1.Define accent and give two examples
= Regional or social variation in pronunciation.
Eg; British English, Australian English

2. Discuss THREE (3) regional variation and give examples for each. (20 marks)

1.  International Variation
International variation means it shows how various cultures utilize the same language in different ways in terms of sound, lexicon (word choice), and grammatical structure. For example, based on pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. By pronunciation, there are many such stories of mistake based on regional accent differences. To British ears, a New Zealander’s dad sounds like dead, bad-bed, six-sucks but they still can understood each other. The diverse choice of words used in different regions of the world might be one of the signs for a listener to determine where you are from when it comes to vocabulary.  Example 1: ‘single parents’ - British: single parents - Australians: sole parents - New Zealanders: solo parents . From the grammar aspect, when English speakers from throughout the world encounter English speakers from different countries, they notice distinctions that are comparable to those observed by speakers of other languages.

2.  Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation

Intra-national means it deals not just with various accents but also with dialect differences within a country; differentiating forms include grammatical usages, lexical items, and pronunciation. It takes time for regional diversity to emerge. British and American English, for example, show far greater regional diversity than New Zealand or Australian English. Isoglosses, for example, are a kind of isogloss. On dialect maps, lines indicate the borders between two regions that differ in some linguistic trait.

3.  Cross-continental Variation

Cross-continental variation means a phrase that refers to a group of dialects that are spoken in a certain location. A dialect chain develops through time and spreads over a geographic area. Speakers of a dialect can understand speakers of different dialects who live nearby, but it may be difficult or impossible to comprehend those who live further away.


3.What is the difference between accent and dialect?

ACCENT: Accents are separated from one another by their pronunciation.
DIALECT: Language variations differentiated by their vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation are referred to as dialects.

4.What are the three aspects that differ the languages in Social Dialect?

5.Define caste dialects in your own word and example.

Caste dialects means that people can be grouped together in caste dialects based on comparable social and economic criteria. They employ various social dialects, which reflects these groupings in their language. For example, in areas like Indonesia and India, where class distinctions are quite obvious, the simplest evidence for social dialects is found. Birth and rigid social restrictions form caste systems.

5.
Caste dialect refers to the people that can be in the same group based on their similarity on the social and economic factors. The use of the different social dialect generally reflects these grouping. For example,  in countries like Indonesia and India, the social groupings can be seen clearly. In these countries, caste systems determined by birth and strict social rules 

Example: British English and American English.

 

2)    Three regional and variation which are International Variation, Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation and Cross-continental Variation.

 

International Variation is  different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation,  vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure. 

Example: The British would call ‘lift’ while Americans would call ‘elevator’.

 

For pronunciation, there are many such stories of mistake based on regional accent differences. To  British ears, a  New Zealander’s dad sounds like  dead, bad-bed,  six-sucks.

For vocabulary, the terms ‘single parents’ is used by the British while for Australians they used sole parents and New Zealanders they used solo parents.

For grammar, many Americans use dove while most British English speakers use dived.

 

Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation is it deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation.

Example: the kedahan will say ‘terbit’ while Kelantanese will say ‘tubik’ for the word keluar in standard malay. 

 

Cross-continental Variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand.

Example: French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland have more in common with the language of the next village than the language of Paris.

 

3)    Accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4)     

·         Vocabulary 

·         Pronunciation 

·         Grammar

 

5)    People can be grouped together in caste dialects based on comparable social and economic considerations. Their language reflects these divisions in general ,they speak in a variety of social dialects.

Example: In locations like Indonesia and India, where socioeconomic differences are quite obvious, the easiest evidence for social dialects is found. Birth and strong social constraints define caste systems.

2 ) Three types of regional variation are International Variation , Intra-national/ Intra-continental Variation and Cross-continental Variation.

-International Variation

It shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronounciation, vocabulary (word choice) , and grammatical structure . Example ; The British says curtains while American says drapes .

-Intra - national / Intra - continental Variation

It deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country-distingushing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronounciation. Example ; the kedahan use 'mai' and kelantanese use 'marih' for the word datang in standard malay .

