Mishkat's HerpetoArea PK by Mishkat Ullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1 Herpeto Fauna of Pakistan en-us 2019-03-02 11:13:43 UTC 2025-11-12 00:10:35 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Lovecoffee.png THEME 1 STEP 3: Sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests (Thorn Scrub Forests) mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337370899  These are xerophtic forests of thorny and small-leafed evergreen species. This type occurs on the foothills and lower slopes of the Himalayas, the Salt Range, Kalachitta and the Sulaiman Range. The typical species are; Olea cuspidata (Kau) and Acacia modesta (Phulai), the two species occurring mixed or pure, and the shrub Dodonaea (Sanatta) which is particularly abundant in the most degraded areas. Total area of these forests is estimated to be 1,191,000 ha. ]]> 2019-03-04 08:21:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337370899 Indian Burrowing Frog mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337372081 Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799)]]> 2019-03-04 08:27:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337372081 Brahminy blind snake mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337372825 Indotyphlops braminus
(Daudin, 1803)]]> 2019-03-04 08:31:19 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337372825 THEME 1 Step 3: Moist Temperate Forest mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337600119 The evergreen forests of conifers, locally with some admixture of oak and deciduous broad-leaved trees fall in this category. Their undergrowth is rarely dense, and consists of both evergreen and deciduous species. These forests occur between 1500 m and 3000 m elevation in the Western Himalayas except where the rainfall falls below about 1000 mm in the inner ranges, especially in the extreme north-west. The dominant conifers are Cedrus deodara (Deodar, diar), Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana and Abies pindrow (Partal).  ]]> 2019-03-04 18:24:11 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337600119 THEME 1 STEP 3: Cholistan Desert mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337600622 The Cholistan desert extends over an area of 26,000 sq. km., in the southern part of the Punjab, Pakistan. The vegetation of Cholistan desert is a typical of arid regions and comprises of xerophytic species, adapted to extreme seasonal temperature, moisture fluctuation and a wide variety of edaphic conditions. The plains plant community comprises of  Haloxylon recurvum, Suaeda fruticosa, Salsola baryosma, Sporobolus ioclados, Aeluropus lagopoides, Capparis decidua and Prosopis cineraria. Similarly, the sand dunes plant community dominated by Calligonum polygonoides, Aerva javanica, Panicum turgidum and Lasiurus scindicus. ]]> 2019-03-04 18:25:14 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337600622 Kashmir Rock Agama mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337602771 Laudakia tuberculata 
(Gray, 1827)]]> 2019-03-04 18:29:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337602771 Swat Green Toad mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337603232 Bufotes pseudoraddei (Mertens, 1971)]]> 2019-03-04 18:30:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337603232 Three-Toed Snake Skink mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337604298 Ophiomorus tridactylus (BLYTH, 1853)

]]> 2019-03-04 18:32:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337604298 Marbled Toad / Punjab Toad mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337604992 Bufo stomaticus Lütken, 1864 ]]> 2019-03-04 18:34:32 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/337604992 REPTILE FOSSILS ID CARD: Extinct Snake species from Pakistan Chotaophis padhriensis Head, 2005 mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/338476530 Species: Chotaophis padhriensis Head, 2005
Holotype. H-GSP 24346, isolated precloacal vertebra.
Paratype: H-GSP 26246, isolated vertebra.
Type locality: Y-367 (8.95 Ma) Locality and age: Y-457 (7.30 Ma)
Diagnosis: Small colubrine snake possessing narrow zygapophyses, anteriorly positioned lateral foramina, transversely thin neural spine, and parazygantral foramina.  Etymology: Specific name from Padhri, the local community at locality Y-457. Name translates as “little snake from Padhri.” ]]> 2019-03-06 16:44:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/338476530 Phylogeny of Chotaophis padhriensis Head, 2005 mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/338495224 2019-03-06 17:15:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/338495224 AMPHIBIAN FOSSIL ID CARD: Anuran Fossils from Pakistan mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/338497055 To date, only a few fossils has been recovered from my HerpetoArea (Pakistan). These fossils are still unidentified. For example three  unidentified fossils are mentioned in an online database  "fosFARbase" (http://www.wahre-staerke.com/) . These fossils were collected from Chattian and Langhian period. 

