• Food must be stored appropriately before consumed.

• Meat, fish and dairy products have good growing environments for pathogens and should be kept in fridge.

• Cooked and uncooked food must be prepared separately (different cutting boards, cutlery).

• Cook at high temperatures to kill off pathogens (uncooked food can transmit microorganisms).

• Don't let meat or poutry touch other food and marinate them in fridge before cooking.

• Keep kitchen surfaces clean.

• Wash hands, use gloves and a hair net when managing food.

It was caused by -

• Few sewage treatment plants.

• Overpopulation overwhelms sanitation systems.

• Old and broken sewage infrastructure.

• Factories dump untreated waste into the river.

• Religious rituals and cremations add to pollution.

  This had many effects on the everyone including -

• Dirty water spreads diseases like dysentery, cholera, hepatitis, and severe diarrhea.

• Fish and marine life die due to pollution.

• Unsafe for drinking and bathing.

  Then the government launched Namami Gange Program to clean the river. where they -

• Built new sewage treatment plants.

• But sadly the progress is slow due to funding and enforcement issues.

1. Nine out of ten inhabitants wash in public sources when they can

2. Of these nine, seven do not have appropriate personal hygiene facilities in their homes

3. Of these seven, despite having at least one sink present in their homes, cannot use it as they lack running water or soap

• WeAreWater foundation worked to provide safe sanitation projects worldwide for more than 3.6 million people in the most deprived rural areas of Latin America, Africa, and Asia

• The results where that there was a significant reduction of diarrhoea diseases after implementing personal hygiene

• Fix Infrastructure – Repair old pipes and expand systems

• Build Treatment Plants – Invest in and maintain modern facilities.

• Control Industrial Waste – Enforce strict disposal rules.

• Educate People – Promote proper waste disposal habits, so the sewage does not worsen in the future.

• Strengthen Laws – Improve policies and increase funding.

• Monitor & Maintain – Check water quality and fix issues fast. If they have an efficient system then it prevents for problems with sewage to grow to a larger scale.

• Have a primary and secondary -treatment process to recycle the water to a better condition then before.

• Wash hands with soap and water for 20 seconds

• This helps to remove germs from body and therefore control the spreading

Covering mouth and nose:

• Cover mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing

• Keep distance from others

• Throw away tissues immediately

• Throw away tissues

Bathing:

• Shower and bathe at least once a day, if possible, to remove dirt and bacteria

• Use good quality body wash or soap

Cleaning your home:

• Use household cleaners that contain soap or detergent to remove germs and dirt

• Follow the directions on cleaning disinfecting products

Japan is known for its impressive public hygiene

A few habits that Japanese often follow are :

• Always wash hands and gargle when they come home from outdoords

• Bath and shower before going to sleep

• Always using masks in public when sick or when diseases are spreading

Recently, Japan has implemented contact-less technology

These technologies include:

• Contact-less payment

• Contact-less elevator buttons

• Contact-less hand sanitiser dispensers

• Contact-less thermometers

Other cleaning practices common in Japan are:

• Advanced toilet technology such as automated cleaning features

• Small, we towels (oshibori) for hand cleaning

Characteristics that make them so exemplary are:

• Advanced filtration systems

• Ultraviolet disinfection

• Processes like reverse osmosis

• Microfiltration

• Meets a significant portion of its water demand through recycled and treated wastewater

• Strict regulations

With that being said, in 2023, Singapore was rated as the country with the best health and service globally

• Human waste can contain disease-causing organisms that can easily spread if not disposed properly

• Improper disposal can lead to contamination of drinking water sources, facilitating spread of waterborne diseases

• Accumulated waste can attract insects that can carry and transmit pathogens

  
  

This improper waste management causes an environment to be more prone to disease development and spreading

For a more individual approach:

• Do not dispose of human waste close to rivers

• Always recycle when possible

• Do not let still water acumulate