Causes:

• Manifest destiny: idea of a god-given right and duty to expand territory across the continent

• Economic opportunity of promsies of fertile land, abundant resources, and potential for prosperity caused many middle and upper class folk to travel west

• Missionaries wanted to spread Christianity

Effects:

• Hundreds of thousands settled in the west

• Potential conflicts with natives

• Economic growth was stimulated leading to establishment of farms, towns, and trade routes

Causes:

• Need for more natural resources

• National pride and belief in American uniqueness and superiority (the great experiment in liberty)

• Religious influence

Effects:

• Regions were acquired consisting of Oregon, Texas, New Mexico, and California

• Gold Rush

• Forced removal of natives

• Debates over slavery intensified

• Economic growth through agriculture, mining, and new markets

Causes

• United States annexation of Texas during James Polk's presidency

• Manifest Destiny

• Border disputes over southern border of Texas where the U.S. claimed the Rio Grande as the border whereas Mexico argued for the Nueces River. Americans moved into the disputed territory and a few died. Polk then requested Congress for approval for war and the request was accepted.

  
  

Effects:

• Large territorial gains

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war where Miexico was forced to cede Territory

• Acquisiton of new territory reignited conversations and debates about expansions of slavery

  
  

Causes:

• New territorial gains

• Northern dislike over political power of slavery, fearing the addition of new slave states as disrupting the balance of power in the Senate

• Concern that slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers in the north

Effects:

• Tensions over slavery increase (well.. duh)

• Path to civil war and formation of republican party

Causes:

• Questioning of presidential authority

• Congressional oversight, reflecting tensions between Congress's power to declare war and President's role as Commander in Chief

• Whig party opposed the war and used the resolutions to criticize Democrat party

Effects:

• Debates over the war's legitimacy rose and the President's power in war

• Lincoln started gaining a reputation

  
  

Causes:

• Thoreau believed strongly in individual conscience and moral rectitude led him to oppose both slavery and the Mexican-American war

• Resistance to injustice

• Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax to protest slavery and the war. He got briefly arrested and imprisoned.

Effects:

• Influential in civil disobedience, inspiring people such as MLK and even Gandhi

• Played a role in social change and reform

Causes:

• Annexation of Texas

• Manifest Destiny

• Border Disputes

• Mexican American War

Effects:

• Territorial Gains

• Rio Grande was established as the Southern border of texas

• U.S. paid Mexico 15m dollars and agreed to pay American citizens' debts owed to them by the Mexican govt

• Debates over slavery continue

• Long lasting effects on relationship between U.S., Mexico, and treatment of Mexican Americans

Causes:

• Discovery of gold

• Economic opportunity

• Manifest Destiny

Effects:

• Population boom

• Statehood for california

• Urban development

• Natives were impacted as they were forced to move out

Causes:

• Main cause was to prevent the spread of slavery into newly acquired territories

• Party was a coalition of anti-slavery democratic Whigs and members of the abolitionist Liberty Party who were discontent with their parties' stances on slavery

• Manifest Destiny

Effects:

• Free Soil Party eventually absorbed into Republican Party

• Rising tensions for slavery

Causes:

• Territorial expansion

• Sectional tensions between free and slave states, both wishing to gain power in the Senate

• California request for admission into the union as a free state threatened to upset the balance of power between slave and free states

Effects:

• California admitted as a free state, making the free states the majority in the Senate

• Fugitive Slave Act required ALL citizens to assist in capture of runaway slaves and heightened tensions. Abolitionists were angered and now all Northerners were brought into the issue. Nobody could ignore it now.

• Popular sovereignty allowed states such as Utah and NM to decide themselves whether or not to decide slavery. This caused bloodshed and issues in other states.

• The slave trade ended in D.C.

