Primate Taxonomy (SDSU ANTH 355) by Kayla McKinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy en-us 2020-10-19 19:59:12 UTC 2025-10-23 12:33:15 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/798178360/c80448e3944720d7fa48a47f027c53c2/animals_hero_pygmy_marmoset__1_.jpg Order: PRIMATES kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842666999 ONE TRUE SYNAPOMORPHY:
petrosally derived auditory bulla
other traits: grasping hands & feet, nails instead of claws, limb mobility/clavicle, group living, stereoscopic/binocular vision, reduced snout, postorbital bar, big brains, single births, long lives, paired nipples, pendulous penis, etc. ]]> 2020-10-19 20:02:10 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842666999 SUBORDER Strepsirrhines (Prosimians) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842668342 - post-orbital bar (no closure)
- lacrimal bone outside eye socket
- unfused frontal bones + mandible
- tooth comb + grooming claw
- mobile ears
- larger snouts + wet nose
- reliance on olfaction
- smaller brains
- (mostly) nocturnal
- large eyes
- tapetum lucidum
- uterus bicornis (two horns)
- many solitary
- faster life history

]]> 2020-10-19 20:02:42 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842668342 SUBORDER Haplorrhines (Anthropoids) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842668598 - full post-orbital closure
- lacrimal bone inside eye socket
- fused frontal bones + mandible
- no tooth comb or grooming claw
- fixed ears 
- smaller snouts + dry nose
- more reliance on vision
- larger brains
- (mostly) diurnal
- small eyes
- retinal fovea
- uterus simplex (one chamber) 
]]> 2020-10-19 20:02:47 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842668598 INFRAORDER Simiiformes: Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842682092 - 2-1-3-3 dental formula
- ectotympanic ring
- zygomatic-parietal contact (ZIPPY)
- sideways facing round nasal openings
- largely arboreal
- medium to small body
- some prehensile tails ]]> 2020-10-19 20:07:31 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842682092 INFRAORDER Simiiformes: Catarrhines (Old World Primates) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842682494 - 2-1-2-3 dental formula
- ectotympanic tube
- frontal-sphenoid contact (FUSSY)
- downward facing rectangular nasal openings
- some arboreal, some terrestrial
- larger body size
- monkeys have tails, but none prehensile
- ischial callosities (sitting pads in OWM and lesser apes) 

]]> 2020-10-19 20:07:39 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842682494 INFRAORDER Lemuriformes kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842716228 - found in madagascar
- arboreal quadrupeds VCL (vertical clinging & leaping)
- mostly nocturnal
- female dominance
- largest group of strepsirrhines ]]> 2020-10-19 20:19:45 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842716228 INFRAORDER Lorisiformes kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842750237 - Asia & Africa
- small, arboreal, nocturnal, mainly solitary
- slow adaptations (Lorises & Pottos), fast adaptations (Galagos)


]]> 2020-10-19 20:33:07 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842750237 INFRAORDER Tarsiiformes kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842757893 - arboreal
- nocturnal (large eyes)
- completely carnivorous!
- prosimian traits: mobile ears, grooming claw, bicornate uterus, nocturnal eyes, unfused mandible
- haplorrhine traits: retinal fovea, fused frontal bones, reduced dry snout, no tooth comb, nearly complete post-orbital closure
- genetically closer to haplorrhines (more physically similar to strepsirrhines) ]]> 2020-10-19 20:36:06 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/842757893 CALLITRICHIDAE kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849447132 Marmosets & Tamarins
- Diet: insectivores, gumnivores  
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds
- Social: polyandry or pair bonded, live in family groups
- Reproduction: typically twins annually
- Notable: male infant care, genetic chimerism, 2.1.3.2 (rather than 2.1.3.3.) ]]> 2020-10-21 16:33:05 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849447132 CEBIDAE kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849519811 Capuchins & Squirrel Monkeys
- Diet: omnivores
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds
- Social: MM/FF
- Reproduction: single birth/year
- Notable: tool use in capuchins, semi-prehensile tails in capuchins, fatting in squirrel monkey males  

