Bee Population Declination and Food Security by Alysha W https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04 Immersion en-us 2016-07-24 11:41:40 UTC 2023-05-25 04:31:13 UTC hello@padlet.com Ted Talk about declining bee population wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116887538 2016-07-25 00:51:38 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116887538 Effect of declining pollinators on food wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116889430 Pollinator declines, therefore, do not fundamentally threaten the world’s caloric supplies. However, fruits and vegetables, which add diversity to the human diet and provide essential nutrients, tend to depend heavily on pollinators (Prescott-Allen and Prescott-Allen, 1990; Roubik, 1995). Seven of the nine crops that provide at least 50 percent of the vitamin C available to the human diet globally depend partially or entirely on animal pollination for the production of fruits or seeds (oranges, cabbages, green peppers, tomatoes, melons, tangerines, watermelon) (FAO, 2005; Free, 1993; McGregor, 1976; USDA-NASS, 2006b).
http://www.nap.edu/read/11761/chapter/6]]> 2016-07-25 01:19:56 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116889430 How does pollination work? wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116889925 Crop pollinators such as bees, birds, moths and flies accidentally pollinate flowering plants by trying to feed off the pollen or nectar in a flower. During feeding, crop pollinators rub against the male part of the flower, the stamen, and cover themselves in pollen. When the crop pollinator moves onto a new plant, some of the pollen is rubbed onto the stigma of that plant, which is the top section of female part of plant called a pistil where seeds are generated. This is known as cross-pollination, which produces plants that are stronger.
http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/pollination.htm]]> 2016-07-25 01:25:03 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116889925 Whose opinion on neonicotinoids is right? wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116890078 "The Dutch scientists say neonicotinoids are negatively affecting bird populations. Bayer CropScience says neonicotinoids are safe when used correctly. Whom do we trust?
Maybe an independent group that just completed a review of over 800 scientific studies on the effects of neonicotinoids on wildlife. Overall, the scientists concluded that even when neonicotinoids were used according to the guidelines on their labels and applied as intended, the chemicals' levels in the environment still frequently exceeded the lowest levels known to be dangerous for a wide range of species—and were "thus likely to have a wide range of negative biological and ecological impacts." ~ Is this why no action has occurred

]]> 2016-07-25 01:26:18 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116890078 What can individuals do to increase the bee population? wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116890424 INDIVIDUAL ACTION TO INCREASE POLLINATOR POPULATION
1) Plant a Pollinator Garden
2) Provide Nesting Habitat
3) Avoid or Limit Pesticide Use

http://www.fws.gov/pollinators/pollinatorpages/yourhelp.html
]]> 2016-07-25 01:29:28 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116890424 Potential Solutions wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116890765 Some University of Maine researchers are using an inactive landfill and a blueberry farm to educate farmers and non-farmers alike on how to keep the bee population flourishing
The project’s objective is to find the types of plants that are the most beneficial to bees, particularly since Maine’s natural flora is not conducive to bees
Throughout the project, researchers and educators will educate farmers on how to avoid flowers that use insecticides as these can harm bees.
http://phys.org/news/2015-06-honey-bee-populations-beneficial-pollinator.html
]]> 2016-07-25 01:32:43 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116890765 Insecticide impact on Beees wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116891143 Bees recover slowly from insecticides due to their inability to reproduce quickly and makes them more vulnerable to local extinction (Tepedino, 1979)
http://www.fws.gov/pollinators/pollinatorpages/aboutpollinators.html]]> 2016-07-25 01:36:29 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116891143 Factors contributing to Declining Bee pop. wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116892429
  • Flowerless landscapes
  • Monocultures
  • Pesticides
    • https://www.ted.com/talks/marla_spivak_why_bees_are_disappearing?language=en#t-350364
    ]]>     2016-07-25 01:48:38 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116892429     wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914009 Income levels will be much higher by then so in order to provide food for a richer and larger population, we need to increase food production by approximately 70%
    This can only be achieved if the necessary investments and sustainable structures beneficial for agricultural production are implemented 

