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      <title>Learning &amp; Memory in Aging by Simone Valade</title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory</link>
      <description>HMB360 Final Project - Simone Valade and Rachelle Rodin</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2017-03-30 15:51:43 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2024-06-03 11:27:27 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
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      <item>
         <title>Object-place recognition</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/163778954</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-03-30 17:27:32 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/163778954</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Morris water maze (MWM)</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/163779472</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leHLL4vcbCc" />
         <pubDate>2017-03-30 17:29:00 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/163779472</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Hippocampal MRI</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/163780919</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXAVSFBDf9g" />
         <pubDate>2017-03-30 17:32:26 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/163780919</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Microdialysis in rat brain</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/163781794</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>From Folkersma et al. (2011)</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-03-30 17:35:12 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/163781794</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Summary of Findings &amp; Conclusions</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164747364</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>(Click on picture to expand and read!)</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/186347828/0eb20664367370e81f0748fcfa702dc9/Conclusions.png" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-04 21:53:23 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164747364</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Discussion: Effects of senktide/NK3-R agonism on learning, memory, and ACh</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164752644</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This study is the first to show improvements in <em>spatial learning in aged animals </em>after NK3-R agonism. Previously,  Schable et al. (2011) demonstrated improvements in episodic-like memory and increase ACh levels in aged rats treated with senktide. Subsequent publications have shown that senktide treatment leads to improved learning &amp; memory in adult animals, rather than in aging specifically (Chao et al., 2014;  2016).  Several studies have found that senktide improves scopolamine-induced memory deficits (Ukai et al., 1998; Schable et al., 2012); since scopolamine is a muscarinic ACh receptor blocker, this supports the finding that senktide improves learning and memory by increasing ACh levels. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-04-04 22:52:36 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164752644</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Discussion:  Neurokinin receptor function in aging</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164757488</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>While neurokinins are known to be involved in memory generally,  there is relatively little research on the involvement of neurokinins in learning/memory in<em> aging</em>. Substance P, a neuropeptide that targets both NK1-R and NK3-R, can improve learning &amp; memory in aged rats (Hasenohrl et al., 1994). Mileusnic et al. (1999) found that NK3-R expressing neurons decrease with age in the human frontal and temporal cortex, but found no differences in NK3-R expression with age in rats. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-04-04 23:49:57 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164757488</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Discussion: Role of TACR3</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164759253</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>There are only 2 studies of TACR3 knockout (KO) mice, with conflicting results. Siuciak et al. (2007) found that KO mice had deficits on the MWM task compared to WT mice, supporting the results of our paper; while Nordquist et al. (2008) found that KO mice did not show any deficits on this task. This may be due to differences in the strains used to create the KO mice, and/or differences in MWM protocol. Notably, the authors of our paper only cited the paper which supported their results.<br>TACR3 polymorphism (and specifically, the rs2765 SNP) was later examined in one other study. Teipel et al. (2015) found that rs2765 was associated with the volume of the anterior basal forebrain (and the decrease in volume with age) but<em> not </em>with hippocampal volume. rs2765 was also associated with MMSE scores. However, Teipel et al. do not specify the genotypes of the participants in this study, so it is unclear whether the association is with the same allele as in our paper. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-04-05 00:09:58 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164759253</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Discussion: NK3-R agonists as clinical treatments</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164762805</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are the most common treatment for cholinergic degeneration and learning/memory deficits in aging/dementia. However, AChE inhibitors have wide-ranging side effects due to the role of AChE in the PNS (for a review see Buckley et al., 2015). Conversely, NK3-R is found primarily in the CNS (Griebel et al., 2012), so NK3-R agonists may be a safer alternative treatment. Chao et al. (2015) found that senktide alleviates temporal order memory deficits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD); since PD can involve cholinergic degeneration and memory loss similar to AD, this supports the potential use of NK3-R agonists to treat learning and memory deficits in neurodegenerative disorders.</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-04-05 00:42:48 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/164762805</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Critical Analysis &amp; Future Directions: Lack of healthy controls in the genetic association study</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165483146</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>(Expand to full screen for best view!)</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zm3wLrii70&amp;feature=youtu.be" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-08 00:45:28 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165483146</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Critical Analysis &amp; Future Directions: Functional relationship between TACR3 and learning/memory</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165483702</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>(Expand to full screen for best view!)</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CF1C4C2mBEI&amp;feature=youtu.be" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-08 01:11:39 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165483702</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Critical Analysis &amp; Future Directions: Translation of findings in rats to clinical settings</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165483780</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>(Expand to full screen for best view?)</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZqJgR2Bh3g&amp;feature=youtu.be" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-08 01:14:54 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165483780</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>References (for Methods, Conclusions, Discussion, Critical Analysis, &amp; Future Directions sections)</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165917358</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>(Rachelle will update this with her references once she is finished)</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/185088120/2b55184a6bde790c146f00f31b906706/HMB360H1___References.docx" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-11 15:54:41 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165917358</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Our HMB360 Presentation</title>
