A)n encoding b) stoorage c) retrieval d) rehearsal

a) procedural b) declarative c) sensory d) working

1. Shallow Processing: Focuses on physical features (weak memory).

2. Intermediate Processing: Focuses on the sound of words (slightly better memory).

3. Deep Processing: Focuses on meaning and understanding (strongest memory).

phonological level : the sounds of information

semantic level : the meaning of the information processed

Shallow Processing: This involves focusing on the surface features of information, like the sound or appearance of a word. It leads to weak memory traces.

Deep Processing: This involves meaningful analysis of information, connecting it to existing knowledge and understanding. It creates stronger memory traces.

The deeper the processing, the more likely we are to remember information. For example, simply reading a word (shallow) is less effective than trying to understand its meaning (deep).

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1) shallow level- information can be analysed in physical or structural features

2) intermediate level- Attends to phonetic sounds that are attached to letters and structural features are transformed into a meaningful word

3) deepest level- information here is processed and retained for a longer period of time and is understood in terms of its meaning

semantic- general awareness and knowledge. concepts of logic and rules. not susceptible to forgetting. eg. sun rises from east, rainbow has 7 colors

Now, think about remembering your first trip to Paris. You're recalling a specific personal experience with a time and place – that's your episodic memory. It's like flipping through your mental diary of past events.

So, semantic memory is for facts and concepts, while episodic memory is for personal experiences.

Interference: New information (retroactive interference) or old information (proactive interference) disrupts recall of memories.

Lack of Retrieval Cues: Insufficient triggers, such as contextual or emotional cues, make accessing stored memories difficult.

Time: The longer something's been in the room, the harder it is to find.

Interference: New stuff gets piled on top of old stuff, making it harder to find the old stuff.

Stress: When you're stressed, you can't organize things as well, so you might lose things more easily.

Lack of Attention: If you didn't even notice something in the first place, you won't be able to find it later!

So, forgetting is just your brain's way of cleaning up and making space for new things. It's not a bad thing, just a part of how we learn and rem

ember.

1. Decay: Memory traces weaken over time if not rehearsed.

2. Interference: New (retroactive) or old (proactive) information disrupts retrieval.

3. Retrieval Failure: Inability to access memories due to lack of cues.

4. Motivated Forgetting: Suppression of distressing memories.

5. Encoding Failure: Poor initial encoding prevents storage.

6. Brain Damage: Conditions like Alzheimer’s impair memory.

7. Stress: High stress or anxiety hinders recall.

These factors often interact, influencing the forgetting process.

forgetting due to trace delay- disuse theory. assumed that memory leads to modification of CNS, which is similar to physically changes called memory traces. when these traces are not available it leads to memory decay.

forgetting due to interference- most influential theory. interference in memory stores of the brain. interference happens during retrieval time.

forgetting due to retrieval failure- when reitrival cues are absent, forgetting occurs.