Introducing temporary protection is also expected to benefit the Member States, as the rights accompanying temporary protection limit the need for displaced persons to immediately seek international protection and thus the risk of overwhelming their asylum systems, as they reduce formalities to a minimum because of the urgency of the situation."

Finally, an understanding of women’s disadvantageous and discriminatory treatment in relation to the family and labour migration routes considered, is combined with a broader consideration of gendered patterns of migration and the statuses that such patterns produce, to found the normative claim that immigration law as whole disadvantages women. 

Despite being in vulnerable positions, they experienced independence and the capacity to change their lives and sought to contribute to equal rights for women. The participants described integration as a process, enhanced by their personal agency and by their social, relational, and material contexts. Based on the results, we discuss how integration can be supported. 

Refugee women from the Near and Middle East face specific challenges when entering the Austrian labour market.
Particularly gender-based factors, including care and reproductive work, exert pressure on these women and constitute major hurdles for successful entry into employment in Austria. 

Based on nine qualitative interviews with refugee women who swiftly gained entry to the labour market as well as ten qualitative interviews with experts from public and private support organisations, we investigate refugee women’s social and cultural capital as well as the individual agencies that foster paths into the labour market.
We introduce the concept of enablement as the process of gathering the preconditions for overcoming the challenges that arise on that path.
Finally, we illuminate the ways in which the three dimensions of individual, relational and institutional enablement interrelate and shape individual agency with regard to labour market integration. 

The results showed that integration was understood as a process in which relationships, connectedness, and concrete support are fundamental.
Education, employment, and leisure activities were important for integration. Integration also improved by contributing to the new country, for example, through paying taxes or voluntary work.
We discuss how integration could be supported, for example, through making UMs cocreators of interventions and through acknowledging the importance of meaningful activities, relationships, and concrete support.  

What is true for the migration field as a whole also applies to the sizable sub-sphere of distress migration, migration affecting populations compelled by circumstances beyond their control to leave their homes. Forced migrants, including refugees and others displaced by forms of persecution, violence, or other hardship, struggle to secure the humanitarian protections that long-standing international legal norms are intended to guarantee.