         <author>simonevalade</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165921208</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Using NK3-R Stimulation to Improve Memory in the Elderly &amp; AD Patients</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/186347828/fdeda5ee9e9de11243385706a60ac0df/Simone___Rachelle_HMB360_presentation.pptx" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-11 16:10:00 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/165921208</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788185</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://img.picturequotes.com/2/342/341507/my-memory-is-so-bad-how-bad-is-it-how-bad-is-what-quote-1.jpg" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 02:28:01 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788185</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Click the image below to read the original paper</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788371</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773732/" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 02:31:05 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788371</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Introduction part 1: Memory and Aging</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788416</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>If you read the cartoon to the right, you probably chuckled. Why? - Because we all know there is some truth to it.&nbsp; We all know, at least anecdotally, as we age our memory starts to decline.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 02:32:09 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788416</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788628</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Hello inquisitive minds!<br><br>Welcome to our interactive Padlet! Through this online interactive board, you have the chance to explore the 2013 scientific endeavour of de Souza Silva and her colleagues.&nbsp; This Padlet explores and expands on the following paper.<br><br>The authors of this paper are interested in finding a <br>treatment for memory decline associated with normal <br>aging as well as with Alzheimer's disease.<br><br>The researchers focus on the receptor <strong>Neurokinin3 <br>(NK3-R)</strong>. <br><br>The authors are trying to determine if this <strong>Neurokinin3</strong> <br>receptor can be used as a <strong>target</strong> to treat memory decline <br>associated with normal aging as well as Alzheimer's disease<sup>14</sup>.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 02:35:02 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788628</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788679</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://p.fod4.com/p/media/15622856b6/5x8xefLwQaWQND3oZPvw_Simpsons%20Stare.gif" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 02:35:44 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168788679</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Aging &amp; Memory Impairment</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168789010</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This has been supported by scientific literature. Below is just one example. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 02:40:01 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168789010</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168789710</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Here we have the results of three different spatial memory experiments, performed in different mammals, including humans<sup>14</sup>.&nbsp; The higher the percent correct, the better the animals performed on that task, implying that they have better memory. It is pretty evident that, at least with spatial memory, it declines with age<sup>18</sup>.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-04-28 02:47:28 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168789710</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Aging &amp; Memory/Cognitive Impairment</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168790397</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This is also true of long-term episodic memory: the memory that encodes the<em> </em>what, when, and where of our everyday lives<sup>28</sup>.&nbsp; This is not typically true, however, of semantic memory or procedural memory<sup>25</sup>. With age other cognitive functions such as multi-tasking, shifting focus, and information processes can also be negatively impacted<sup>25</sup>.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/185088120/ed8eeb288690aec042cf7bef24f1932b/Screen_Shot_2017_04_27_at_11_08_39_PM.png" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 02:55:52 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168790397</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168791813</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://media.giphy.com/media/3o7TKTDn976rzVgky4/giphy.gif" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 03:12:50 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168791813</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Memory and Alzheimer&#39;s disease</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168792329</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Memory loss is also a prominent symptom of Alzheimer's disease. There are however some key differences in the types and extent of age-associated memory impairments compared to AD-associated memory impairments.  For a list of differences, click on the document below. For a very brief explanation of the some memory loss differences between normal aging and AD, given by Peter V. Rabins, MD, MPH from The Johns Hopkins Hospital, click the video clip below.<br><br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 03:20:21 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168792329</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168792966</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Document: Normal aging vs. dementia</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="http://www.alzheimer.ca/en/About-dementia/What-is-dementia/Normal-aging-vs-dementia" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 03:31:27 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168792966</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Video Clip: Normal Aging vs. AD</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168795043</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Note: Ignore the error message from youtube. If you click on this image, the video will still play. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://youtu.be/ygjoe1h-zqs" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 04:00:52 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168795043</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>This leads to the million-dollar question</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168795762</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>What factor(s) are changing in AD or in normal aging that are triggering cognitive deficits?<br><br>If we can answer this question, we can target these factors to treat, improve, and potentially reverse or cure the cognitive deficits associated with AD and aging. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/185088120/20db2e79a6f3e02a665eb74deb4f4921/Screen_Shot_2017_04_28_at_12_28_05_AM.png" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 04:10:38 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168795762</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>ASIDE: The difference between AD and Dementia </title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168797341</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RT907zjpZUM" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 04:33:36 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168797341</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168844427</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>One proposition that resulted from this line of thinking is the Cholinergic Hypothesis. