https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve Made with mirth en-us 2023-02-03 14:21:19 UTC 2023-02-06 18:12:21 UTC hello@padlet.com oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2467712161 Before Brown v. The Board of Education, there was racial segregation, which Mendez attempted to combat because California's segregation schools were dividing people of color, such as African Americans and Latinas/Latinos. In actuality, it had violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. You'll eventually face consequences for breaking an amendment, such as losing your privileges or going to jail.

The reason this whole thing happened was because some people were being racist and looking down on people of color because of their education. This makes me feel like they were assuming that if someone wanted to attend a good school of education that offered a good education that leads to higher paying jobs, they weren't qualified for a higher education.

Source:https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board/timeline.html#:~:text=Brown%20v.-,Board%20of%20Education,clause%20of%20the%2014th%20Amendment.]]> 2023-02-03 15:13:52 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2467712161 oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2467734414 Segregation existed in Montgomery prior to the Rosa Parks incident, preventing people of color from accessing the restroom or even dressing rooms in the same way as people who identify as white. Rosa Parks was greatly impacted by the fact that no person of color was permitted to sit in the front seats and had to locate a seat all the way in the back. Taking into account that she had no real intention of sitting at the back because she believed her rights had been infringed.

The reason Rosa Parks incident has a tremendous impact on the civil right movement is because In 1955, Parks disobeyed a bus driver's directive to move to the back of the vehicle after the white section had filled up and leave a row of four seats in the "colored" section. A few days later, a successful bus boycott in Montgomery was inspired by her defiance.

Cite: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement-timeline

]]> 2023-02-03 15:29:44 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2467734414 oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470253624 Before the peaceful protest that MLk returned to the South at the age of 25 after earning his doctorate and took the pastorship of Montgomery, Alabama's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.

MLK had brought a tremendous change to the world and the future generation by making the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act were both made possible thanks in part to MLK. Each of these laws made it easier for African Americans to enjoy civil rights across the nation. We may still benefit from King's ideals and actions today thanks to his speeches and writings.


King is chosen to lead the Montgomery Improvement Association, which was established by the Black community to organize a boycott of the segregated municipal buses, in December 1955. After Rosa Parks, a Black lady, was arrested for refusing to let a white man sit in her bus seat, there was a boycott. King organizes the Montgomery bus strike in retaliation. The United States Supreme Court declares that segregation on buses is unconstitutional at the end of 1956.There is the historic March on Washington. King and other leaders in the civil rights movement coordinated the march. There are more than 200,000 participants in the protest. In Washington, D.C., King gives his well-known "I Have a Dream" address close to the Lincoln Memorial. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was subsequently passed as a result of the march. Soon later MLK was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by sanitation workers.


Cite: https://www.britannica.com/summary/Martin-Luther-King-Jr-Timeline]]> 2023-02-06 15:22:23 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470253624 oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470283822 What had let to "The Albany Movement" was the arrest of five black students staging a sit-in at the Trailways bus station lunch counter served as the impetus for the Albany Movement's first large-scale gathering, which took place on November 25 in Shiloh Baptist Church.

Following the students' removal from Albany State, a large protest was organized to call for their reinstatement. The conference and march were arranged as a result of the SNCC informing the Department of Justice that Albany had disobeyed an ICC order that forbade discrimination in interstate bus and train stations.

Dr. William Anderson, the leader of the Albany Movement, requested Martin Luther King Jr. to speak at a large assembly as demonstrations grew and gained traction. In front of more than 1,000 protesters, King delivered a speech and organized a march of 250 people to Albany City Hall. King was among the leaders of the protesters who were detained for illegally marching. King threatened to remain in jail until his demands for disintegration were fulfilled and they refused to be released on bail. Local Albany Movement leaders made an agreement with the authorities while he was imprisoned. The administration agreed to dismantle train and bus facilities, free protesters on bail, and pay attention to their requests. There was no mention of King or the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

This had a little effect on the Civil Rights Movement considering after a few weeks, it became clear that the city would not uphold its vow to enforce desegregation in bus and train terminals. The Albany Movement came to an end in August 1962 without achieving many of its initial objectives. But in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the black community in Albany began to rebel against segregation laws. King and his followers learned from the Albany Movement, which offered a crucial lesson as they prepared to deal with a similar circumstance in Birmingham.


Cite: http://www.african-american-civil-rights.org/albany-movement/#:~:text=The%20first%20mass%20meeting%20of,Trailways%20bus%20station%20lunch%20counter.



]]> 2023-02-06 15:39:01 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470283822 oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470309823 Before "The March On Washington" took place there had been plans for a march on Washington to protest segregation, the denial of voting rights, and unemployment among African Americans were started by Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin. All of the main civil rights organizations backed Randolph and Rustin's march on August 28, and it was a great success.

A quarter of a million people demonstrated in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963, calling for the abolition of segregation, equal pay and economic justice, voting rights, access to education, and long overdue civil rights legislation. Leaders of the civil rights movement stood up and made frantic appeals for action that are still relevant today.


What had changed in regarding "The March On Washington" is  it functioned as a plea for equality and justice , it also helped pave the way for both the ratification of the Twenty fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (outlawing the poll tax, a tax levied on individuals as a requirement for voting) and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Cite : https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2018/civil-rights-events-fd.html

Cite: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/classroom/2023/01/the-march-on-washington-and-its-impact/#:~:text=It%20not%20only%20functioned%20as,Act%20of%201964%20(desegregating%20public]]> 2023-02-06 15:54:09 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470309823 oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470343160 A 600-person civil rights march in Selma, Alabama, on March 7, 1965, turns violent when marchers are attacked and beaten by white state troopers and sheriff's deputies. The events of that day came to be known as "Bloody Sunday.They attacked hundreds of civil rights demonstrators as they marched from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital in Montgomery using billy clubs, whips, and tear gas.

