HPRS2300-002 by Jason Crutchfield

HPRS2300-002 by Jason Crutchfield https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira Discussion Board 2 en-us 2022-06-01 15:30:59 UTC 2022-06-19 14:39:16 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f48a.png ANS Divisions jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2207693889 The ANS, or autonomic nervous system, has 2 main divisions--The sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions.

The sympathetic (adrenergic) division is also known as the "flight-or-fight" division.

The parasympathetic (cholinergic) division is also known as the "feed-or-breed" division. ]]> 2022-06-01 15:39:20 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2207693889 Neurotransmitters & The Receptors They Love jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2215534268 There are 4 major neurotransmitters that are released in the ANS.

The cholinergic fibers which include all ANS preganglionic axons and all parasympathetic postganglionic axons at synapses with their effectors release acetylcholine (ACh).

The adrenergic fibers which include the majority of sympathetic postganglionic axons release norepinephrine (NE). An exception is sympathetic postganglionic fibers that secrete ACh onto eccrine sweat glands.

Another adrenergic neurotransmitter is epinephrine (EPI) which is produced by the adrenal medulla and acts on adrenergic receptors.

The 4th major neurotransmitter in the ANS is dopamine (DA) which is a precursor to NE and stimulates alpha, beta, & dopaminergic receptors. The effects vary based on the amount of the neurotransmitter at the receptor.

]]> 2022-06-08 23:33:54 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2215534268 Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2218264928

Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine

Arteries-vasoconstriction (except for coronary & skeletal muscle arteries which are dilated)

Heart- Increases heart rate (+chronotropic), AV conduction (+dromotropic), and contractility (+inotropic)

GI Tract- decreased motility, decreased secretions

Pupil of the eye- Mydriasis

Respiratory passages (lower)- bronchodilation

Urinary bladder- relaxation

Urinary sphincter- contraction

]]> 2022-06-11 18:58:17 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2218264928 Parasympathomimetic and Parasympatholytic Drug Classes & Their Effects jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2218264992 Parasympathetic Nervous System Drug Classifications:

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Directly bind to the muscarinic receptors in parasympathetic division and mimics ACh: causes miosis, decreases intraocular pressure, increases GI motility and urination.

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Inhibit the enzyme that breaks down ACh (acetylcholinesterase), increases ACh: Causes increased digestion/GI motility and urination, negative chronotropic/inotropic/dromotropic effects.

Anticholinergics: Binds to cholinergic receptors (competitive antagonism): causes + chronotropic effect, decrease Vagus Nerve activity, mydriasis, slows digestions/GI motility and urination.

]]> 2022-06-11 18:58:32 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2218264992 Sympathomimetic Drugs jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2218265062 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists:
ephedrine
phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

Adrenergic Agonist:
epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist:
dobutamine

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists:
formoterol (Foradil®)
albuterol (Proventil®/Ventolin®)
terbutaline (Brethine®)]]> 2022-06-11 18:58:48 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2218265062 Effects of Parasympathetic Stimulation jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2220986295

Arteries-Most arteries not supplied by parasympathetic nerves.
Heart- Decreased heart rate (- chronotropic), AV conduction (- dromotropic), and contractility (- inotropic)
GI Tract- increased motility, increased secretions
Pupil of the eye- miosis
Respiratory passages (lower)- bronchoconstriction
Urinary bladder- contraction
Urinary sphincter- relaxation

]]> 2022-06-14 16:24:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2220986295 Sympathomimetic and Sympatholytic Drug Classes & Their Effects jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2222218149 Sympathetic Nervous System Drug Classifications:

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists: Alpha-1 receptor stimulated: Contraction of smooth muscle, vasoconstriction=increased BP, vasoconstriction in nasal passages=decongestant effect.

Adrenergic Agonists: All alpha and beta receptors stimulated: causes vasoconstriction, increases BP, cardiac stimulant, and a bronchodilator.

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Antagonists: Binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks other substances from binding. Causes relaxation of smooth muscle, vasodilation=decreased BP, increases urine flow by relaxing smooth muscle of ureters.

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists: {Dose dependent MOA/Effects} Low Dose: stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increases renal blood flow. Moderate Dose: Beta-1 receptors are stimulated: causes + inotropic effect and increased cardiac output. High Dose: Alpha-1 receptors are stimulated: causes vasoconstriction=increased BP.

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists: Beta-2 receptors stimulated: causes relaxation of smooth muscle in the lungs (=bronchodilation) and of the uterus.

Selective Beta-1 Adrenergic Antagonists ("Beta Blockers"): Beta-1 receptor blocked (EPI and NE effects antagonized): causes negative inotropic effect (=decreased cardiac output=decreased BP), negative chronotropic effect, & negative dromotropic effect.

Non-selective Beta Antagonists ("Beta Blockers"): Blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors: causes negative inotropic effect (=decreased cardiac output=decreased BP), negative chronotropic effect, & negative dromotropic effect. ALSO can cause bronchoconstriction. Contraindicated for asthma/respiratory disease patients.

]]> 2022-06-15 17:48:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2222218149 Sympatholytic Drugs jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2222306044 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Antagonists:
prazosin (Minipress®)
terazosin (Hytrin®)
doxazosin (Cardura®)

Non-Selective Beta Adrenergic Antagonist:
nadolol (Corgard®)
propanolol (Inderol®)
timolol (Blocadren®)

Selective Beta Adrenergic Antagonist:
atenolol (Tenormin®)
metoprolol (Lopressor®)

]]> 2022-06-15 20:04:41 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2222306044 Parasympathomimetic Drugs jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2222323435 Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists:
acetylcholine
pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
bethanechol (Urecholine®)

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists:
neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

]]> 2022-06-15 20:39:08 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2222323435 Parasympatholytic Drugs jasoncrutchfield1 https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2222324590 Anticholinergics:
atropine
dicyclomine (Bentyl®)]]> 2022-06-15 20:41:39 UTC https://padlet.com/jasoncrutchfield1/67fh08bxahm4eira/wish/2222324590