A Critical Period for Economic and Social Changes in America (1837-1877) by Annabelle Jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk The Course and Aftermath of the Civil War en-us 2019-12-06 22:07:42 UTC 2019-12-15 22:08:01 UTC hello@padlet.com Part 1: Manifest Destiny (1837-1861) annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421026556 Opening Question: How did migration to the United States and the doctrine of Manifest Destiny change popular ideas of American identity and citizenship, affect territorial expansionism, cause conflict and impact regional and racial identities?]]> 2019-12-06 22:11:11 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421026556 1.1 John O'Sullivan annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421794574 The term "manifest destiny" was first used by John O'Sullivan in 1845 when writing on the Annexation of Texas. He wrote that the American claim "is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty." After his writings, support for territorial expansion increased among Americans. It was popular belief that manifest destiny was a divine right; God gave Americans the duty of expanding their ideas to all parts of the continent (Newman 230).]]> 2019-12-09 18:57:43 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421794574 1.8 The Compromise of 1850 annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421796000 With the influx of settlers into California, law and order was needed. Californians drafted a constitution, known as The Compromise of 1850, for their new state. While it declared California to be a free state, one of the most controversial aspects of this constitution was the Fugitive Slave Law. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law persuaded many Southerners to accept the loss of California to the Free-Soilers; however, it sparked anger among northern abolitionists. The enforcement of the new law drove a wedge between the North and the South and is considered one of the events that led to the Civil War (Newman 248). ]]> 2019-12-09 18:59:51 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421796000 1.6 Mining Frontier annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421797152 The discovery of gold in California in 1848 set off the first of many migrations to the West. This boom attracted miners from around the world, with almost 1/3 of the miners being Chinese by the 1860s. This large difference in races created conflict. Soon, after being harassed by whites, the Chinese miners chose to partake in the building of railroads (Newman 237).]]> 2019-12-09 19:01:14 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421797152 1.2 Annexation of Texas annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421797994 Inspired by the idea of manifest destiny, Americans flooded to the Mexican province of Texas. Tension developed between Mexico and the United States because despite the fact that Mexico had outlawed slavery prior to American immigration, Americans in Texas owned and relied on slaves for their work. In addition, Americans were required to convert to Roman Catholicism, despite being predominantly protestant. Eventually, the government of Texas declared itself a nation independent of Mexico. Texas was later annexed into the United States by President John Tyler in 1845 (Newman 233).]]> 2019-12-09 19:02:21 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421797994 1.3 War with Mexico annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421798237 America's desire for expansion and the eventual annexation of Texas led to diplomatic trouble with Mexico in 1846. Disputes over the boarder of Texas were the immediate cause of the war. The war ended with American victory and resulted in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, making the Rio Grande the southern boarder of Texas and giving the United States the Mexican provinces of New Mexico and California (Newman 232). ]]> 2019-12-09 19:02:39 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421798237 1.7 The Oregon Trail annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421800529 Inspired by the ideas of Manifest Destiny and the discovery of gold and fertile lands in the West, a hundreds of thousands of pioneers embarked on the historic Oregon Trail in the 1840s. This long and arduous trek began in Independence Missouri and ended somewhere in the Oregon territory or in California. In addition to leading people to gold and farming lands, the Oregon Trail helped spread religious and cultural beliefs westward (Newman 237).]]> 2019-12-09 19:05:29 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421800529 1.5 "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421801275 Americans' desire for land created conflicts with Europe over the disputed boarder between Oregon and the British occupied land of Canada. President Polk's campaign included this issue, with his slogan being "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight." Eventually he compromised for the southern half of the territory and to divide it at the 49th parallel. The treaty was ratified by the Senate in 1846 (Newman 233).]]> 2019-12-09 19:06:33 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421801275 1.4 Wilmot Proviso annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421802341 Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot proposed that an amendment be made to forbid slavery in any new territories acquired from Mexico in 1846. This proposal, called the Wilmot Proviso, was passed in the House twice but defeated in the Senate. The conflict over the Wilmot Proviso is considered to have reflected the political conflict during the time leading up to the Civil War and to be the first found in an escalating political conflict that led ultimately to the Civil War.]]> 2019-12-09 19:07:54 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421802341 Part 2: Civil War (1861-1865) annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421805290 Opening Question: How did the maturing of northern manufacturing and the adherence of the South to an agricultural economy change the national economic system and impact the Civil War? How was the American conflict over slavery part of larger global events?]]> 2019-12-09 19:12:00 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421805290 Part 1: Concluding Question annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421805800 Why did attempts at compromise before the war fail to prevent the conflict?