In remembrance of the recent fatal shooting of Jimmie Lee Jackson, a 26-year-old church deacon, by state trooper James Bonard Fowler, civil rights activists Hosea Williams of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and John Lewis of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee led the protesters. The gathering intended to march Montgomery, the state capital, 54 miles from Selma. They were told to disperse just as they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge outside of Selma. Later, they were attacked by police using billy clubs, bullwhips, and tear gas. Lewis, who was 25 at the time, was one of the 17 marchers who were hospitalized; dozens more received medical attention.


This impacted the Civil Rights movement because Newspapers and national television broadcasts made public the violence and deployment of tear gas by the mob of Alabama citizens and state troopers. The manner the marchers were treated stunned many people from around the nation. Many people expressed their indignation in letters to the government.

Cite: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bloody-sunday-civil-rights-protesters-beaten-selma#:~:text=On%20March%207%2C%201965%2C%20in,known%20as%20%22Bloody%20Sunday.%22]]> 2023-02-06 16:13:05 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470343160 oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470348413 What happened before the "Chicago Freedom Movement" was a local civil rights organization inviting Dr. King to lead protests against housing, education, and employment discrimination in July 1965, which marked the beginning of the Chicago Campaign.


When King and the SCLC unveiled their plans for the Chicago Freedom Movement on January 7, 1966, it signaled the spread of their civil rights work from southern to northern cities. At the end of January, King and his family relocated to a ghetto in Chicago to draw attention to the substandard housing circumstances faced by tens of thousands of black residents of the city while the CCCO planned large-scale, nonviolent demonstrations.

How the Chicago Freedom Movement had a impact on the Civil Right Movement was  because the federal Fair Housing Act was passed in 1968 as a result of the Chicago Freedom Movement, though this was not the sole effect of the movement. The work of Dr. King and the inhabitants of Chicago may teach us many things, including the importance of local policies.


Cite :  https://nlihc.org/resource/chicago-freedom-movement#:~:text=The%20Chicago%20Freedom%20Movement%20was,Local%20policies%20matter%2C%20too.]]> 2023-02-06 16:16:11 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470348413 oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470349683 As the conflict reached its height in 1968, students, political figures, labor unions, religious organizations, and middle-class families came out against it more and more, forcing a slow withdrawal of American forces.Large-scale anti-war demonstrations were conducted in New York, San Francisco, and numerous other cities on April 15, 1967, amid mounting resistance to the American war in Vietnam.


During the years that followed, protests against the United States' expanding role in the Vietnam War gave rise to opposition to American involvement in the conflict, or the anti-Vietnam War movement, which is still active today. The heated and divisive debate over how to end the war, which took place predominantly in the United States throughout the second half of the 1960s and the early 1970s, was influenced by and helped shape by this movement.


Most of their actions were nonviolent and nonviolent; only a handful were aggressive and purposefully provocative. Police have occasionally attacked peaceful protesters with violence. According to Gallup polls from 1967, a growing number of Americans believed that military action in Vietnam was a mistake. Former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, who oversaw American war preparations at the time, repeated this sentiment decades later. 



Their actions consisted mainly of peaceful, nonviolent events; few events were deliberately provocative and violent. In some cases, police used violent tactics against peaceful demonstrators. By 1967, according to Gallup polls, an increasing majority of Americans considered military involvement in Vietnam to be a mistake, echoed decades later by the then-head of American war planning, former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.



Cite: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War


Cite: https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2018/civil-rights-events-fd.html

]]> 2023-02-06 16:16:50 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470349683 oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470350057 The poor people campaign was a desire for economic justice and the conviction that everyone should have access to basic necessities were the driving forces behind the Poor People's Campaign. After realizing that the material conditions of life for many African Americans had not changed as a result of civil rights advances, King and the SCLC redirected their attention to these problems. African Americans, European Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans all participated in the multiracial Poor People's Campaign, which sought to end poverty regardless of race.




By 1968, the Johnson administration (and Congress) had abandoned the War on Poverty because they wanted to concentrate on the Vietnam War and had come to view anti-poverty initiatives as largely benefiting African Americans. The Poor People's Campaign intended to combat poverty by focusing on housing and income. The campaign would aid the underprivileged by emphasizing their needs, bringing all races together in their shared suffering, and laying forth a strategy to begin finding a solution. The Poor People's Campaign proposed a "economic bill of rights" that included a $30 billion anti poverty package that included, among other demands, a commitment to full employment, a guaranteed annual income measure, and more low-income housing. This campaign urged the federal government to prioritize aiding the poor. It included the Poor People's Campaign.

Cite : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign

Cite : https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2018/civil-rights-events-fd.html






]]> 2023-02-06 16:17:03 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470350057 oroberts2024 https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470541720 After six months of demonstrations, arrests, and press conferences by the Freedom Riders, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) finally banned segregated seating on interstate bus transit on September 22, 1961. By November 1st, all "whites only" signs were to be taken down from interstate bus terminals.


Segregation rules were outlawed in interstate transportation facilities, such as buses, restrooms, drinking fountains, and lunch counters, as a result of the Freedom Rides of 1961. On November 1, 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission formally outlawed the segregation of interstate transportation facilities under its control.


Cite: https://www.thecollector.com/freedom-rides-of-1961/#:~:text=The%20Freedom%20Rides%20of%201961%20resulted%20in%20the%20ban%20of,jurisdiction%20on%20November%201%2C%201961.]]> 2023-02-06 18:11:47 UTC https://padlet.com/oroberts2024/6rt20yfbcfyvyhve/wish/2470541720