]]> 2019-03-06 17:18:22 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/338497055 THEME 2 STEP 1: Assess the problem mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/338931686 As the climatic conditions are harsh in North, there is very small variation Glacial and Inter glacial periods led to selection of species to adopt and withstand those conditions of less or no endemism.
Where as Southern Europe was warmer with plenty of food, refugia/micro niches, high rate of species expansion and diverse climatic conditions to flourish many species. Therefore there are more Endemic species in southern Europe
So my conclusion, both evidences are interconnected.  ]]> 2019-03-07 16:09:44 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/338931686 Illegal trade of turtles destablising Pakistan's ecological system mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339572382 2019-03-09 16:04:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339572382 Extinction of Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) from Pakistan mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339572634 This species gone extinct from Pakistan. A few Gharials were seen in Eastern Nara in 1980.  IUCN Status: Critically Endangered.
For more detail visit: https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/108410-extinction-of-gharials-in-pakistan-feared

]]> 2019-03-09 16:07:11 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339572634 Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans) mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339577418 This tortoise is beautiful and small sized. It is illegally traded to Europe where it kept as pet. its population is in decreasing. Its IUCN status is Vulnerable.   ]]> 2019-03-09 16:50:08 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339577418 Muree Hill’s Frog (Endemic Frog) mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339581328 Muree Hill’s Frog (Nanorana vicina) is one of the least studied anurans of South-east Asia. The species is also under-represented in the global amphibian literature. Since its first report and description in 1872, it has never been collected from its type locality viz. ]]> 2019-03-09 17:25:16 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339581328 Chitral Gecko (Endemic) mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339583792 Scientifically known as Mediodactylus walli
(Ingoldby, 1922).
It is found in Shrubland, Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks). It IUCN status is Least Concern
]]> 2019-03-09 17:47:22 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339583792 Cholistan Striped Skink (Endemic) mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339584846 It scientific name is Eremias cholistanica Baig & Masroor, 2006. It is endemic to Cholistan desert on Eastern side of Punjab province.]]> 2019-03-09 17:55:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339584846 Sind River Snake (Endemic) mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339586164 Its scientific name is Enhydris pakistanica. It is found in wetland areas. Its IUCN status is Least Concern ]]> 2019-03-09 18:07:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339586164 The Afghan Leopard Gecko mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339586837 It is native to southeastern Afghanistan along the Kabul River and its tributaries, its range extending into northern Pakistan. It can be found in the Hindu Kush Mountains. Its habitat includes rocky desert and sparse grassland, but it avoids sand. It does not live in large colonies and is most active in April and May.]]> 2019-03-09 18:15:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339586837 Dark-blotched Saw-scaled Viper (Endemic snake) mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339587168 It scientific name  Echis carinatus astolae, Mertens (1970). It is found in small uninhabited Pakistani island in the Arabian Sea approximately 39 km southeast of the fishing port of Pasni.]]> 2019-03-09 18:18:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339587168 Checklist of Endemic Reptiles Speciess from PAKISTAN mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339588552 2019-03-09 18:32:47 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339588552 Checklist of Endemic Amphibians species from PAKISTAN mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339588826 2019-03-09 18:35:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339588826 VERY INFORMATIVE VEDIO: "The Jogi snake charmers of Pakistan mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339632548 The "Jogi" is community of people in Pakistan's Sindh province believe snake charming is an innate skill that they pass on from generation to generation.

]]> 2019-03-10 04:47:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339632548 Public attitude towards amphibian and reptiles in Pakistan mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339634490 2019-03-10 05:24:57 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339634490 Illegal Trade of Spiny tailed Lizard mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339636240 The Spiny Tailed Lizard scientifically known as Uromastyx hardwickii.  ]]> 2019-03-10 06:00:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/339636240 Theme 3 Step 3: Reptile Physiological adaptation in Pakistan mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/340350520 Three Toed Snake Skink Ophiomorus tridactylus (BLYTH, 1853) is adopted to desert (sand dune) environment . 
1. Head wedge shaped with a pronounced canthus rostralis.
2.  The eyes and legs are reduced and there are no external ear openings.
3.  Body scales smooth for easy sliding with in sand.
4. Animal is completely fossorial to avoid desiccation from desert heat and prey.
]]> 2019-03-12 11:47:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/340350520 Theme 3 Step 3: Amphibian Physiological adaptation in Pakistan mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/340364333 Although Pakistan is poor in Amphibians diversity with 23 species only. Ladakh High Altitude Toad Scutiger occidentalis  is a toad living in alpine environment.
1. Active only only for 3-4 months. Breed and spawn in this short time.
2. Body surface tuberculate and rough which make them unpalatable for predation
3. Their tadpoles overwinter and take more than one year to develop into metamorphic juveniles, which is a common adaptation for high-elevation amphibians. ]]> 2019-03-12 12:23:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/340364333 Theme 3 Step 4 mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/340385240 My Comparisons of a Colleague HerpetoArea