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 11:06:42 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168844427</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Introduction part 2: The Cholinergic Hypothesis </title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168844648</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>= originally proposed in the 1980s<sup>4</sup><br><br>= it states that: functional disturbances in ACh activity occur both in AD as well as in normal aging and that these disturbances contribute significantly to the observed memory loss and cognitive function of such individuals<sup>16</sup><br><br>= this hypothesis was initially proposed after biochemically investigating the brains of AD patients postmortem&nbsp;<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 11:08:19 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168844648</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Support for the Cholinergic Hypothesis - part 1</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168845333</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Some prominent evidence is as follows:<br><br>1. it is consistently reported that ACh markers in the cerebral cortex are substantially reduced in people who died from AD<sup>4</sup><br>- this includes ChAT, the enzyme that synthesizes ACh<sup>4</sup><br>- <strong>importantly, this deficit is strongly associated with the severity of cognitive deficits in AD patients</strong><sup>4</sup><br><br>2.&nbsp; Postmortem AD brain tissue also show:<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; a) reduce ACh reuptake<sup>37</sup><br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; b) reduce ACh release<sup>32</sup><br><br>3. In line with the above evidence, there is substantial loss, greater than 75% in some cases, of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain in AD patients, specifically in the Nucleus basalis of Meynert<sup>12</sup>. The basal forebrain is considered the major output centre for ACh in the CNS (see the video on the left for a more detailed look at ACh pathways in the brain. see the video on the right for a detailed look at the location of the Nucleus basalis of Meynert in the brain or see the image on the far right).<br><br>4. Elderly mice synthesize ACh much less than younger mice (up to 75% less) and their cholinergic neurons release less ACh after stimulation<sup>40</sup><br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 11:12:59 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168845333</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Support for the Cholinergic Hypothesis - part 2</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168849887</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The results above confirm or at least suggest a substantial cholinergic deficit in AD patients and elderly patients. <strong>There is also evidence to support a role for ACh in learning and memory in general.</strong> For example:<br><br>1. If you block cholinergic receptors through antagonists, performance on learning and memory tasks decline<sup>27</sup> (see the video on the left below for a list of drugs that alter the ACh synapse).<br>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>&nbsp; ** An interesting Aside/proof of principle:<br>&nbsp; - one drug that blocks ACh receptors is Scoplamine. It blocks muscarinic ACh receptors<sup>2</sup>. <br><br> - drugs that block ACh receptors have been shown both inside <strong>and outside</strong> of controlled experimental settings to produce learning and memory deficits</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;-Scoplamine is derived from the flower of a common shrub found in Colombia. Although its flowers are&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; common, it is a very scary drug to most Colombians.&nbsp; They call it ‘The Devil’s Breath”.&nbsp; This drug is known to&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; produce sleepiness and, more important to our discussion, memory loss, traits ideal for criminal use. Scoplamine, in Colombia, is often added to people’s drunks or blown into an individuals face to facilitate the process of raping or robing an individual leaving the victim with little to no recollection of the incidence and thus unlikely to report the scenario to the police.&nbsp; Below, on the right, is a clip from a documentary on Scopolamine. It shows a victim sharing his experience<sup>2</sup>.&nbsp;</div><div><br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 11:44:48 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168849887</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Support for the Cholinergic Hypothesis - part 3</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168852792</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>1. Procholinergic drugs can slow the progression of the cognitive deficits observed with AD<sup>16</sup>.&nbsp;<br>- ChE inhibitors remain the most widely prescribed drugs to treat AD<br>( ChE = acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, acetylcholinesterase = an enzyme that breaks down ACh)</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:03:01 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168852792</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Excerpt from the documentary World&#39;s Scariest Drug</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168854135</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://youtu.be/nTxYgKuzFoA" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:10:51 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168854135</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Some drugs that act at ACh synapses</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168854774</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://youtu.be/Q3QzTubTz0c" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:14:38 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168854774</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>ACh cells in the brain</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168855155</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lr-CWieIk8" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:16:56 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168855155</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Summary of the Cholinergic Hypothesis </title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168857022</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>- This hypothesis suggests that one significant contributor to cognitive impairments associated with AD and aging is ACh deficits. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/185088120/9835abf8a50a64eb6b6d58b4d3a4cc8e/Screen_Shot_2017_04_28_at_8_29_41_AM.png" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:26:53 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168857022</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Introduction - part 3: NK3-R</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168857832</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>- Recall the paper we will review in detail in this padlet is trying to determine if NK3-R can be used to treat cognitive deficits associated with AD and normal aging. So, what is NK3-R?<br><br>= a member of family of receptors that specifically bind to neuropeptides called <br><strong>neurokinins (NKs)</strong><sup>11</sup><strong>. </strong>NK-B is the preferred ligand to NK3-R<sup>14</sup>.