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Cognitive deficits
can occur before, during, or after a depressive
episode. Repeated episodes of depression may increase
vulnerability to further cognitive deficits, leading to a
“kindling” effect, secondary only to that of
repeated insults. Studies have shown that most patients with depression report significant cognitive symptoms,
including deficits in executive function (problem
solving, decision-making, and judgment), memory,
and attention to their daily activities. In addition,
more than 30% of depressed patients who have
responded to therapeutic management for depression
have reported residual problems, including
inattentiveness, apathy, forgetfulness, word-finding
difficulty, and mental slowness (Richardson & Adams 2018).

Affective Symptoms- Stressor exposure is often operationalized as the frequency of stressors reported, whereas affective reactivity to daily stressors is often assessed as the difference in negative or positive affect on stressor days versus non-stressor days. Affective reactivity to daily stressors is a person-level measure of how well an individual copes with stressors. Affective reactivity to daily stress is associated with multiple negative health outcomes (Apsely et al. 2023).

Somatic Symptoms-

Somatic symptoms are a core part of major depressive disorder. Other somatic complaints (e.g.,
pain and gastrointestinal symptoms) often accompany
depression. These complaints are related to worse
functioning and inordinate. People may also
present with somatic symptoms as their primary
complaint in primary care settings. Moreover,
somatic symptoms may be better predictors of longitudinal mortality and response to psychotropic treatment than affective symptoms (Tse et al. 2018).

Occupational work schedules can make or break an individual's health. This SDOH can play a largely stressful role in an individual's lifestyle and potentially cause additional health risks. With such a busy schedule, Ana is finding herself feeling overwhelmed, tired, and overall helpless. She does not have the time to take care of her own health let alone the time to travel and see her sick mother.

2) Limited/ Lack of Social Interaction

Working long hours also ties into this SDOH. Neglecting the social aspect of one's life can be stressful and potentially even a missed opportunity to improve self-efficacy. Ana's minimal amount of interaction with friends and family is not helping her confidence; she does not want to discuss her situation with he family because she does not want to disappoint them and is afraid to tell anyone in the program because she knows that they will regard her as "weak".

3) Stressful Occupational Environment

Working in a hospital, as described above, requires individuals to endure long hours, leaving little time for themselves. Working in a hospital setting makes the long hours even more stressful and can take a toll on the body quickly. Ana must work with multiple patients daily, each of which are real people with lives in which her decisions can affect greatly or potentially become life-or-death situations.

4) Health History

Though this SDOH varies from person to person, health issues can be significantly heightened or brought back to the surface when working in such a stressful work environment. It is important that Ana pays attention to her previous diagnosis of clinical depression as the symptoms seem to be arising once again.

Section 2- Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless

Ana is worried because she was briefly diagnosed with clinical depression as a teenager, and her symptoms are beginning to resemble what she felt like back then. Additionally, she is feeling completely trapped and wonders why she went into the medical field in the first place, she would do anything at this point to escape it.

Section 4- Feeling tired or having little energy

Ana's mood has become low, her energy level has dropped, and she is having difficulty getting out of bed in the morning.

Section 6- Feeling bad about yourself- or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down

She is feeling overwhelmed and increasingly hopeless about life and, in spite of her many past successes, she is starting to regard herself as a complete failure.

Section 7/8- Trouble concentrating on things/ Moving or speaking slowly that other people have noticed

When a patient was admitted to the hospital, Ana did not do a thorough job of asking about family history. If a colleague had not thought about the possibility and suggested the requisite testing, the patient's life may have been in danger. Ana feels that she did not spend enough time talking to the patient and that if she was doing her normal amount of reading, that she would have been better prepared.