I am  very impressed with HerpetoArea of Marley Gomez. Its all posts were well prepared and concise.  All aspect are well covered and explained. It feels as someone telling story about Colombia's Herpeto Fauna. ]]> 2019-03-12 13:05:41 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/340385240 Theme 4: Step 1 Extinction Risks and Conservation of Madgascar's Reptiles mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341397788
1. Alternate sustainable livelihood opportunities for forest dwelling communities.

2. Strict law enforcement to halt illegal reptile culling for bush-meat particularly in protected ares.

3. Efficient check on reptile's pet trade at port of exit and around protected areas.

4. Study effects of logging and forest degradation on reptiles and how their diversity prevail in degraded and secondary habitats.

5. Educate communities about possible disease break out associated bush-meat consumption  



]]> 2019-03-14 15:50:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341397788 Quacks Illegally Killing Spiny Tail Lizard for Medicinal Oil mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341620696 This species is scientifically known as Saara hardwickii. The species is commonly distributed in the deserts (Cholistan, Thal Thar) and surrounding arid alluvial zones in Pakistan. This species is mainly herbivore. It is hunted by local peoples in the belief that the fat extracted from it is an aphrodisiac.]]> 2019-03-15 04:30:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341620696 THEME 4: STEP 3 Indus River Turtles Under Threat mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341622893 The Indus is the longest river of Pakistan with total length of 2,880 km. The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2. Pakistan has eight species of freshwater turtles, some of them are not evaluated by IUCN. All species are under threat because of habitat deterioration and illegal hunting for meat and shell. Their population is at risk and if this situation prevail they will soon become endangered or extinct.  As a result, three species are particularly vulnerable, namely Geoclemys hamiltonii, Hardella thurjii and Aspideretes gangeticus whereas Chitra indica is endangered and Kachuga smithii is near threatened.  