]]> 2020-10-21 16:48:40 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849519811 ATELIDAE kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849553294 Howler, Spider, Woolly Monkey
- Diet: facultative folivores (howler), frugivores (spider, woolly)
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds & suspensory climbers
- Social: MM/MF (howlers sometimes polygynous) 
- Reproduction: single births every 2-3 years 
- Notable: prehensile tails, loudest primate (howler), largest clitoris (spider), trichromatic vision (howler) ]]> 2020-10-21 16:56:09 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849553294 PITHECIIDAE kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849590849 Titis, Sakis, Uakaris
- Diet: frugivore (hard seed & unripe fruit specialists) 
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds
- Social: MM/MF, pair bonded (titi)
- Reproduction: single birth/year
- Notable: sing duets (titi), feeding specializations for hard food]]> 2020-10-21 17:04:36 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849590849 Superfamily: HOMINOIDEA (apes) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849603603 Gibbons & Siamangs (lesser apes), Orangutans, Chimpanzees & Bonobos, Gorilla, Humans
- Y-5 molars
- no tail
- broad noses
- short lumbar region
- larger cranial vault
- mobile shoulders
- long arms (upright body posture)
- scapulae placed dorsally on wide & shallow thorax
- broad flat rib cage 
- suspensory, orthograde climbers ]]> 2020-10-21 17:07:22 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849603603 Superfamily: CERCOPITHECOIDEA kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849604967 - bilophodont molars
- tails
- narrow noses
- long lumbar region
- smaller cranial vault
- medium to large body
- arboreal or terrestrial
- wide range of habitats
- all diurnal]]> 2020-10-21 17:07:39 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849604967 Subfamily: COLOBINAE kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849609764 Location: Asia (langurs & odd-nosed) & Africa (colobus)
- Diet: folivores, toxic seed consumption
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal & terrestrial quadrupeds 
- Social: MM/MF, polygynous 
- Reproduction: variable, single offspring every 2 years 
- Notable: adaptations for diet (high crest molars, narrow incisors, sacculated stomach), first observed infanticide  
- broad inter-orbital region
- long legs, short arms, long tail (for balance)]]> 2020-10-21 17:08:43 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849609764 Subfamily: CERCOPITHECINAE kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849610128 Baboons, macaques, mangabeys, gelada, mandrill, guenons, vervet, etc.
- Location: Africa & Asia (macaques) 
- Diet: frugivores, omnivores, gramnivores (gelada) 
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: terrestrial & arboreal quadrupeds 
- Social: MM/MF, polygynous, OMUs
- Reproduction: variable, single offspring every 2 years
- Notable: cheek pouches, vocal grooming (geladas)
- low cusp flat molars
- broad incisors 
- narrow inter-orbital region
- similar arms and legs, short tail ]]> 2020-10-21 17:08:49 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/849610128 kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279805436 2022-09-01 19:43:57 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279805436 kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279812600 2022-09-01 19:51:30 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279812600 FAMILY Lorisidae kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279816941 Lorises
Location: Asia
Diet: frugivores (slow loris), insectivores (slender loris)
Activity: nocturnal
Locomotion: arboreal quadruped, slow moving, tight grip
Social: mostly - somewhat solitary
Reproduction: single/twin births (1-4 times annually), infants parked
Notable features: no tail, venomous saliva
stinky piss babies !!1!

Pottos
Location: Africa
Diet: Insectivores
Activity: nocturnal
Locomotion: slow climbers, tight grip 
Social: mostly solitary
Reproduction: single birth/year
Notable feature: scapular shield (elongated cervical vertebrae spines) ]]> 2022-09-01 19:56:36 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279816941 FAMILY Galagidae kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279817158 Galagos (Bushbabies)
Location: Africa
Diet: Insectivores
Activity: Nocturnal
Locomotion: VCL
Social: mostly solitary
Reproduction: single/twin births (1-4 times annually)
infants parked (carried in mouth)
another stinky piss baby !!1!]]> 2022-09-01 19:56:54 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279817158 FAMILIES kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279839611 Daubentoniidae (Aye-Aye)
Diet: Insectivore
Activity: Nocturnal
Locomotion: arboreal quadruped
Social: mostly solitary
Reproduction: single birth/year
Notable features:
- percussive forager
- specialized middle finger
- continuously growing incisors

