Malaria by Padma Mynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c Made with a taste for adventure en-us 2021-01-11 17:50:44 UTC 2021-01-22 01:48:42 UTC hello@padlet.com Step 1: Initial bite padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075648521 Female Anopheles bites a human (because female mosquitos need human blood to produce eggs so they can reproduce). This mosquito is infected by plasmodium falciparum, a parasite that causes malaria. This mosquito is the vector of malaria as it transmits the infection to humans. ]]> 2021-01-11 18:45:21 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075648521 Uninfected individual padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075717774 2021-01-11 18:57:44 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075717774 Step 2: Transmission of parasites padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075738183 Some parasites from the infected mosquitos mouth are transmitted into the bloodstream of the now infected individual.]]> 2021-01-11 19:01:30 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075738183 What is this parasite? padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075769252 The parasite transmitted is the plasmodium protist, a single-celled parasite.]]> 2021-01-11 19:07:18 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075769252 What does this parasite look like? padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075779386 Under a microscope, the plasmodium parasite appears as a tiny, irregular purple dot/shape within the red blood cells of a blood sample. Depending on the amount the parasite has reproduced in an individuals blood stream will effect the density of the parasite which is why it will eventually appear in a blood smear. ]]> 2021-01-11 19:09:17 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075779386 Step 3: Liver cells are infected padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075793923 After the parasites (at this stage they are called sporozoites) move through the  infected persons bloodstream until they reach the liver. When they arrive at the liver, the sporozoites infect the hepatocytes (liver cells) and multiply rapidly. ]]> 2021-01-11 19:12:06 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075793923 Step 4: Liver can no longer function padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075827318 In the liver, the sporozoites are asexually reproducing to create numerous offspring that carry the same parasite. They continuously reproduce for a period of about two weeks until a great amount of merozoites (large groups of offspring from the sporozoites) have been formed. ]]> 2021-01-11 19:18:24 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075827318 Why can't the liver function anymore? padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075864137 When enough merozoites form, they burst out of the liver cells, which in turn kills the liver cells and prevents the liver from functioning. They then enter back into the bloodstream.]]> 2021-01-11 19:25:37 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075864137 Step 5: Red blood cells are infected padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075876581 Merozoites continue to infect red blood cells (erythrocytes) of the individual by getting inside of the cells. ]]> 2021-01-11 19:28:02 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075876581 Step 6: Continuous cycle padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075878551 Mosquito bites the individual, who is already infected with malaria and has plasmodium falciparum in their bloodstream and becomes a carrier of the same parasite. ]]> 2021-01-11 19:28:27 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075878551 Merozoites change form padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075895416 Some merozoites change form after they infect red blood cells. They transform into immature gametocytes (some male, some female). ]]> 2021-01-11 19:31:47 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075895416 Merozoites asexually reproduce padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075895777 Some merozoites reproduce asexually and eventually burst out of the red blood cells. They go on repeating the same process.  This is known as the erythrocytic phase. 
  ]]> 2021-01-11 19:31:50 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075895777 Sporozoites are developed padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075938416 When another female anopheles bites the individuals skin, it takes in the red blood cells that contain the gametocytes. The gametocytes mature in the mosquitos gut and form one sporozoite. ]]> 2021-01-11 19:40:32 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1075938416 Incubation period padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083823383 This time when the parasite is reproducing is also known as the incubation period for when a person has malaria. After this period that can be from 1 to 4 weeks, a person who has been infected with plasmodium falciparum will start to show symptoms. ]]> 2021-01-13 16:40:04 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083823383 What happens during the incubation period? padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083845688 The parasite rapidly multiplies in a persons bloodstream and eventually kills their liver cells which prevents the liver from performing vital tasks such as filtering RBCs, as well as destroys RBCs, which help the body have oxygen in their system from the hemoglobin in the RBCs. ]]> 2021-01-13 16:44:09 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083845688 Insecticide treated nets padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083959349 To help prevent the spread of malaria, insecticide treated nets can be implemented in communities where there are frequent cases of malaria. ]]> 2021-01-13 17:05:00 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083959349 What is malaria? padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083963036 Malaria is an infectious, communicable disease that is caused by a single celled parasite called plasmodium falciparum. There are roughly 200 to 300 million cases of malaria per year, and about 450,000 deaths from the disease.]]> 2021-01-13 17:05:40 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083963036 padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083968067 Both steps occur concurrently]]> 2021-01-13 17:06:31 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1083968067 padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084151813 After a known case of malaria has been reported or a person is showing symptoms of the disease, communities can implement multiple strategies to help prevent more people from contracting malaria. ]]> 2021-01-13 17:41:33 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084151813 padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084158451 Before this mosquito has the opportunity to infect another person with malaria, measures can be taken to reduce the risk of this transmission]]> 2021-01-13 17:42:53 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084158451 Preventing malaria transmission padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084163501 2021-01-13 17:43:47 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084163501 Purpose of insecticide treated nets padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084175403 This is a net that effectively kills mosquitos as it is covered with insecticide. It targets all types of mosquitos and is proven to be effective in places such as India and Africa as the infection rate of malaria decreased with the use of these nets. ]]> 2021-01-13 17:46:01 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084175403 How is malaria transmitted and how does it effect your body? padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084203273 2021-01-13 17:51:23 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1084203273 Homeostasis disruption padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1089135007 Because the liver cells have been killed and the can no longer function, the malaria infection has disrupted homeostasis within  the individual. This is because the liver in their body helps digest minerals, proteins, and carbs. Without this, the body cannot absorb nutrients that are vital to the survival of any human. Furthermore, the liver filters old RBCs from the body, and without this organ clots appear frequently within their bloodstream.]]> 2021-01-14 20:18:36 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1089135007 Reactive focal mass drug administration padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1089158957 Reactive focal mass drug administration (rFMDA) is the intervention process of administering antimalarial drugs to a group of people in an area with high malaria risk. These people are not tested for malaria prior to administration of the drugs. ]]> 2021-01-14 20:25:17 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1089158957 Purpose of reactive focal mass drug administration padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1089170277 The drugs administered would clear a person of the malaria parasite regardless of whether it is actually in their body or not, and also provide a short period of immunity against new infections. ]]> 2021-01-14 20:28:29 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1089170277 padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1089180263 This strategy is employed when a person begins to show symptoms of malaria (late in the malaria life cycle) then that person is tested for malaria. If they have malaria, drugs will be administered immediately to them and the surrounding areas. ]]> 2021-01-14 20:31:08 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1089180263 Key padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1092060325 Yellow = Background information and an essential question
Blue = Steps of how malaria infects an individuals body
Green = Steps that can be taken to reduce malaria transmission
Purple = Additional information
Red = Symptoms of malaria 

]]> 2021-01-15 17:10:32 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1092060325 Symptoms of liver failure padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1092178556 Because the liver can no longer function and perform vital tasks, malaria patients often experience the following:
  • Yellowing of their skin and eyeballs (jaundice)
  • Nausea.
  • Vomiting.
]]> 2021-01-15 17:36:00 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1092178556 Symptoms because of a loss of healthy RBCs padmamynampaty https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1092216742 Because the parasite destroys RBCs  individuals will experience the following symptoms because of a lack of this vital cell:
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Sweating
  • Muscle pain
  • Headaches
  • Anemia (condition where the body does not have enough healthy RBCs)
]]> 2021-01-15 17:44:17 UTC https://padlet.com/padmamynampaty/68wsk2vsltl8vb7c/wish/1092216742