River indus map https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSB97mUnbC_Syb-2ZRKwEHDFxYFTLVwk86r9YLTtzReTUyvQ1l7Ew]]> 2019-03-15 04:53:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341622893 Checklist of Fresh Turtle species in Pakistan mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341692726 1. Chitra indica (IUCN: Endangered)
2. Nilssonia hurum (IUCN: Vulnerable)
3. Nilssonia gangetica (IUCN: Vulnerable)
4. Hardella thurjii (IUCN: Vulnerable)
 5. Geoclemys hamiltonii  (IUCN: Vulnerable)
6. Pangshura smithii (Near Threatend)
7. Pangshura tecta (IUCN: Least Concern)
8. Lissemys punctata (IUCN: Least Concern)]]> 2019-03-15 11:17:22 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341692726 THREATS mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341696433 Habitat Fragmentation: blockage and diversion of Indus river water through dams and barrages.
Habitat Shrinkage:
Changes rain frequency, agriculture intensification and flow regimes resulted in habitat shrinkage.
Urbanization: Housing, industries and recreational activities along banks of river.
Sold waste & Untreated Sewerage Disposal: Industrial, urban and agricultural wastes direct disposal deteriorate river ecosystem.
Illegal trade in body parts of softshell species on commercial scale.
Perception turtles are  deleterious to fish economy by the fisher folk.]]> 2019-03-15 11:30:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341696433 Mass killing of freshwater turtles continues mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341884346 This newspaper article has been published in the Daily Newpaper "Dawn, May 23rd, 2018"]]> 2019-03-15 18:09:19 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341884346 CONSERVATION mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341976388 Wildlife Legislation Improved:  For successful conservation Wildlife acts have been amended in two province o Pakistan. Now freshwater turtles are included in Schedule III which is the highest protection.
Awareness posters: Freshwater turtles awareness posters  developed highlight the importance of these species and to create awareness among fisherman and general public.
Capacity Building of Provincial Wildlife Department: For combating illegal trade in body parts of freshwater turtles Wildlife departments were trained in disposal of seized confiscations and release of turtles in their natural habitats.
Social media  based conservation campaigns: Today cell phone are common therefore facebook, twitter based ticker should be launch for awarness of local communities. ]]> 2019-03-16 06:21:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/341976388 THEME 5: STEP 2 Business Plan To Promote Antivenom Production mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/342020483 About 500,000 venomous snake bites are reported in the world annually, resulting in about 25,000 deaths each year with an overall mortality rate of about 5% ( Anderson, 1994). Snake bite is occupational injury and inflict farmers, herders and ordinary people in ankle and feet.The estimated annual snake bite mortality rate is 1.9 per 100.000. 
Patients life can be easily saved if antivenom is administered timely. 
Cobra, Echis, Krait and Russel’s Viper are the most poisonous snake in Pakistan. It is need of hour to produce their antivenom.    ]]> 2019-03-16 16:21:29 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/342020483 Biological Production Unit mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/342024294 Snake Venom Production: Cobra, Echis, Krait and Russel’s Viper will be reared through captive breading. Venom will be extracted from these Lab reared snakes. Used to produce antivenom
Snakes wild harvest will be discouraged.   ]]> 2019-03-16 16:57:26 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/342024294 Marketing System mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/342028085 Thees antivenom will be supplied to all state and private hospitals to save precious human life.]]> 2019-03-16 17:34:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/342028085 Group 6: Climate Change effects on Amphibians and Reptiles in Pakistan mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346627133 Pakistan is situated in temperate zone. Its climate is mostly arid with hot summers and cool or cold winters. There is wide variations between extremes of temperature at different locations with little rainfall. These generalizations should not, however, obscure the distinct differences existing among locations. For example, the coastal area along the Arabian Sea is usually warm, whereas the frozen snow-covered ridges of the Karakoram Range and of other mountains of the far north are so cold year-round that they are only accessible by world-class climbers for a few weeks in May and June of each year (Blood, 1994).

Pakistan’s population has grown from 37.5 million in 1950 to 207.7 million in 2017 (GOP, 2018).   Increased human population resulted tremendous pressure on natural resources leads to industrialization, removal of natural vegetation, overgrazing and desertification of already arid landscape. Therefore, in the last 50 years, the annual mean temperature has increased by roughly 0.5°C. The number of heat wave days per year has increased nearly five times in the last 30 years. Annual rainfall pattern has historically shown high variability but has slightly increased in the last 50 years. Sea level along the Karachi coast has risen approximately 10 centimeters in the last century.

By the end of 21st century, the annual mean temperature is expected to rise by 3°C to 5°C for a central global emissions scenario in Pakistan, whereas higher global emissions estimates may report a rise of 4°C to 6°C. Average annual rainfall is not expected to have a significant long-term trend, but is expected to exhibit large inter-annual variability. Sea level is expected to rise by a further 60 centimeters by the end of the century and will most likely affect the low-lying coastal areas south of Karachi toward Keti Bander and the Indus River delta.

The amphibians and reptiles of Pakistan are represented by 219 species including 24 amphibians and 195 reptiles. Of them nine amphibians and 13 reptilian species are endemic to Pakistan (Iffat, 1994, Khan, 1976, Khan, 2004, Khan, 2006, Khan, 2008). In Pakistan, arid to semi-arid climatic conditions prevail which make it an amphibian-poor country. The distribution and spatial pattern of herpetofauna is based on their interactions with the local environment and the individual's physiological requirements.

The climate is continuously changing for amphibians and reptiles through the last 350 million years (Duellman & Trueb, 1985). During last century, sudden temperature rising resulted a great impact on ectotherm organisms (animals that depend on environmental temperature to achieve physiological operative body temperatures) (Walter et al., 2002; Zachos et al., 2001). Therefore, the earth temperature consistent increase could affect physiological, reproductive, ecological, behavioral, and distribution traits among amphibians and reptiles (Cleland et al., 2006; Dorcas et al., 2004; Pough, 2001; Gvozdik & Castilla, 2001). In Pakistan, most of the amphibians and reptiles related research has been focused on faunistic, distribution and niche modelling (Dubois and Khan, 1979, Akram and Qureshi, 1995, Akram and Qureshi, 1997, Rastegar-Pouyani, 1999, Khan, 1987, Khan, 2006, Khan, 2010, Masroor, 2012 and Masroor, 2013). In this context, there is no published work that evaluate or summarize the evidence of climate change effects in amphibians and reptiles of Pakistan. 
        