<br><br>= encoded in humans by the <em>TAC3 </em>gene<sup>14</sup><br><br>= with the help of G proteins, it will activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second <br>messenger system<sup>14</sup><br><br>= Interestingly, it's associated with incomplete sexual maturation but it has also been <br>1. implicated in learning and memory<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; - NK3-R disruption = memory deficits<sup>44</sup><br>2. connected to the ACh system<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;- Are localized to cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain<sup>11</sup></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;- NK3-R agonist stimulate the basal forebrain pathway to <br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;hippocampus<sup>30</sup></div><div><br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:31:13 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168857832</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Location of NBM</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168858634</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://youtu.be/oH8v9zva3rY" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:35:17 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168858634</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Structure of NK3-R</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168859170</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Protein_TACR1_PDB_2KS9.png/250px-Protein_TACR1_PDB_2KS9.png" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:37:48 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168859170</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>The location of the TAC3 gene</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168859341</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Cytogenetic Location: 4q24</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/TAC3/location.png" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:38:38 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168859341</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Introduction Part 3: The purpose of the de Souza Silva Study </title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168861042</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Since NK3-R has been associated with both ACh and memory (see introduction part 3), this group hypothesize that NK3-R stimulation may counteract ACh deficits and thus, based on evidence from the Cholinergic hypothesis (see introduction part 3), improve learning and memory in AD and elderly patients.&nbsp;<br><br>In other words: NK3-R stimulation may be beneficial as a target to treat cognitive deficits in AD and elderly patients.&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/185088120/7e8244dc78a93391b62b1701bfc0690a/Screen_Shot_2017_04_28_at_9_01_23_AM.png" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:46:01 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168861042</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168861585</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://media.giphy.com/media/J3hSvKHJC7d28/giphy.gif" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 12:48:07 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168861585</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>GO BACK TO TOP FOR COLUMN ON METHODS</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168864904</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 13:02:15 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168864904</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>METHODS</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168865138</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Please see our original presentation for a more detailed overview of the methods</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 13:03:02 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168865138</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168865170</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 13:03:11 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168865170</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168865877</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Click and watch the video below</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZPD-_KRN0s&amp;feature=youtu.be" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 13:06:03 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168865877</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Finally we made it to the end of the introduction! </title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168932635</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 16:55:06 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168932635</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>The impact of Dementia</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168933273</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/185088120/287ad063372d535c3dd1a87aaebf8f5b/Screen_Shot_2017_04_28_at_1_02_48_PM.png" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 16:57:31 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168933273</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>The Impact of Dementia, some thoughts</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168935992</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>- <strong>1 in 11</strong> Canadians over the age of 65 currently have dementia. Once you reach 65 years of age, your risk for dementia <strong>doubles every 5 years</strong><sup>36</sup><br><br>- Currently, roughly <strong>just as many</strong> individuals are indirectly affected by AD as people directly affected with the disease<sup>35</sup><br><br>- The Canadian population is aging, and there is still no cure for AD and current pharmacological treatments appear to be effective for a limited time frame within the course of the disease<sup>19</sup><br><br>-In 2016, the cost to the Canadian health care system and additional costs to caregivers not covered by health care amounted to <strong>10.4 billion dollars</strong><sup>35</sup>.&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>- As the baby boomers age and as our population ages in general, this number can be expected to increase substantially. This number is expected to increase by over <strong>6 billion</strong> annually within the next 15 years<sup>35</sup>.</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>-These additional costs to the health care system will have to come from somewhere.&nbsp; Will the government increase tax rates to offset these added costs? Will there be a reduction in health benefits or a reallocation of benefits?&nbsp;</div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>Additionally, according to a study published by the American Association of Retired Persons, over 40 percent of baby boomers have no intention of retiring yet<sup>3</sup>. Consequently, will this also affect pension plans/health benefits?</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 17:06:58 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168935992</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>RESULTS</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168938576</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 17:15:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168938576</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>DISCUSSION</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168939271</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 17:18:28 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168939271</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>REFERENCES</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168939730</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 17:20:19 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168939730</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>GO BACK TO TOP FOR CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168940536</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 17:23:29 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168940536</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168940850</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 17:24:41 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168940850</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>OUR HMB360 PRESENTATION</title>
         <author>rachelle_rodin</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168941404</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-04-28 17:26:47 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/simonevalade/learningandmemory/wish/168941404</guid>
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