:26:30 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/549660099 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/550341004 People can contract and transmit sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) through several types of sexual contact.
Unlike some other conditions, a person’s sex, ethnicity, or age do not affect the likelihood that they will contract an STI. Since STIs occur due to sexual contact with others, anyone who is sexually active is at risk of contracting an STI.
There are several potential risk factors for contracting an STI. People should take steps to avoid risks when engaging in sexual activity.

•  Adolescence. (15 years old to 24 years old).

Reported that gonorrhea cases increases for men and women at the age of adolescent. Female is at higher risk compared to male. 

• History of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. (PID).

PID happens when bacteria travels from vagina and cervix to other parts of the body where it can lead to chronic health problems such as infertility. If it is left untreated it will cause  infection and leads to bacterial vaginosis.

• Multiple Sex Partners.

Sexually active person can be affected by gonorrhea through unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex. The risk will be higher when having multiple sex partner.

• Oral Contraceptive Use.

The usage of oral or injection hormonal contraception will increase the risk of gonorrhea. Therefore, the usage of condom consistently is protective against sexual transmitted disease.

• Male Homosexuality.

Gay/ Bisexual and other men who have sex intercourse with men is one of the risk factor of getting STD and gonorrhea infection. In men the most common gonorrhea are known as inflammation of epididymis that increases the risk of prostate cancer.

• Insertion of IUD (Intrauterine Disease).

Studies shows that women with chlamydia and gonorrhea infection during the insertion of the IUD will increase the risk of  pelvic inflammatory disease.

• Low Socioeconomic Status.

Lower socioeconomic status plays an important role in spreading gonorrhea. For example, poverty, lower educational achievement, and poor health.

• Antibiotic Resistant Gonorrhea.

Untreated gonorrhea due to resistant towards bacteria as gonorrhea has developed resistance to nearly all of the antibiotics used for its treatment.

]]> 2020-05-04 19:24:05 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/550341004 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/569142948 We would like to dedicate this appreciation to our lecturer, Dr Mustafa Fadhil Mohammed, lecturer that taught us for this subject which is "Communicable Disease". We honestly believe it was your innovative, hands-on approach to this subject that made us enjoy this subject so much. You truly know how to make learning fun. We enjoyed being taught by you immensely, you're an excellent teacher and have inspired us to continue learning with an open mind and enthusiastic about something. We appreciate all your hard work, it means so much to us. Once again, thank you so much for your expertise, time and patience.]]> 2020-05-13 04:59:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/569142948 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/572997722

Caused by Neiserria gonorrhoeae.

Commonly referred as gonococcus; sphere/ball

Thrive in a warm, moist environment that can affect any mucous membrane.

Affects the urethra, rectum, throat, cervix, vagina, penis and eyes (rare).

]]> 2020-05-14 15:32:16 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/572997722 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/573007074 1. Sexual Contact.

• Touch on infected area (another person).
• Main ways to get gonorrhea – vaginal sex, anal sex and oral sex.
• Spread when semen, pre-cum and vaginal fluids get on or inside the genitals, anus or mouth.

2. Childbirth.

• Pass to the baby during vaginal delivery.
• The baby comes contact with the mother’s genital secretions.
• Prevent by C-section delivery.

]]> 2020-05-14 15:35:31 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/573007074 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/573131154 You all can refer to this slides for this Gonorrhea summarization. ]]> 2020-05-14 16:18:09 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/573131154 jahnanit https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/573144777 Thank you for reading our padlet, feel free to use this as your reference, hope it helps!]]> 2020-05-14 16:22:49 UTC https://padlet.com/jahnanit/6z6sczi2nutfwxwb/wish/573144777