As earlier discussed there is no published information on impact of Climate Change on amphibians and reptiles of Pakistan. Therefore, Mr. Rafaqat Masroor, Associate Curator (Herpetology), Pakistan Museum of Natural History was consulted for expert opinion in this regard. 

]]> 2019-03-29 16:35:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346627133 Temperature regime: mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346629387 Amphibians are highly sensitive to increased temperature because of their permeable skin and poiquiloterms behavior. Temperature may strongly influence on species geographic distribution, so on the amphibian’s distribution limits are determine by the extreme temperatures, in consequence the species that with broad tolerance to thermal regimens should be able to expand their ranges and then colonize new habitats. Although Pakistan endemic and habitat specific species like Nanorana vicina (Murree Hill Frog), Bufo pseudoraddei baturae (Batura Glacier Green Toad) and Scutiger occidentalis (Deosai Toad) populations will be strongly affected with temperature regime shifting. Climate change will cause species migration to higher altitudes and subsequently leads to habitat shrinkage or loss and distribution. It will also effect on their emergence and reproduction in their habitats.
Reptiles like different gekko genera i.e., Cyrtodactylus, Cyrtopodion (Ground Gekkos), Alsophylax, Mesodactylus (Stone Geckos), Tenuidactylus (Standstone Gekkos) residing in restricted habitats.  Thus, average temperatures variation will cause shift species ranges and distributional limits. Temperature change regimes could result in an alteration of development patterns of lizards and cause changes in body shape and size of adults and in the way, they use their habitat, behavior strategies, and physiological performance.

]]> 2019-03-29 16:41:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346629387 Rainfall Pattern: mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346630361 Pakistan climate is mostly arid subtropical with few rains. In climate change scenario there is considerable variation in the timing of receding of glaciers which resulted in changing duration and intensity of the monsoon precipitation. This is especially threatening because Indus Basin 50-70% flow mostly depends on the glaciers melt water. Monsoon rains average annual rainfall is not expected to have a significant long-term trend, but is expected to exhibit large inter-annual variability in Pakistan. This precipitation change will effect on population of amphibians because of highly permeable skin, and both aquatic and terrestrial life stages. These attributes make Pakistan’s endemic amphibian fauna very sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation. In contrast, reptiles are known to favour warm areas and might therefore be less severely affected by increasing temperatures or may even benefit from global warming. ]]> 2019-03-29 16:44:19 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346630361 Results mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346634891 2019-03-29 16:56:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346634891 Invasive species mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346636805 The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), also known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the pond slider. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world. It has, therefore, become the most commonly traded turtle in the world. It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, but has become established in other places because of pet releases, and has become an invasive species in many areas, where it outcompetes native species. The red-eared slider is included in the list of the world's 100 most invasive species published by the IUCN.

 Now a days websites like OLX (www.olx.com), and Pet factory (www.petsfactory.pk) are actively selling red eared slider. This turtle is highly invasive and threat for Pakistan indigenous freshwater turtle fauna. Its illegal online trade need to be timely checked by National Council for Conservation of Wildlife (NCCW) and provincial Wildlife departments. Its invasive status is not yet determined in field.    

]]> 2019-03-29 17:01:54 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346636805 mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346637205 2019-03-29 17:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346637205 Chytridomycosis mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346638306 In many areas of the world, chytridiomycosis has been spread into native ecosystems via biological invasions caused by alien invasive species, translocations of native species, and the amphibian trade (Cunningham et al. 2005, Fisher & Garner 2008). Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisis not yet reported from Pakistan. Although this disease is a major issue of amphibian conservation, patchy distributed surveys will be extremely useful for the early detection of new infections hotspots across wide, poorly investigated areas.]]> 2019-03-29 17:06:01 UTC https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346638306 Reference mishkatullah https://padlet.com/mishkatullah/6mzttn1rpmw1/wish/346639443 Akram, M.S. & Qureshi, J.I. 1995. Snakes of Faisalabad, Punjab. The Snakes, 27 (1), pp. 25-29
 
Akram, M.S. & Qureshi, J.I. 1997. Snakes of Sargodha, Punjab. Zoological Survey of Pakistan, 13, pp. 31-43
 
Dorcas, M. E., Hopkins W.A. & Roe, J. H. 2004. Effects of body mass and temperature on standard              metabolic rate in the eastern Diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). Copeia, Vol. 2004, No 1 (Feb, 2004), pp. 145–151. ISSN: 0045-8511.
 