Attempts at compromise before the war failed to prevent conflict because of the threatening of the delicate balance in government between those for and against slavery. Many in the North and South believed this balance was crucial in maintaining the Union. Due to the ideas of Manifest Destiny and the new territories that resulted, this balance was being threatened and tensions arose. After the inauguration of Lincoln, many southerners thought this balance to be gone, and southern states seceded from the Union (Fraser 383-384).]]> 2019-12-09 19:12:41 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421805800 2.2 Impending Crisis of the South annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421809099 Some believed that the South's adherence to slavery impacted the southern economy negatively. Impending Crisis of the South, written by Hinton R. Helper in 1857 attacked slavery and the economic effects of it. Helper demonstrated that slavery actually weakened the South's economy. This book angered the southern states and was soon banned, but was widely distributed in the North. (Newman 250-251).]]> 2019-12-09 19:17:03 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421809099 3.3 Modernizing the North's Industrial Economy annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421811213 The impact of the war on the North's economy was complex. On one hand, workers' wages did not keep up with inflation; however, many parts of the industrial economy were accelerated and modernized by the war. The war emphasized the importance of mass production, speeding up the consolidation of the Northern manufacturing businesses. Those who made enormous profits off of the production of military supplies became immensely rich and would continue to finance the North's industrialization after the war (Newman 280-281).]]> 2019-12-09 19:19:52 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421811213 2.1 Southern Cotton annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421811419 Prior to the Civil War, the South's economy relied primarily on cotton, with the labor involved in cotton production being completed by slaves. Because Abraham Lincoln was against the spreading of slavery, his inauguration prompted the southern states to secede from the Union. The South's adherence to slavery caused England to remain neutral in the war, despite their need for southern cotton (Newman). ]]> 2019-12-09 19:20:12 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421811419 2.5 Greenbacks and National Banking System annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421811536 To finance the war, the Union borrowed $2.6 billion through the sale of government bonds. In addition, they raised tariffs, added excise taxes, and created the first income tax. The government also issued more than $430 million in Greenbacks, a paper currency. Greenbacks could not be redeemed by gold, causing creeping inflation. Congress created a national banking system in 1863 to manage the revenue moving in and out of the Treasury (Newman 280).]]> 2019-12-09 19:20:21 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421811536 2.3 The Union's Economic Dominion annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421813811 The Union dominated the nation's economy before and during the Civil War. The Union controlled most of the banking and capital of the country. In addition, it controlled more than 85 percent of Americas factories, more than 70 percent of the railroads and even 65 percent of the farmland. The Union's economic prosperity put the Confederacy at a disadvantage during the war (Newman 270).]]> 2019-12-09 19:23:20 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421813811 Part 2: Concluding Question annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421814122 How did the Civil War struggle shape Americans' belief about equality democracy, and national destiny? To what extent, and in what ways, did the Civil War transform American political and social relationships?