  
  

Causes:

• Act was passed due to widespread resistance to the fugitive slave act of 1793

• Hundreds of enslaved escape to the North, making slavery an unstable institution in border states

• Part of compromise between notherners who opposed slavery and southern states who wanted to protect their slaveholding rights

Effects:

• Growing polarization of the country over slavey

• Forced citizens to assist in recovery of fugitives. Those who were unwilling to help or assited a fugitive were subjected to prosecution.

• Many non-slaves were pushed into slavery

• Act denied fugitives who claimed to be freemen the right to a fair jury trial --> they could no longer prove their freedom

• Many were sent back into slavery

Causes:

• Quakers were trying to actively help enslaved people

• Vigilance committees were created to protect slaves from bounty hunters and slave hunters in NY in 1835 and Philly in 1838 --> fugitive slave act made capturing enslaved people a lucrative business, therefore there were less places to hide slaves

Effects:

• Many slaves were able to escape

• Undermined institution of slavery

• Slaveholders were angered and grew to hate North

Causes:

• Abolitionist Harriet Stowe wrote the novel as a response to the second fugitive act

• Inspired to create the novel by the slave narrative "The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a slave, now an inhabitant of Canada"

Effects:

• Taken up by abolitionists in North and was denounced in the south (possessing and reading the book became dangerous)

• Credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 50s

• Said to have helped lay the groundwork of the Civil War

  
  

Causes:

• Proposed act as an attempt to extend slavery into the territories where it had been banned

• Consequences of manifest destiny, conflict between North and South over expansion of slavery, and expansionist visions of Illinois Senator Stephen Douglass

• Incentive for the organization of the territory came from the need for a transcontinental railroad

• Kansas-Nebraska act raised the possibility that slavery could extend into regions where it had once been banned

• Different political groups occupied the same area (pro-slavers, free-staters, and abolitionists)

Effects:

• Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent civil confrontation in Kansas territory shed by pro-slave and anti-slave groups

• demonstrated that armed conflict over slavery was unavoidable

• Preface for civil war and bloodshed

• Conflict centered on the question of whether Kansas would join the Union as a slave or free state

Causes:

• Brooks who was a pro-slavery democrat from SC attacked Sumner who was an abolitionist Republican from Mass.

• Attack in retaliation of a speech given by Sumner where he fiercely criticized slaveholders including Brooks

• Sumner denounced the Kansas-Nebraska act and the political power of slave owners

Effects:

• Sumner was nearly killed

• Contributed to United States polarization over slavery

• Symbolic of the "breakdown of reasoned discourse"

• Foreshadowed future violence

• Brooks was applauded as a hero in the South

• Sumner was seen as a near martyr as he was unable to return to senate until December of 1859 and the Mass. legislature refused to replace him

• Inflamed sectionalism

• Strengthened republican party in the 1860 election

Causes:

1. Founded as a coalition of smaller political parties to oppose the spread of slavery into the WEst

2. Driven by opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act which could permit slavery into new U.S. territories

3. Goal was not to abolish slavery in the South right away but to prevent westward expansion to maintain balance in the Senate

Effects:

• Party sought to protection African American rights after the civil war

• Lincoln wins '60 election

• Republicans supported progressive social, economic, and labor reforms

Causes:

• Scott lived in free states but was still not granted his freedom because he was an enslaved man and considered another persons property

• Scott filed for lawsuits for Freedom against Irene Emerson who was his owner

Effects:

• Ruled that living in a free state and territory did not entitle Dred Scott to freedom

• Made slavery legal in all U.S. territories since the constition cannot prohibit the movement of property

• Outraged abolitionists and gained momentum to anti-slavery movement

• Celebrated by south

• Started as a stepping stone in to the civil war

Causes:

• Held in 1858 illinois senatorial campaign where Lincoln challenged Senator Stephen Douglass

• Primary issue was slavery and its extension into new territories

• Lincoln opposed K-N act of which was championed by Douglass

• Douglass accused Lincoln of being a radical and attempted to link him with leading abolitionists

Effects:

• Debates brought national recognition to Lincoln that would propel him into the 1860 election

