https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77 Chapters 11 & 12 Padlet: Group 1: Drug abuse in adolescents (highlight the effects of specific drugs) Group 2: Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations (summarize all pertinent information from section 11-3) Group 3: Gender differences in development (summarize all pertinent information from section 11-4) Group 4: Moral development (summarize all pertinent information from section 11-5) Group 5: Development of identity (Erikson & James Marcia; section 12-1) en-us 2018-04-11 15:10:05 UTC 2018-04-11 15:34:58 UTC hello@padlet.com carson_elliott https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761242 Adolescents often experiment with drugs and alcohol. Alcohol and cigarettes are the most widely used among teens. In addition, half of 12th graders have smoked marijuana. As children age they have more opportunities to experience these things. Types of drugs include depressants, stimulants and hallucinogenics. Depressants include alcohol, heroin, and sedatives. These drugs slow the nervous system, and may make a person do things they otherwise may resist. Stimulants include nicotine, cocaine and amphetamines. These drugs increase heart rate and blood pressure. They are very addictive. Hallucinogenics include marijuana, LSD, PCP and ecstasy. These drugs elevate mood, increase sensory awareness, and can create hallucinations. These pose many risks because they impair coordination and judgment. ]]> 2018-04-11 15:13:09 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761242 bwheat9019 https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761413 Females and males don't differ drastically in overall intelligence. However, gender differences appear in certain cognitive abilities. These difference can be seen in verbal ability, visual-spatial, and mathematical ability. 

Verbal abilities include reading, spelling, grammar, oral comprehension, and word fluency. Females surpass males in verbal ability throughout their life starting at a young age. Girls seem to acquire language faster and make prelinguistic vocalizations sooner which can result in development of a larger vocabulary. 

Visual-spatial ability is the ability to visualize objects or shapes and to mentally manipulate and rotate them. This ability is useful in fields such as art, architecture, and engineering. Around 8 or 9, boys begin to outperform girls and the difference persists into adulthood. 

A misconception of mathematical ability is that males adolescents generally have a higher mathematical ability. However, a study done by Hyde and her colleagues (2008), 7 million 2nd-8th graders found no gender differences in cognitive ability relating to mathematics. Despite their equality, a stereotype exists believing that boys are more capable in careers using mathematical ability. ]]> 2018-04-11 15:13:28 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761413 mary_greene69 https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761682 Formal operation is the fourth stage of Piaget's cognitive behavior theory stages. People in this stage use flexible operations to understand abstract ideas and concepts like symbols, statements and theories. This stage begins around the age of 11 but it can be reached later or not at all. Main components of this stage include the ability to classify objects, use logical thought, hypothesize and use symbols. Hypothetical thinking explores "what might be", this is seen through assumption of others and testing them out, trying on different clothes and exploring different career opportunities. Use of symbols is seen in algebraic equations, geometry and metaphors. This allows for students to perform mental operations to come to a conclusion using the symbols and their meanings. Adolescents also experience egocentrism, in confronting the ideas of others. They feel that others concerns are similar to their own and have difficulty reaching compromise. Another aspect of egocentrism is imaginary audience, this is the idea that others are as concerned with our thoughts as we are. A third aspect of egocentrism is personal fable, the belief that thoughts and emotions are special and they are invincible. ]]> 2018-04-11 15:13:55 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761682 jade_rauen https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761740 Jade, Emily, Kelly, Kelsey, Chandler, Faith

At this age, individuals are in the post-conventional level of Kohlberg's moral development theory. This stage is characterized by basis on own moral standards and values rather than conventional standards. In stage five, laws are not binding and morality is more situational, bringing needs into account as well. Inn stage six, individuals consider universal ethics like human dignity and justice. Generally, the older someone gets the more moral their behavior will become. This final type of moral development is all but absent in developing societies. Kohlberg eventually dropped stage 6 from his theory as it was more of his personal beliefs rather than a researched determination. ]]> 2018-04-11 15:14:01 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761740 olivia_lauer https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761753 •Erik Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development is called ego identity versus role diffusion. Adolescents need to have a sense of who they are and what they stand for. Adolescents are faced with a variety of choices during this time period. Psychological moratorium is an aspect of identity development where adolescents’ hold various roles and experiment with different values and explore their morals. 
Many adolescents undergo an identity crisis where they examine and evaluate their values and and make important decisions about life roles and the future. 

James Marcia created four identity statuses that represented Erickson beliefs on the development of identity. These include identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement. Identity diffusion is the least advanced status, during this stage adolescents have made no commitments and plan to make none. In foreclosure, adolescents make commitments without considering alternatives. In moratorium, adolescents are exploring their alternatives to try and form an identity. Lastly, identity achievement is characterized by those who have explored alternatives and make firm commitments. 

There are three stages of development for ethnic identity: 1. Unexamined ethnic identity is the first stage of ethnic identity development that is similar to the diffusion or foreclosure identity statuses.
2. Ethnic identity search is the second stage of ethnic identity development that is similar to the moratorium identity status.
3. Achieved ethnic identity is the final stage of ethnic identity development that is similar to the identity achievement status.

For gender, both adolescent  females and males are concerned about occupational choices, even though females are more likely to expect that they will have to balance the demands of a career and a family. ]]> 2018-04-11 15:14:02 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/6p2la1y6ha77/wish/250761753