SCI209_ENDOGENIC PROCESSES by Shally Claver https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk Made with eyes on the prize en-us 2021-12-14 09:45:27 UTC 2025-08-11 17:28:46 UTC hello@padlet.com There are three basic types of magma: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic, each of which has a different mineral composition. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946662757 2021-12-14 10:58:39 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946662757 Folds result from the slow deformation of rocks. This happens deep underground where the rocks are under pressure and temperatures are higher. Folded rocks are common in mountain ranges like the Alps, Himalayas and the Scottish Highlands. Up-folds are called anticlines. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946664856 source: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/page3574.html#:~:text=Folds%20result%20from%20the%20slow,Up%2Dfolds%20are%20called%20anticlines.

]]> 2021-12-14 10:59:56 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946664856 Appearance under microscope: Basalt https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946665085 Dominant eruption type: Flowing]]> 2021-12-14 11:00:05 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946665085 Andesite https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946665919 Dominant eruption type: Flowing and moderately explosive]]> 2021-12-14 11:00:38 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946665919 Rhyolite https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946666754 Dominant eruption type: Very explosive]]> 2021-12-14 11:01:11 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946666754 https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946667383 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1-BC5jY49M]]> 2021-12-14 11:01:40 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946667383 There are four types of faulting -- normal, reverse, strike-slip, and oblique. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946669346 A normal fault is one in which
the rocks above the fault plane, or hanging wall, move down relative to the rocks below the fault plane, or footwall.

A reverse fault is one in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall

When rocks on either side of a nearly vertical fault plane move horizontally, the movement is called strike-slip.

An oblique-slip fault is special type fault that forms when movement is not exactly parallel with the fault plane. Oblique movement occurs when normal or reverse faults have some strike-slip movement and when strike-slip faults have either some normal or reverse movement.]]> 2021-12-14 11:03:03 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946669346 There are three main types of Rock Stress. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946670108 When the plates are pulled or pushed together, stress occurs. Three types of stresses affect the Earth’s crust or rocks: compression, tension, and shear stress.]]> 2021-12-14 11:03:30 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946670108 https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946671228 2021-12-14 11:04:20 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946671228 https://youtu.be/JT9b2VCzCe0 https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946671394 2021-12-14 11:04:27 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946671394 https://youtu.be/qhSzpCpI38U https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946673714 2021-12-14 11:05:49 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946673714 All types of magma have a significant percentage of silicon dioxide. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946674241 Basaltic magma is high in iron, magnesium, and calcium but low in potassium and sodium. Andesitic magma has moderate amounts of these minerals. Rhyolitic magma is high in potassium and sodium but low in iron, magnesium, and calcium. ]]> 2021-12-14 11:06:08 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946674241 types of rock stress https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946675045 2021-12-14 11:06:40 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946675045 An anticline is a structural trap formed by the folding of rock strata into an arch-like shape. The rock layers in an anticlinal trap were originally laid down horizontally and then earth movement caused it to fold into an arch-like shape called an anticline. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946675433 source : https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/anticlines]]> 2021-12-14 11:06:56 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946675433 https://youtu.be/A_ZRtS3QGHw https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946675843 2021-12-14 11:07:12 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946675843 1.)Decompression melting caused by lowering the pressure. It involves the upward movement of earths mostly solid mantle. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of convection. 2) Flux melting, Flux melting occurs when water and other volatile components are introduced to hot solid rock, depressing the solidus. 3) heat-induced melting caused by increasing the temperature. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946676827 Heat-induced melting, transforming solid mantle into liquid magma by simply applying heat, is the least common process for generating magma.         