Lemuridae (ruffed, brown, bamboo, & ring-tailed lemurs)
Diet: Folivores/frugivores
Activity: Cathemeral
Locomotion: quadrupeds
Social: MM/MF
Reproduction: varies; single birth/year (litters)
Notable features:
- cyanide consumption 

Indriidae (indri, sifaka, avahi)
Indri lack tails 
- Diet:
- Activity:
- Locomotion:
- Social: pair-bonded (indri & avahi), MM/MF
- Reproduction: 
- Notable:

Cheirogaleidae (dwarf, mouse, & fat-tailed lemur)
- Diet: Insectivores
- Activity: Nocturnal
- Locomotion: VCL 
- Social: solitary to MM/MF 
- Reproduction: single or twin, 1-2 times/year 
- Notable: smallest primate (mouse lemur), hibernating primate (dwarf lemur)  

Lepilemur (sportive lemurs)
- Diet: folivores
- Activity: nocturnal
- Locomotion: VCL
- Social: somewhat solitary to small family groups 
- Reproduction: single birth/year
- Notable: low energy diet = low energy primate 

]]> 2022-09-01 20:24:17 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2279839611 AOTIDAE kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2285305267 Night/Owl Monkeys
- Diet: omnivores
- Activity: nocturnal
- Locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds
- Social: pair bonded (monogamous)
- Reproduction: single birth/year
- Notable: bi-parental care, only nocturnal anthropoids ]]> 2022-09-06 20:19:55 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2285305267 Family: HYLOBATIDAE (lesser apes) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2288779134 - Location: SE Asia 
- Diet: frugivores
- Activity: diurnal
- Locomotion: arboreal brachiators 
- Social: pair bonded
- Reproduction: single birth every 3 years
- Notable: duetting as territory marker & to strengthen bond b/t mates ]]> 2022-09-08 19:32:57 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2288779134 Family: HOMINIDAE (great apes) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2288779229 Location: Asia (orangutans) & Africa (gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans)  ]]> 2022-09-08 19:33:02 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2288779229 Family: CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World Monkeys) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2288784289 - tail 
- bilophodont molars 
- scapulae placed laterally on narrow & deep thorax
- circular rib cage w/ short clavicle on side of rib cage ]]> 2022-09-08 19:37:34 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2288784289 Genus: Pongo (orangutans) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2288842114 Location: only on islands of Borneo & Sumatra
Diet: frugivores/folivores
Activity: diurnal
Locomotion: quadrumanous climbing 
Social: semi-solitary to social
Reproduction: single birth every 7-9 years 
Notable: largest arboreal animal in the world, highly intelligent, long period of offspring care, two male morphs (unflanged & flanged)]]> 2022-09-08 20:38:11 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2288842114 Genus: Gorilla kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2295066434 Location: equatorial Africa
Diet: folivore / frugivore
Activity: diurnal
Locomotion: knuckle-walking
Social: polygynous, MM/MF
Reproduction: single birth every 4 years
Notable: largest ape ]]> 2022-09-13 19:37:34 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2295066434 Genus: Pan (chimpanzees & bonobos) kaymmckinley https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2295083267 closest living relatives of humans

Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee)
Location: savannahs & forests in equatorial Africa
Diet: omnivores
Activity: diurnal
Locomotion: knuckle-walking
Social: MM/MF groups w/ fission/fusion
male dominance hierarchy, strong male social bonding
Reproduction:  single birth every 4-6 years
Notable: most widespread of non-human apes, extensive tool use, group hunting, rudimentary 'war'   

Pan paniscus (bonobos)
Location: dense rainforests of the DRC
Diet: folivores / frugivores, some meat (hunting rare)
Activity: diurnal
Locomotion: knuckle-walking
Social: MM/MF groups w/ fission/fusion
weaker dominance hierarchy
females more dominant
strong female & mother-son social bonding
Reproduction: single birth every 5 years
Notable: over & extensive sexual behavior b/t & within males, females, & offspring ]]> 2022-09-13 19:50:38 UTC https://padlet.com/kaymmckinley/6e2i6fb4rlx3cydy/wish/2295083267