Cleland, E.E., Chiariello, N.R., Loarie, S.R., Mooney, H.A. & Field, C.B., 2006. Diverse responses of                phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy of              Sciences, USA, Vol. 103, No 37 (September 2006), pp. 13740–13744. ISSN: 0027-8424.
 
Chaudhry, Qamar Uz Zaman. 2017. Climate Change Profile of Pakistan. © Asian Development Bank.                 http://hdl.handle.net/11540/8006. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO (PDF ISBN 978-92-9257-722-3)
 
Cunningham, A.A., Garner, T.W.J., Aguilar-Sanchez, V., Banks, B., Foster, J., Sainsbury, A.W., Perkins, M.,
                Walker, S.F., Hyatt, A.D., Fisher, M.C. (2005): Emergence of amphibian chytridiomycosis in             Britain. Veterinary Record 157: 386-387.
 
Dubois and Khan, 1979. A new species of frog (genus Rana, subgenus Paa) from northern Pakistan             (Amphibia, Anura). Journal Herpetology, 13 (1979), pp. 403-410
 
Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L. 1986. Biology of amphibians. McGraw-Hill Book Company, ISBN:         080184780X, Toronto.
 
Fisher, M.C., Garner, T.W.J. (2008): The relationship between the introduction of Batrachochytrium                 dendrobatidis, the international trade in amphibians and introduced amphibian species. Fungal   Biology Reviews 21: 2-9.
 
Government of Pakistan. 2018. Population, Labour Force and Employment. Economic survey of Pakistan.                 Ministry of Finance, 240 pages.
 
Gvozˇdik L,and A.M. Castilla 2001. A comparative study of preferred body temperatures and critical          thermal tolerance limits among populations of Zootoca vivipara (Squamata: Lacertidae) along an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 35 No 3 (September, 2001), pp. 486–492. ISSN:         0022-1511.
 
Khan, M.S. 1987. Checklist, distribution and zoogeographic affinities of amphibian and reptiles of               Balochistan Proceedings Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 7 (1987), pp. 105-112.
 
Khan, M.S. 2006. Amphibians and reptiles of Pakistan. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida,        USA (2006), pp. 1-311.
 
Khan, M.S. 2006. Checklist of amphibians of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Wildlife, 1 (2) (2010), pp. 37-     42.
 
Masroor, Rafaqat. 2012. A Contribution to the herpetology of northern Pakistan: The amphibians and      reptiles of Margalla Hills National Park and surrounding regions. Society for the Study of      Amphibians and Reptiles (USA) and Chimaira (Germany)Vol. 28. 217 pages, 106 colour photos             and colour distribution maps, tables. ISBN: 978-0-916984-83-0.
 
Masroor, Rafaqat. 2013. Dice Snakes in the western Himalayas: discussion of potential expansion routes of Natrix tessellata after its rediscovery in Pakistan. Salamandra 49(4):229-233.
 
 
Peter Blood 1994 ed. Pakistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994.                 http://www.countrystudies.us/pakistan/
 
Pough, H., Andrews, R. M., Cadle, J. E., Crump, M. L., Savitzky, A. H. & Wells, K. D. 2001. Herpetology,       (Second Edition), Prentice Hall, ISBN: 9780131008496, New Jersey.
 
N. Rastegar-Pouyani, 1999. Two new subspecies of Trapelus agilis complex (Sauria: Agamidae) from          lowland southwestern Iran and southeastern Pakistan Asiatic Herpetological Research, 8 (1999), pp. 90-101.
 
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Walther, G., R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T J. C., Fromentin, J. M., Hoegh-    Guldberg, O. & Bairlein, F. 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, Vol. 416,          No 6879 (March, 2002), pp. 398-395. ISSN: 0028-0836.
 
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