https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)/04%3A_Igneous_Processes_and_Volcanoes/4.03%3A_Magma_Generation]]> 2021-12-14 11:07:52 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946676827 Compression https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946678498 2021-12-14 11:08:56 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946678498 Monoclines are folds consisting of two horizontal (or nearly so) limbs connected by a shorter inclined limb. They can be compared to anticlines, which consist of two inclined limbs dipping away from each other, and synclines, which consist of two inclined limbs dipping towards each other. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946681271 source: https://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/geology-and-oceanography/geology-and-oceanography/monocline]]> 2021-12-14 11:10:51 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946681271 https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946682207 2021-12-14 11:11:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946682207 Shear rock https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946683346 2021-12-14 11:12:15 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946683346 A Synclines are the low parts of folds in the rocky layers of the Earth's surface. Synclines form with anticlines, which are the the upper crests of the folds. In a syncline, the youngest rock layers are in the center, near the axis of the fold. The curves of synclines can often be seen in the rock layers of the face of a cliff. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946683768 source: https://study.com/academy/answer/how-are-synclines-formed.html]]> 2021-12-14 11:12:30 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946683768 Fault, in geology, a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust, where compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture. https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946684318 Source:  https://www.britannica.com/science/fault-geology]]> 2021-12-14 11:12:55 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946684318 https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946706348 1. Compression Stress
Compression is a type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one another. It targets the center of the rock and can cause either horizontal or vertical orientation. In horizontal compression stress, the crust can thicken or shorten. In vertical compression stress, the crust can thin out or break off. The force of compression can push rocks together or cause the edges of each plate colliding to rise. Mountains are a result of high-impact compression stress caused when two plates collided.

2. Tension Stress
Tension is the opposite of compression. While compression forces the rocks and crust to collide and move together, tension forces the rocks to pull apart. Tension can happen in two ways. Two separate plates can move farther away from each other, or the ends of one plate can move in different directions.Some scientists think tension stress caused the ancient, massive continent Pangaea to break off into the seven continents we have today.

3. Shear Stress
When shear stress occurs, the force of the stress pushes some of the crust in different directions. When this happens, a large part of the crust can break off, which makes the plate size smaller. Shear stress usually happens when two plates rub against each other as they move in opposite directions. The friction of a shear stress at the edges of the plate can cause earthquakes.

Reference:
Pierce, R. (2019, March 2). What Are the Types of Stresses in the Earth's Crust? Sciencing. Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https://sciencing.com/types-stresses-earths-crust-22473.html]]> 2021-12-14 11:27:33 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946706348 https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946715807 2021-12-14 11:33:52 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946715807 Tension https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946716028 2021-12-14 11:34:02 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946716028 https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946751472 Types of Faults:
1.) Normal fault—the block above the inclined fault moves down relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by extensional forces and results in extension. [Other names: normal-slip fault, tensional fault or gravity fault]
Examples include Basin & Range faults.

2.) Reverse fault—the block above the inclined fault moves up relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by compressional forces and results in shortening. A reverse fault is called a thrust fault if the dip of the fault plane is small. [Other names: reverse-slip fault or compressional fault.]
Examples include the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayan Mountains.

3.) Strike-slip fault—movement of blocks along a fault is horizontal and the fault plane is nearly vertical. If the block on the far side of the fault moves to the left, as shown in this animation, the fault is called left-lateral (Figure 2). If it moves to the right, the fault is called right-lateral. The fault motion of a strike-slip fault is caused by shearing forces. [Other names: trans current fault, lateral fault, tear fault or wrench fault.]  
Examples include the San Andreas Fault, California; Anatolian Fault, Turkey.

Reference:
Fault types: 3 basic responses to stress - incorporated research institutions for seismology. IRIS. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/fault_types_3_basic_responses_to_stress_ ]]> 2021-12-14 11:57:25 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1946751472 1.) Normal Fault https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1950947076 The upper block moves downward relative to the lower block.]]> 2021-12-16 03:54:21 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1950947076 2.) Reverse Fault https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1950948532 The upper block moves upward relative to the lower block. ]]> 2021-12-16 03:55:45 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1950948532 3.) Strike-slip Fault https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1950950436 Both blocks slide horizontally across one another.]]> 2021-12-16 03:57:30 UTC https://padlet.com/sclaver1/6fxbahvi2cbjejhk/wish/1950950436