The impact of the Civil War on the different regions of the United States was immense. Many in the North who had begun fighting in the war to save the Union ended with the intention to abolish slavery. Those in the South who had begun fighting the war to keep slavery slowly became resigned to a different fate even if they never stopped resenting the reality that the war had created. Lastly, those who began the war as enslaved people exited it as free men. Although regional differences still remained after the Civil War, ideas of the right to citizenship slowly evolved (Fraser 414).]]> 2019-12-09 19:23:49 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421814122 Part 3: Reconstruction (1865-1877) annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421814308 Opening Question: How did the growth of mass migration to the United States, the end of slavery and technological, including the railroad, and military developments transform the environment and settlement patterns in the South and the West?]]> 2019-12-09 19:24:05 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421814308 3.5 Innovations in Transportation annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421815786 In addition to the profits made off of war supplies during the Civil War, the innovations in Transportation made certain individuals immensely rich. In 1869, the Transcontinental Railroad was finished and led to rapid settlement of the western United States. The boom in railroad expansions led to the creation of tycoons such as Cornelius Vanderbilt and Jay Gould. The Gilded Age marks the era where the wealth gap in the United States became stark ("Gilded Age"). ]]> 2019-12-09 19:26:13 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421815786 3.1 Building Black Communities annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421816589 After the end of slavery, many African Americans migrated to places where "freedom was freer" and created communities of freed slaves. In addition to creating African American communities, they put an emphasis on education and created churches and schools with their scarce resources. Black colleges such as Howard, Atlanta, Fisk and Morehouse were established to prepare future African American teachers and ministers (Newman 299).]]> 2019-12-09 19:27:28 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421816589 3.2 Carpetbaggers annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421816845 Immediately following the Civil War, white northerners migrated to the South. These individuals were known as "Carpetbaggers." Many northerners traveled south for various reasons: some were investors interested in setting up business, and others were ministers and teachers looking to help in reform. Many of the carpetbaggers were even former Union soldiers. At first, the South welcomed the northerners, as their devastation after the war called for northern capital and investment. As time drew on, they began to resent the newcomers because many came solely to profit off of the South's misfortune ("Carpetbaggers & Scalawags").]]> 2019-12-09 19:27:49 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421816845 3.4 Corruption in Business and Government annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421817803 The years after the end of slavery were known for the corrupt schemes devised by business and political bosses to gain money and power at the expense of the public. Because of the profits made off of the sale of military supplies during the Civil War, some believe that big businesses began to dominate politics. This period is known as the "Gilded Age" (Newman 300).]]> 2019-12-09 19:29:12 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421817803 3.6 White Supremacy annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421817993 The end of slavery brought on a new era of white supremacy. Southern whites organized secret societies to intimidate the recently freed African Americans. The most prominent group was the Ku Klux Klan, formed in 1867. The members of this society burned black-owned buildings and flogged and murdered freedmen to keep them from exercising their voting rights (Newman 302).  ]]> 2019-12-09 19:29:31 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421817993 3.7 Sharecropping annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421818567 After the end of the Civil War and of slavery, the South's agricultural economy was suffering. At first, southerners attempted to bind African-Americans into working for them with contracts, creating permanent and unrestricted labor. This type of work was essentially slavery in a different form. Afterwards, the white landowners developed a system of sharecropping. Under this system, the landowner provided seed and other supplies needed for farming in exchange for half of the grown crop. While this system gave poor men an opportunity to work their own piece of land for profit, most sharecroppers would remain dependent on the landowners or in debt (Newman 300).]]> 2019-12-09 19:30:19 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421818567 3.8 Black Codes annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421819009 With the end of slavery came more issues for African Americans. Southern legislatures adopted Black Codes that restricted the rights of former slaves. The codes prohibited Blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, placed freedmen into a form of semi-bondage by forcing them to sign work contracts and prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court (Newman 294).]]> 2019-12-09 19:30:55 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/421819009 Part 3: Concluding Question annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/422365136 To what extent, and in what ways, did Reconstruction alter relationships between the states and the federal government, and lead to debates over new definitions of citizenship for minority groups (i.e. African Americans and women.)?

Debates over whether it was the state government or the federal government's job to reconstruct the union occurred during the time after the Civil War. After Andrew Johnson's unsatisfactory reconstruction of the Union, many came to distrust the presidential office. In addition to the conflict over the power of the federal government, conflict occurred over the civil rights of freed slaves and of women. With the end of the Civil War came the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, which declared the right to vote should not be abridged on account of race for men. Although it was a step in the right direction for many, women were deeply disappointed by the amendment, as it ignored the rights of women to vote. In addition, the amendment excluded the right for citizens of all colors to hold office. In addition to the missing parts, the amendment was ignored by some whites as they threatened violence to minorities who tried to exercise their right. The amendment was the start of a period of issues that would not be resolved for a long time (Fraser).]]> 2019-12-10 19:04:13 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/422365136 Works Cited annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/422365534
Fraser, James W. By the People: A History of the United States. Pearson Education, 2015.

History.com Editors. “Carpetbaggers & Scalawags.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 24 June 2010, www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/carpetbaggers-and-scalawags.

History.com Editors. “Gilded Age.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 13 Feb. 2018, www.history.com/topics/19th-century/gilded-age.

Newman, John J., and John M. Schmalbach. United States History: Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. AMSCO School Publications, 2018.

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]]> 2019-12-10 19:04:45 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/422365534 2.4 The Confederacy's Economic Issues annabelle_jundt https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/422936398 The Confederacy relied on outside help during the war and was in continual debt. Confederate leaders ineffectually tried to solve the economic issue in many different ways: loans, income taxes and impressment of private property. The government eventually issued more than a billion dollars in paper money, causing severe inflation. By the end of the war, the value of the Confederate dollar was worth less than two cents (Newman 271).]]> 2019-12-11 19:23:15 UTC https://padlet.com/annabelle_jundt/6dqd3kvi9vjk/wish/422936398