First proposed by Lamarck but later got replaced by Darwin theory

Lamarck theory - giraffes grow to the leaves

Change in genetics of population overtime

It happens due to natural selection - due to Darwin voyage on HMS Beagle to Galápagos Islands

Descent with modification- offspring inherit modified traits from their ancestors. (Spooner,2025)

The Great Chain of Being: Early idea that life is a chart in which humans are at the top, and then follows by the other species

Fossils and Strata: Fossils found in layers called strata on the peak of the mountain like fish structure shows that life has changed over time.

Radiometric Dating: Technique to date fossils and rocks, revealing Earth’s age and the timeline of life. (Spooner,2025)

Biogeography- presence of same or different type of species on different areas of world.

Comparative anatomy - Studying body structures of different species to find common ancestry.

example- Birds finches- different sizesbut same shapes - same ancestry

Molecular biology (Spooner, 2025)

Homologous structures- same ancestry - different function

Analogous structures- different ancestry - same functions - bats and bees - wings

Vestigial structures - features once useful- no more valuable in present - snakes legs

Embryological evidence - gills in human and chicken embryo - life initiates in water (Spooner,2025)

Artificial selection - human-directed breeding for desirable traits (e.g., in crops or dogs),

Natural selection - the process by which traits that improve survival and reproduction are naturally selected by the environment. (eg, bird finches big - nuts and shells)

Adaptation- evolution favors traits that improve survival in a given environment, not "perfection."

Favorable traits- " Survival of the fittest" (Spooner, 2025)

A population consists of individuals of the same species that live in a particular area.

Over time natural selection and genetic drift may cause populations to evolve into new species.(Spooner,2025)

Gene- piece of DNA - influence certain traits - eye color

Mutation- change phenotype or genotype

Allele - different versions - same gene (Eg, blue eye allele and green eye allele)

Gene pool- genetics change over the generations. (Spooner,2025)

Micro - change happen in number of allele within same species

Macro- large-scale changes leading to new species. (Spooner,2025)