1.2 Activity - Ultrastructure of cells by

Nucleus

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-23 16:45:50 UTC

Function: Control centre housing chromosomes. DNA is replicated and transcribed to form mRNA, which is exported via the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm

ritatorresc — 2022-03-24 16:19:34 UTC

Function: Contains the organelles manufacture of cellular components and storage.

Golgi apparatus

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 16:19:56 UTC

Function: Transport, storage, packing and distribution of materials synthesized in the cell.

Rough ER

ritatorresc — 2022-03-24 16:21:52 UTC

Function: synthesizes proteins that possess a signal sequence that directs them to the ER. Proteins synthesized by RER go directly to the cell membrane, cell exterior or the ER.

Mitochondria

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 16:23:05 UTC

Function: They produce ATP for the cell by aerobic cell respiration

Smooth ER

ritatorresc — 2022-03-24 16:23:23 UTC

Function: synthesizes lipids, such as cholesterol and phospholipids, which are used in the production of new cellular membranes.

Ribosomes 80S

ritatorresc — 2022-03-24 16:24:25 UTC

Function: Protein synthesis, provides cancerous proliferating cells with proteins and therefore biomass.

Cytoplasm

joaquinaldana — 2022-03-24 16:24:59 UTC

Function: Houses the chemical components for the life of the cell (water, enzymes, organic molecules, etc.)

Ribosomes 70S

joaquinaldana — 2022-03-24 16:25:17 UTC

Function: Synthesizes proteins inside the cytoplasm. It is responsible for the binding and the reading of the mRNA during translation.

Lysosomes

ritatorresc — 2022-03-24 16:25:32 UTC

Function: They contain digestive enzymes that break down the excess or the worn-out parts of cells and degrades materials taken from outside the cell

Pili

joaquinaldana — 2022-03-24 16:25:55 UTC

Function: Movement of the cell; attachment to surfaces. Also, a sex pilus allows DNA to be transferred between cells in a process called conjugation.

Cell wall

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-24 16:26:35 UTC

Function: It maintains the cell's shape, protects the cell interior, and prevents the cell from bursting when it takes up water. It is composed with peptidoglycan.
(In the image above, CW is the cell wall)

Capsule

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-24 16:26:41 UTC

Function: It helps the prokaryotic cells cling to each other and to various surfaces in their environment, and also helps prevents it from drying out. It is made of polysaccharides.

Flagellum

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-24 16:26:50 UTC

Functions: Hair-like structure that is primarily used for cell movement. It can sometimes function as a sensory organelle.

Centrosome

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 16:26:57 UTC

Function: Important for cell division and assembly of microtubules

Plasma membrane

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-24 16:27:11 UTC

Function: It physically separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment and works as a selectively permeable, or semipermeable, barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.
(In the image above, PM means plasma membrane)

Vacuole

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 16:30:21 UTC

Function: They store many substances like water, potential food and metabolic and waste (to be expelled from the cell).

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-24 16:36:42 UTC

Khan Academy. (n.d.). Prokaryote structure. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/dna-and-rna-structure/a/prokaryote-structure

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-24 16:40:48 UTC

Beck, K. (2019, June 18). What Is an Adaptive Advantage for Confining DNA in a Nucleus? Sciencing. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://sciencing.com/adaptive-advantage-confining-dna-nucleus-7274.html

Plasmid

joaquinaldana — 2022-03-24 16:47:29 UTC

Function: It is an autonomous self replicating extrachromosomal DNA used to transfer genetic material from one cell to another. It is also responsible for antibiotics resistance.

Plasma Membrane

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 16:49:19 UTC

Function: It separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid from outside the cell. This protects the cell from the outside environment.

Vesicles

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 16:53:06 UTC

Function: Vesicles help transport the materials that an organism needs to survive and to recycle waste materials. they also absorb and destroy toxic substances and pathogens to prevent cell damage and infections.

Chloroplast

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 16:56:35 UTC

Function: Chloroplast are uncharged of converting light energy into chemical energy though the photosynthesis process.

Cell Wall

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 17:00:25 UTC

Function: It maintains the cell's shape, protects the cell interior, and prevents the cell from bursting when it takes up water.

Centrioles:

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 17:02:05 UTC

Function: Organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system and help with cell division.

ritatorresc — 2022-03-24 17:03:25 UTC

Rogers, K. (n.d.). Endoplasmic Reticulum. Britannica. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/science/endoplasmic-reticulum

Cilia

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 17:05:31 UTC

Function: Structurally similar to eukaryotic flagella, but they are shorter; their function is locomotion, feeding, and/or movement of extracellular particles.

Flagella

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 17:11:25 UTC

Function: Eukaryotic flagella are basically elongated cilia, one or two per cell, that propel the cell through a fluid medium and its  primarily used for the cells movement.

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 17:16:52 UTC

National Human Genome Research Institute. (n.d.). Centriole. NHGRI. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Centriole

Free Ribosomes

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 17:22:57 UTC

Function: They synthesize the proteins that are released into the cytoplasm. Most of the proteins synthesized are for the use within the cell.

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-24 17:24:19 UTC

Liljas, A. (2013). Ribosomes. ScienceDirect. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/ribosomes

Circular DNA

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-24 17:24:57 UTC

Function: It is a single large circular strand of DNA that contains the majority of the genes needed for cell growth, survival, and reproduction.

ritatorresc — 2022-03-24 17:25:17 UTC

ritatorresc — 2022-03-24 17:26:25 UTC

BD Editors. (2019, March 26). Plasma Membrane. Biology Dictionary. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://biologydictionary.net/plasma-membrane/

joaquinaldana — 2022-03-24 17:47:44 UTC

CK-12. (2016, August 17). Prokaryote Structure and Function - Advanced. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/11.3/

joaquinaldana — 2022-03-24 17:48:02 UTC

Ryding, S. (2018, October 30). Structure and Role of Pili in Prokaryotes. News Medical Life Sciences. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Structure-and-Role-of-Pili-in-Prokaryotes.aspx

joaquinaldana — 2022-03-24 17:48:35 UTC

Lumen. (n.d.). Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes. Boundless Microbiology. Retrieved March 23, 2022, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/specialized-internal-structures-of-prokaryotes/

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-30 00:43:07 UTC

Animal cells are between 10 and 50 micrometers long

Nucleoid region

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-30 00:59:18 UTC

Function: It is not enclosed in a nucleus, it is a region in the cell that contains the main DNA material.

tamaraespinoza2 — 2022-03-30 02:55:02 UTC

E. Coli is between 1 and 2 micrometers long

Peroxisome

alessandrapasapera — 2022-03-30 16:58:10 UTC

Function: Contains enzymes that break fatty acids. Sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signalling.

ritatorresc — 2022-03-31 01:34:24 UTC

Plant cells are between 10 and 100 micrometers long