• Debates fundamentally altered national debate over black rights and slavery

• Lincoln lost the senate race to douglass but helped him establish a platform for his presidency

Causes:

• Brown lived in free states and territories, becoming a radical abolitionist

• Believed that the only way to solve the issue is through violence

• Raid was an attempt to ignite national rebellion against slavery, arming slaves as they liberated more and more farms

Effects:

• Brown was captured, convicted of treason, and hanged

• Inflamed sectional tensions

• Made any accommodation between North and South virtually impossible

• Some states passed harsher slave laws which made it harder for slaves to meet and talk

• Slave conditions became harsher

Causes:

• Formation of republican party

• Contention over slavery

• Democratic party divided over issue of slavery with Southern democrats supporting slavery whereas Northern democrats opposed it (economically, not necessarily morally or ethically)

Effects

• Lincoln won

• Southern states seceded due to fears that Lincoln would eradicate slavery

• Only won 40% of popular vote but received more electoral votes than other parties combined due to the North's population advantage

Causes:

• Tensions over slavery

• Lincoln's win of the 1860 election where Southern states feared emancipation of slavery

• Southern states believed that slavery was a moral and economic good and that their social and economic structure was threatened by the election of Lincoln

Effects:

• Civil war

• Border states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri remained in the Union though they contributed volunteers to the confederacy

• West Virginia divided from Virginia during secession

Causes:

• Attack was the result of tensions over slavery and thought of war

• Election of Lincoln where he believed that the Union cannot be half free and half slave caused the secession, where then he believed it was imperative that the Union be reunited

• SC seceded

• Confederate militia forces began seizing U.S. force and property in the South

• Confederate guns around Charleston Harbor opened fire on Fort Sumter and its supply ship

Effects:

• Marked the official beginning of the war

• Fort was surrendered - no one died

• North and South immediately called for volunteers to mobilize for the war

• Firing on Fort Sumter was viewed as an assault on the Union and rallied thousands of Northern volunteers

• Four states seceded after the attack as Lincoln called for war: (Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee) did not secede until after the Battle of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861

Causes:

• Civil War and tensions over slavery

• The Union troops, under the command of Brigadier General Irvin McDowell, marched from Washington, D.C. to strike a Confederate force of 20,000 along bull run

• Part of President Lincoln's strategy to bring a quick end to war

Effects:

• Confederate forces won --> victory for the south

• Surge of confidence for south and shocked many northerners

• Realized the war would not be won as easily as they had hoped

• Lincoln starts reconsidering 90 day enlistments

Causes:

• well... civil war... I think?

• Robert E. Lee was successful in the summer of 1862 so they decided to begin invading North

• Lees forces entered Union soil for the first time on September 3, 1862

Effects:

• Gave Lincoln the opportunity to give the emancipation proclamation

• Lifted Union morale

• Seen as a win for the Union

  
  

Causes:

• Response to growing abolitionist movement in the North

• Win in Antietam allowed Lincoln to give the speech

• Potential fears of external support for the South (France and England)

Effects:

• By making the war about slavery, Lincoln prevented European countries from involving themselves as they had already outlawed slavery

• Allowed the union to recruit black soldiers which strengthened the Union's military

• Added moral force behind the union cause

• Outraged white southerners and also some Northerners

• Laid the groundwork for future abolition movements and amendments

Causes:

• Superior infrastructure in the North and superior manpower

• Weak southern economy and low manpower

• Lee's forces entered Union soil for the first time on September 3, 1862

Effects:

• South was never able to go back up North again

• Inspired Lincoln's Gettysburg address

• Turning point in the war

• Union had won which lifted spirits and morale

• 
  

Causes:

• Result of battle of Gettysburg and he was asked to deliver a message in dedication to the Civil War Cemetary

Effects:

• Lincoln stated that the war would lead to the new birth of freedom for the nation

• Rededication of the living to the war effort to preserve a nation of freedom

• Mentioned principles from the declaration of independence and the founding fathers: liberty and the proposition that all men are created equal