-Cross - continental Variation

A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them , but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand . Example ;The French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy , Spain and Switzerland .

3 ) Accents are distinguished from each other by pronounciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary , grammar and pronounciation .

4 ) Pronounciation , Vocabulary , Grammar 

5 ) Caste dialect refers to a person who can be classified as belonging to the same group based on social and economic factors. Example ; In India and Indonesia where the social divisons are fairly obvious as the caste systems decided by birth and strict social rules .

2. Three regional variations are International Variation, Cross- continental Variation and Intra- national/ Intra- continental Variation. 

 International variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure. For example, American people say cookies but British people called biscuit. 

Intra-national/ Intra-continental Variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example in Malaysia context, people in Terengganu would say the word ikan as “ikang” while people in Kelantan would say it “ikey”. 

Cross- continental Variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area also known as dialect chains. Speakers of a dialect can comprehend speakers of different dialects who live nearby, while speakers from further away may be difficult to understand. For example, the varieties of French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland have more in common with the language of the next village than the language of Paris

3.  Accent are separated from one another pronunciation while dialect is linguistic varieties which are distinguishable by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4.  -vocabulary

     -pronunciation

     -grammar 

5. Caste dialects refer to people who are group together based on comparable social and economic criteria. Their language reflects their caste, since they speak in a variety of social dialects. In areas like Indonesia and India, where class distinctions are quite obvious, the simplest evidence for social dialects is found. Caste systems are based on birth and are governed by rigid social standards.

 

 

definition regional and social dialect: region=place/social=status background

this topic divided into regional=place and social=background

2. There are three regional variation which are International Variation, Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation and Cross-continental Variation.

  International Variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice), and grammatical structure. In terms of pronunciation, to British ears, a New Zealander’s 'dad' sounds like 'dead'. For vocabulary, the choice of words for ‘single parent’ is used by British people while Australians used sole parents and New Zealanders use solo parents. For grammar, Americans say ‘gotten’ where people in England use ‘got’.

  Intra-national/Intra-continental Variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country distinguishing form involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example, the standard Malay use the word ‘makan’ but the Kelantanese use ‘make’ which both means eat. 

  Cross-continental Variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand. Dialect chains are very common across the whole of Europe. For example, one chain links all the dialects of German, Dutch and Flemish from Switzerland through Austria and Germany, to the Netherlands and Belgium.

3. Accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation. Dialects are linguistic varieties that distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4. Three aspects that differ the languages in social dialect are vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar.

5. Caste dialects refer to people who be grouped together on the basis of similar social and economic factors. Their language generally reflects these groupings in which they use different social dialects. For example, in India Brahmin word for ‘Milk’ in the Kanada Language is ‘haalu’, Non brahmic dialects say ‘aalu’. In Indonesia, the highly educated highest status group use ‘samenika’ while lowest status group use ‘saiki’ where both means ‘You’.

- It shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms off the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structure.
-For example, American people say Apartment, but British people called flat.
     
   (ii) Intra-National / Intra-Continental Variation:
- It deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country- distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation.
-For example,  the Kedahan used "mai" while the Perak people used "moh" for the word datang in standard Malay.

   (iii) Cross-Continental Variation:
- A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand.
-For example, French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy, Spain and Switzerland have more in common with the language of the next village than the language of Paris.

3. The different between accent and dialect is accent are distinguished from each other by pronunciation meanwhile dialect is a linguistic varieties which are distinguished buy their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

4. - Vocabulary
    - Pronunciation
    - Grammar

5. Caste dialect can be define as people that can be classified into Caste dialects based on comparable social and economic consideration. Their language reflects these divisions in general- they speak in a variety of social dialects. 
-Example: In country like Indonesia and India, where socioeconomic differences are quite obvious, the easiest evidence for social dialects is found. Caste systems are determined by birth and strict social rules.

