emerged around the 8th century BC on the Italian Peninsula;

the tribe of Italic people- the Indo-European language family;

one of the most iconic civilisations in history.

Romulus (753–717 BCE):

• the founder and first king of Rome;

• credited with laying the foundations of Roman institutions and traditions.

Numa Pompilius (717–673 BCE):

• a wise and pious ruler who established Rome's religious practices;

Tullus Hostilius (673–641 BCE):

• military prowess and expansionist policies;

• war against neighboring cities, including Alba Longa; - -the original meeting place of the Roman Senate.

Ancus Marcius (641–616 BCE):

• focused on expanding Rome's territory and infrastructure.

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (616–579 BCE):

• the first Etruscan king of Rome;

• credited with significant construction projects in Rome, the Circus Maximus and the Cloaca Maxima- Rome's main sewer system.

Servius Tullius (579–535 BCE):

• his social and political reforms;

• the Servian Constitution;

• division of Roman society into classes based on wealth and military service and instituted the census.

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (535–509 BCE):

• the seventh and last king of Rome;

• tyranny and oppression;

• his eventual overthrow in 509 BCE

• resulted in the establishment of the Roman Republic.