Causes:

• Introduction of a new federal draft

• Law made all male citizens between 20 and 35 and all unmarried men between 35 and 45 subject to military duty

• Wealthier men could hire a substitute

• Black men were exempt from the draft as they were not considered citizens

Effects:

• Anti-war newspapers published

• Riots resulted in bloodshed and destructive rioting, hundreds of people killed and many seriously injured

• Black NYC were prime targets

• Rioted led to greater military presence

• Deep social divides

• Classism

• Demographics changed where black people left Manhattan

Causes:

• Food shortages

• Hyperinflation

• Government policies such as impressment acts which allowed confederate forces to seize food and supplies when needed

• Class resentment where working-class white women were angered at wealthy who were not affected very much by conscription and economic struggles

Effects:

• Largest civilain uprising in the civil wra

• Led to desertion from army and threatened war efforts

• action of women were alarming to leaders

• Changed perception of women's roiles and willingness to participate

Causes:

• Atlanta fell which was a major Confederate hub for munitions, factories, foundries, and warehouses

• The march was aimed to frighten civilian population into abandoning Confederate cause

• Sherman believed that destroying the resources would undermine coinfederate war effort and morale

Effects:

• Military targets, industry, infrastructure, and civilian property were all destroyed, disrupting confederate economy, communication, and transportation

• Lead to end of the civil war

Causes:

• Confederate infrastructure destroyed

• Confederate retreat

• Union successful offenses

• Lee was trapped near Appomattox Court House with no viable options left for combat

Effects:

• Surrender

• End of civil war

Causes:

• Emancipation of slaves: more than 3m slaves were released

• Reintegration of south

• Political power shifts leading to Republican dominance in south

Effects:

• 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment all passed

• Social and economic tensions continued

• Racial tensions kept going even in the North

• Lincoln believed in 10% plan but was killed shortly after the war ended.

• Andrew Johnson believed in a more aggressive reconstruction plan

• Reconstruction ended in 1877 when federal troops were withdrawn from the South due to the compromise of 1877 due to the issues of the "Stolen Election"

Causes:

• Post civil war challenges where slaves needed land and education

Effects:

• Bureau provided food, housing, medical aid, established schools, and offered legal aid

• Attempted to settle former slaves on land confiscated or abandoned during the war

• Bureau faced resistance freom white southerners and even Andrew Johnson

• Bureau laid the groundwork for future civil rights advancements and established institutions such as Howard University

Causes:

• Southern economy in disarray

• Many freed black and white people did not own land or a means of subsistence

• Landowners needed to reestablish a labor force to work their lands after the end of slavery

Effects:

• System severely restricted economic mobility of laborers

• Sharecroppers highly relied on landowners

• Workers found themselves in a cycle of debt

• Soil exhaustion

• One-crop economy (cotton) did not benefit southern agriculture in long term

Causes:

• Johnson attempted to replace Edwin Stanton who was the secretary of war without the senate's consent

• Violation of tenure of office act

• Johnson's lenient approach to recosntruction clashed with Radical Republicans in Congress who sought stricter measures

• Impeachment reflected a power struggle between preisdent and congress over reconstruction

Effects:

• Johnson was qcuiqtted by the senate and escapedd removal by one vote

• Impeachment trial set a precedent for the limits of presidential power

• Exacerbated political tensiojnms during the time and influenced the balance of power between legislative and executive branches

Causes:

• Abolitionism and opposition to slavery

• Sought to secure civil rights for free slaves and integrate them within society

• Disagreed with Lincoln's 10% plan and leniency

Effects:

• Influenced legislation such as the civil rights act of 1866 and reconstruction acts

• Helped pass the 13 14 and 15th amendments

• Punished and reshaped south after civil war

• Conflict with Andrew Johnson

Causes:

• Need to control newly freed African American population

• Need to maintain a lab or force

• Desire to restore southern power and pre-war economic and agriculture

• Reluctance of white southerners to accept end of slavery

Effects:

• Limited movement and freedom of african americans to own property, conduct business, get education, and move

• Forced many blacks into exploitative labor arrangements

• Legal inequality

• Contributed to rise of civil rights movements

Causes:

• Abolition of slavery

• Dred Scott Decision

• Black codes

• Radical Republican influence

Effects:

• First federal law to affirm that all U.S. citizens are equally protected under the law and define citizenship

• Gave legal protection

• Laid the ground work for hte 14th amendment which gave citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US

• increased tensions between Johnson and Republicans

Causes:

• End of the civil war

• Emancipation proclamation

• Anti-slave sentiments

Effects:

• Abolition of slavery

• Legal foundation for equality

• Shift in labor practices

• Discrimination against blacks continue

• Seceded states rejoin outlawing slavery (but not cheap labor nor unjust laws)

Causes:

• Civil Rights act of 1866 provided the groundwork for the amendment

• Dred Scott Decision

• Black Codes

Effects:

• Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

• Rights were later reduced

• Equal protection

• Authorized federal govt to punish states that violated their citizens rights to vote by reducing their representation in congress

Causes:

• Racial violence against blacks

• KKK

• Need to enforce constutitional rights

• Inadequacy of state govts in SOuthern states to protect African American rights

Effects:

• groups such as the KKK got smaller

• Allowed federal protection for civil rights and authorized use of military force to suppress violen ce

• Temporary reduction in violence

• Set a precedent for federal intervention in states to proect civil rights - invoked later in civil rights legislation

Causes:

• Need to establish process for southern states to be readmitted

• Civil rights protection

• Radical Republican influence

Effects:

• Division into military districts

• Southern states rejoined and ratified new amendments

• Increased federal power

Causes:

• Civil rights progress

• Discriminatory practices

• Radical Republicans

Effects:

• Gave voting rights to people of color

• Increased political participation

• African Americans were elected such as Hiram Rhodes Revels, first African American to sit in U.S. congress

• Amendment was followed with implementation of discriminatory practices such as poll taxes and literacy tests to prevent blacks from voting

• KKK attempted to prevent voting

Causes:

• Rampant speculative investments such as in railroads created an unsustainable economic bubble

• Financial failures in Austria spread to most of Europe and NA

• Demonetization of silver in Germany and U.S.

• Inflation following civil war

Effects:

• Economic depression that lasted until 1877

• Bank failures

• Unemployment

• Economic stagnation

Causes:

• Monopoly concerns where butchers in New Orleans challenged a Louisiana law granting a monopoly to a single slaughterhouse company

• The butchers argued that their rights under the 4th amendment were being violated

Effects:

• Narrowed privileges or immunities clause

• Limited federal protection of individual rights

Causes:

• Disputed election in Florida, Louisana, and SC, only three states in the South with Reconstruction-era Republican governments in power

• Political deadlock that needed to be resolved to avoid a constitutional crisis

• Democrat demands

Effects:

• End of reconstruction

• Democratic control over the South

• Jim Crow laws emerged

Causes:

• End of reconstruction and withdrawal of federal troops in the south meant harsher conditions

• Economic hardship

• Racial violence

Effects:

• Roughly 40,000 Africans moved to kansas seeking political freedom, education, and economic opportunity

• Homestead act of 1862 allowed Africans to claim free land in the West

• Several all blank towns and communities were created

Causes

• Issues over slavery

• Split in Whig party caused the dissolution

Effects:

• Whig party was separated and then dissolved

• Helped win Mexican American War

• Opposed extension of slavery into new territories (Wilmot Proposal)

Accomplishments: Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address, Homestead act, Pacific Railway Act, 10% reconstruction plan

Southern Democrat what believed in a quick restoration of the Southern states, hated wealthy plantation owners, continued 10% plan, attempted to veto Civil Rights act of 1866, and first president to be impeached by the HOR