2) ->International Variation

Shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronounciation, vocabulary (word choice) , and grammatical structure
Example- The British use *rubish* while American use *garbage*

->Intra - national / Intra - continental Variation

Deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country-distingushing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronounciation. 
Example : 
-standard malay (tidak)
- sabahan used 'ndak'
-sarawakian used 'sik'

->Cross - continental Variation

Used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them , but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand . 
Example- The French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy , Spain and Switzerland .

3) Accents are distinguished from each other by pronounciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary , grammar and pronounciation .

4)- Pronounciation 
    -Vocabulary 
    -Grammar 

5) Refers to a person who can be classified as belonging to the same group based on social and economic factors. 
Example - In India and Indonesia where the social divisons are fairly obvious as the caste systems decided by birth and strict social rules .

1.       Accent: It is regional or social variation in pronunciation 

Example: American accent, British accent

 

2.        

International variation shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary (word choice) and grammatical structure. For example, Malaysian use "berbeza" while Indonesian use "berbeda" for the same meaning.

Intra-national / Intra-continental variation deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country which distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For an example, people in Kelantan use "kawe" while people in Perak use "teman" for the word "saya" in standard Malay.

Cross-continental variation is a term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand. For an example, one chain links all the dialects of Potuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French and Italian

 

3.        

Accent is distinguish from each other by pronunciation, while dialect are linguistic varieties which are distinguish by their pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar
  

4.        

i)                    Vocabulary 

ii)                   Pronunciation

iii)                 Grammar

 

5.    caste dialect means different social and economic status have their own dialect. for example: in Malaysia we have the royalty group and marhaen group. The royalty group use beradu while the marhaen group use tidur.

1.Define accent and give two examples 

-Accent is regional or social variation in pronunciation. For example, Australian English accent and Canadian English accent.

2. Discuss THREE (3) regional variation and give examples for each. (20 marks) 

 

-international variation: shows how different parts of the world use the same language differently in terms of the sense of the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structure. For example American English use “soccer” but British English use “football”.

 

-intra-national/ intra-continental variation: It deals with not only the different accents, but with dialect differences within a country - distinguishing forms involve grammatical usages and lexical items as well as pronunciation. For example, in standard Malay they use term “pergi” for go but in Kelantanese dialect they use term “gi” which also mean go.

 

-cross-continental variation: A term used to describe a chain of dialects spoken throughout an area. A dialect chains naturally spread across a geographical area. Speakers of a dialect can understand the speakers of other dialects who live adjacent to them, but people who live further away may be difficult or impossible to understand. For example, Thai people who live near Malaysia’s border speak Malay in Kelantanese dialect.

3.What is the difference between accent and dialect? 

Accents are distinguished from each other by pronounciation while dialects are linguistic varieties which are distinguished by their vocabulary , grammar and pronounciation .

4.What are the three aspects that differ the languages in Social Dialect?

-vocabulary

-pronunciation

-grammar

5.Define caste dialects in your own word and example.

-Caste dialect mean people can be grouped together on the basis of similar social and economic factors. A dialect spoken by specific hereditary classes in a society. Often the use of caste dialect marks the speaker as part of that particular class. For example,country such as Indonesia and India where social divisions are very clear-cut. Caste systems determined by birth and strict social rules.

 

 

3.Difference between accent and dialect is
 accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation .While,dialect  are distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation .

4.
Vocabulary- same linguistic variable is likely to have different values in different speech communities .

Pronunciation- Milk in the Kanada Language for instance is haalu while Non brahmic dialects say aalu  

Grammar- In Tulu, the Brahmin dialects makes gender, number and person distinctions in negative tenses of verb which are not made for non-Brahmics dialects. 

5-Caste dialects means that people can live together based on their economical status and comparable social .As an example,  Javanese social status is indicated not just choice of linguistics forms but also in the particular combinations of forms which each social group customarily uses  
- Lowest status group, the peasants and uneducated townspeople, consist of 3 
stylistic levels: 1, 1a and 2 
-Urbanised people with some education consists of 5 stylistic levels: 1, 1a, 2,3 and 3a 
- Highly Educated status consists of 5 levels, but they are different from those of the second group 1, 1a, 1b, 3 and 3a