Concept Map 11 by Sophie Gregoretti https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y en-us 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC 2023-11-09 16:07:45 UTC hello@padlet.com key gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643042 blue = lecture

green = textbook

yellow = article

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643042 ionotropic vs metabotropic NT receptor types gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643061 ionotropic vs metabotropic receptor:

glutamate

  • AMPA, kainate, NMDA

  • metabotropic (8 subtypes)

acetylcholine

  • nicotinic ACh (many)

  • muscarinic ACh (5 subtypes)

GABA

  • GABAA and GABAC

  • GABAB

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643061 receiving the synaptic messages gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643062 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643062 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643064 ionotropic receptors

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643064 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643066 metabotropic receptors (2 types: GPCRs and RTKs)

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643066 2 types of GPCRs - heterotrimeric and monomeric gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643068 things that happen in the intracellular side


heterotrimeric: receptor in the membrane, activates a G proteins (group of 3 proteins) on the inside of the membrane, then move about

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643068 RTKs - receptor tyrosine kinase gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643069 type of ionotropic


when receptor binds to the two separate pieces, it brings the two protein together, and then when they're together they can be phosphylated

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643069 example of RTK - TrkA gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643070 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643070 second messenger gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643072 doesn't have to be g-protein, it can be any of the second messengers

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643072 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643073 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643073 effector pathways associated w GPCRs gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643074 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643074 glutamate receptors gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643076 main excitatory neuron


when glutamate is bound to the NMDA receptor, it allows Na and Ca to pass

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643076 acetylecholine gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643077 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643077 nAChR (ionotropic ACh receptor) vs mAChRs gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643078 nicotinic acetylcholin receptor

  • nonselective cation channel

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643078 ionotropic GABA receptors & GABAB gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643079 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643079 specific receptors gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643080 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643080 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643081 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643081 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643083 short-term plasticity

  • seconds to a few minutes

long-term plasticity

  • use it or lose it

  • immature to mature spine density

  • at least 30 minutes, hours or days

facilitation, potentiation --> long term potentiation (LTP)

  • increase in synaptic strength

depression, depotentiation --> long term depression (LTD)

  • decrease ins synaptic strength

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643083 aplysia gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643084 siphon: tube-like structure that water flows though, helps locomotion, feeding, respiration, reproduction; part of mantle

gills

]]> 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643084 GSWR gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643085

  • involuntary, defense, reflex/response

  • 2-component reflex that happens in response to a stimulus applied to siphon or mantel (siphon or gill reflex)

  • behaviors we can study: habituation, dishabituation, sensitization

    • ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643085     sensitization gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643087 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643087 short term and long term habituation gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643089 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643089 long term sensitization gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643090 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643090 synaptic plasticity gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643091

  • lead to changes in circuit function

  • lead to changed in behavioral plasticity

  • short term (affecting NT release)

  • long term require changes in gene expression or new protein synthesis

    • ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643091     long term potentiation (LTP) gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643092 a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

    ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643092     long term depression (LTD) gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643093 activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus

    ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643093     LTP and LTD occur at synapses in many parts of the brain gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643094

  • hippocampus

  • cerebral cortex: visual, somatosensory, motor, prefrontal

  • amygdala

  • cerebellum

  • thalamus

  • striatum

  • nucleus accumbens

  • ventral tegmental area

    • ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643094     trisynaptic circuit of the hippocampus gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643095 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643095 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643096 high fast frequency (fast influx of Ca)


    has to be at least 30 mins to a couple days

    LTP is reversible, and can be saturated


    3 steps

    1. induction


    ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643096     gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643097 properties of LTP at a CA1 pyramidal neuron receiving synaptic inputs from the 2 independent sets of Schaffer collateral axons

    ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643097     gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643099 NMDA receptor channels can open only during depolarization of the synaptic neuron from its normal resting potential


    on the right, that's the initiation of LTP

    ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643099     gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643100

  • NMDA receptors are required for LTP

  • mechanisms responsible for long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission during LTP

    • ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643100     LTD gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643101 caused by slow low frequency


    LTD is below control after the action potential


    abt 15 mins long to several hours

    ]]>     2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643101     long-term synaptic depression in hippocampus gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643102 2023-11-06 20:47:02 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778643102 ionotropic receptor gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778838776 2023-11-07 00:35:34 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778838776 metabotropic receptor gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778839889 2023-11-07 00:36:14 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778839889 RAPID OPENING gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778841371 bc they're channels, they open rapidly

    ]]>     2023-11-07 00:37:18 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778841371     slow opening bc bind ligand gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778848239 bind a ligand, and can't form ion permeant pore

    affect ion channels indirectly --> this requires TIME

    ]]>     2023-11-07 00:41:50 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778848239     gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778865500 2023-11-07 00:55:09 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778865500 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778869065 2023-11-07 00:57:49 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778869065 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778871028 2023-11-07 00:59:19 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778871028 LTD suppors learning and LTP supports unlearning gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778875117 2023-11-07 01:02:12 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778875117 NMJ = endplate is where motoneuron axon contacts a skeletal muscle fiber expressing nAChRs gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778879757 2023-11-07 01:05:42 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778879757 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778881712 2023-11-07 01:06:53 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778881712 muscle nicotinic receptor gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778887416 on all skeletal muscle, mediates communication btwn a motoneuron axon and a skeletal muscle fibers

    ]]>     2023-11-07 01:11:01 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778887416     ganglionic nicotinic receptor gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778889284 in all autonomic ganglia, mediates communication btwn an autonomic preganglionic neuron and ganglionic neuron

    ]]>     2023-11-07 01:12:13 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778889284     neuronal nicotinic receptor gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778890077 in the brain and mediates communication btwn two central atoms

    ]]>     2023-11-07 01:12:44 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778890077     when GABA binds to GABA gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778892266 GABA receptor, the receptor changes conformation that is permeable to Cl ions

    ]]>     2023-11-07 01:14:08 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2778892266     AMPA, kaminate, NMDA mostly in CNS gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783506540 2023-11-09 15:05:26 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783506540 all ionotropic receptor are all EPSPs or IPSPs gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783510184 2023-11-09 15:07:53 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783510184 gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783523637 step 1 the NT turning on the effector protein


    then the effector protein turns on the second messenger


    second messenger effects another effector protein or releasing something

    ]]>     2023-11-09 15:16:36 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783523637     gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783570469 habituation: they get used to a stimuli and have a less response to the same stimiiuli


    dishabituation:


    sensitization: make them rly sensitive to a stimulus

    • if you touch their gill/mantle and pair it with an electric shock, next time you just touch the gill/mantle, they'll think the shock is coming and have a rly strong rxn

    ]]>     2023-11-09 15:47:11 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783570469     short term sensitization gregoretti668 https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783574454 less communication to motor neurons

    ]]>     2023-11-09 15:49:53 UTC https://padlet.com/gregoretti668/6mivixz8v5o9514y/wish/2783574454