    http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf
    ]]>     2016-07-25 06:45:16 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914009     Effects of Neonicotinoids wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914070 http://futuredirections.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/vol67-2014-125-130lu.pdf]]> 2016-07-25 06:47:08 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914070 Solutions to increase bees by installing them in homes wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914135 2016-07-25 06:49:01 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914135 Potential Solutions to increase bee pop. wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914243 http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/news/local/2016/07/22/declining-wild-bee-populations-threaten-states-fruit-industry/87242152/]]> 2016-07-25 06:51:45 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914243 wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914829 2016-07-25 07:09:54 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116914829 wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116916199 FOOD SECURITY AND POLLINATION
    A few crops rely entirely on pollinators for reproduction; without pollinators, a crop could only be produced with human help via hand pollination. Most crops showed a production increase between 5 and 50% as a result of pollination by animals (mainly bees).
    http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1046e.pdf
    ]]>     2016-07-25 07:39:46 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116916199     Causes of declines wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116916237 Changes in agriculture, caused by large plantings of monocultures, loss of field margins, abandonment of crop rotation involving legumes (which have been replaced by fertilizers), and lower diversity of weeds in fields and pastures (caused by herbicide use) are all detrimental to pollinator populations 

    http://www.nap.edu/read/11761/chapter/1#ii
    ]]>     2016-07-25 07:40:34 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116916237     Increasing demand for food that relies on pollination wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116916851 http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(09)00982-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982209009828%3Fshowall%3Dtrue]]> 2016-07-25 07:57:57 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116916851 wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116917279 Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman, 2000) has caused dramatic declines in honey bee abundance in North America and throughout the world (DeJong, 1990; DeJong et al., 1982a; Sammataro et al., 2000)
    http://www.nap.edu/read/11761/chapter/5?term=varroa#76]]>     2016-07-25 08:06:19 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116917279     Neonicotinoids wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116917562 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10646-012-0863-x]]> 2016-07-25 08:10:39 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116917562 Monitoring of bees wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116917607 In recent years, however, several notable programs have been initiated for monitoring North American bee species. Since 2002, James Cane (U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory in Logan, Utah) has coordinated a network of professional scientists collecting data on the diversity and abundance of bees at native and cultivated squash and gourd plants in Canada, the United States, and Mexico using standardized observation and sampling techniques (http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=12040).
    http://www.nap.edu/read/11761/chapter/7#134]]>     2016-07-25 08:12:04 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116917607     International E wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116917746 Thus, efforts by individual countries to reveal the drivers of colony losses are probably doomed. The international COLOSS network (Prevention of honey bee COlony LOSSes) has therefore been created to coordinate efforts to explain and prevent large scale losses of honey bee colonies at a global scale (Figs 3 and 4). For that purpose, international standards will be developed for monitoring and research in the form of an online BEE BOOK, analogous to the RED BOOK of the Drosophila community (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992). Only this will enable collaborative large scale international research efforts to identify the underlying factors and mechanisms, such as global ring tests conducted to ensure common practices across diagnostic laboratories
    http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.01]]>     2016-07-25 08:16:04 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116917746     WWII - Major event occurred at the same time wan0022 https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116980503 "In the United States, bees in fact have been in decline since World War II. We have half the number of managed hives in the United States now compared to 1945. We're down to about two million hives of bees, we think. And the reason is, after World War II, we changed our farming practices. We stopped planting cover crops. We stopped planting clover and alfalfa, which are natural fertilizers that fix nitrogen in the soil, and instead we started using synthetic fertilizers. Clover and alfalfa are highly nutritious food plants for bees. And after World War II, we started using herbicides to kill off the weeds in our farms. Many of these weeds are flowering plantsthat bees require for their survival. And we started growing larger and larger crop monocultures. Now we talk about food deserts, places in our cities, neighborhoods that have no grocery stores. The very farms that used to sustain bees are now agricultural food deserts, dominated by one or two plant species like corn and soybeans. Since World War II, we have been systematically eliminating many of the flowering plants that bees need for their survival. And these monocultures extend even to crops that are good for bees, like almonds. Fifty years ago, beekeepers would take a few colonies, hives of bees into the almond orchards, for pollination, and also because the pollen in an almond blossom is really high in protein. It's really good for bees. Now, the scale of almond monoculture demands that most of our nation's bees,over 1.5 million hives of bees, be transported across the nation to pollinate this one crop. And they're trucked in in semi-loads, and they must be trucked out, because after bloom, the almond orchards are a vast and flowerless landscape."
    https://www.ted.com/talks/marla_spivak_why_bees_are_disappearing/transcript?language=en]]>     2016-07-26 04:52:01 UTC https://padlet.com/wan0022/6mvrlofq0m04/wish/116980503