AP PSYCH REVIEW by jaylyn https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1 JAYLYN, NOELLE, & MARJHINY en-us 2017-02-15 13:03:46 UTC 2025-04-01 18:54:17 UTC hello@padlet.com Ch. 9 Human Development troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/153984055 Development: the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving growth and decline.

]]> 2017-02-15 13:08:43 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/153984055 Ch. 3: Biological Foundation of Behavior https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/153985087 Characteristics of the Nervous System:
-complexity
-integration
-adaptability
-electrochemical transmission]]> 2017-02-15 13:12:28 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/153985087 Ch. 9 Human Development troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/153986436 Changes occur on three different levels :
1.  physical processes
2.  cognitive processes
3. socioemotional processes]]> 2017-02-15 13:17:25 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/153986436 Ch. 9 Human Development troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/153987252 Cross-sectional studies: a number of people of different ages are assessed at one point in time, and differences are noted.]]> 2017-02-15 13:20:40 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/153987252 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161773104 stream of consciousness- term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings]]> 2017-03-22 11:48:59 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161773104 Ch. 5 Vocab. troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161775431 consciousness- an individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experience.]]> 2017-03-22 11:57:06 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161775431 Ch. 3 Divisions of the NS troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161775946 Central Nervous System:  made up of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral NS: the network of nerve cells that connect to the brain and spinal cord 
-bring information to and from the brain and spinal cord and carries out the commands of the CNS to execute different muscular and glandular activities
Two divisions of the PNS:
-somatic nervous system: consists of the sensory and motor nerves that convey information from the skin and muscles to the CNS
-automatic NS: takes messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring processes like breathing and heart rate
Two divisions of the Autonomic NS:
sympathetic NS: arouses
body; mobilizes it for action
parasympathetic NS: Calms the body down]]> 2017-03-22 11:59:04 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161775946 Ch. 5: Levels of Awareness troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161776339 -higher level of consciousness: the most alert state of consciousness (ex. doing a math problem; preparing for a debate)
-lower level consciousness: automatic processing that requires little attention (ex. typing on a keyboard when one is an expert; dialing a number 
-altered states of consciousness: produced by drugs, trauma, and hypnosis.
-subconscious awareness: occurs when people are awake, sleeping, and dreaming
-no awareness: Freud's belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety for consciousness to admit them. (ex. being knocked out or anesthetized)

]]> 2017-03-22 12:00:40 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161776339 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161778696 controlled processes: the most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal.]]> 2017-03-22 12:10:28 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161778696 Ch. 5 Vocab. troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161779414 automatic processes: states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.]]> 2017-03-22 12:13:00 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161779414 Ch. 5 Vocab. troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161780158 unconscious thought- according to Freud, a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness]]> 2017-03-22 12:15:34 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161780158 Ch. 5 Vocab. troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161780816 sleep- a natural state of rest for the reversible loss of consciousness.]]> 2017-03-22 12:17:57 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161780816 Ch. 5 Vocab. troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161781423 biological rhythms- periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity that can influence behavior.

]]> 2017-03-22 12:20:12 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161781423 Ch. 5 Vocab. troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161795284 circadian rhythms- daily behavioral or physiological cycles. Involves the sleep/ wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level

]]> 2017-03-22 13:02:04 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161795284 Ch. 5 Vocab. troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161796382 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)- a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.]]> 2017-03-22 13:04:55 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161796382 Ch. 3 Neurons troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161797905 2017-03-22 13:08:53 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161797905 Ch. 5: Stages of Sleep troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161797918 Stage 1: characterized by drowsy sleep. In this stage the person may have myoclonic jerks.
Stage 2: muscle activity decreases, and the person is no longer consciously aware of the environment; sleep spindles
Stage 3 & 4: delta sleep; stage 3 is characterized by delta waves occuring less than 50% of the time and stage 4 is where delta waves occur more than 50% of the time.]]> 2017-03-22 13:08:54 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161797918 Ch. 3 Neuron Structure troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161798403 cell body: contains the cell body, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron need for grow the and maintenance
dendrites: receive information and orient it toward the neurons cell body
axon: carries information away from the cell body toward other cells
myelin sheath: a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons]]> 2017-03-22 13:10:14 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/161798403 Ch.10 Motivation & Emotion troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163384799 motivation : the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.]]> 2017-03-29 11:58:01 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163384799 Neurotransmitters troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163385138 -acetylcholine: stimulates the firing of neurons and is involved in muscle action, learning, and memory; people with Alzheimer disease have a acetylcholine deficiency
GABA: inhibits many neurons from firing ; helps regulate neuron firing and control the precision of the signal being carried from one neuron to the next
Glutamate: excites many to fire and is involved in learning and memory 
Norepinephrine: also called noradrenaline; inhibits the firing of the neurons in the CNS; excites the heart muscle, intestines and urogenital tract; helps control alertness
Dopamine: helps control voluntary movement and affects sleep, mood, attention, learning and the ability to recognkxe opporrunities for rewarding experience
serotonin: regulation of sleep, mood attention and learning; teams with ACH and noreprine. in regulating with sleep and mood
Endorphins: natural opiates that depress the NS activity and eliminate pain
oxytocin: a hormone that plays a role in the experience of love and social bonding ]]> 2017-03-29 11:59:23 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163385138 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163385447 REM Sleep: an active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs.]]> 2017-03-29 12:00:36 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163385447 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163385905 manifest content: according to Freud, the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dream's true meaning]]> 2017-03-29 12:02:42 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163385905 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163386416 latent content: according to Freud, a dream's hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning]]> 2017-03-29 12:04:48 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163386416 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163386860 cognitive theory of dreaming: theory proposing that we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind

]]> 2017-03-29 12:06:27 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163386860 Ch.10 troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163387424 Drive Reduction Theory explains that as a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it. 
drive: an aroused state that occurs because of a need. 
need: is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.]]> 2017-03-29 12:08:46 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163387424 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163388243 activation-synthesis theory: theory that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain]]> 2017-03-29 12:12:13 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163388243 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163388920 psychoactive drugs: drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perception, and change mood]]> 2017-03-29 12:14:57 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163388920 Ch. 5 Vocab. troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163389329 tolerance: the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect]]> 2017-03-29 12:16:33 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163389329 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163389746 physical dependence: the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued]]> 2017-03-29 12:18:08 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163389746 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163390611 psychological dependence: the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reactions, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress]]> 2017-03-29 12:21:20 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163390611 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163391180 addiction: either a physical or a psychological dependence, or both, on a drug]]> 2017-03-29 12:23:20 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163391180 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163391849 depressants: psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity]]> 2017-03-29 12:25:36 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163391849 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163392161 alcoholism: a disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships]]> 2017-03-29 12:26:48 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163392161 Ch. 10 troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163392672 Optimum Arousal Theory:
persons feeling of being alert and engaged
ex. ordering a vegan burger after not eating all day your mouth starts to water.]]> 2017-03-29 12:28:51 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163392672 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163392934 barbiturates: depressant drugs, such as Nembutal and Seconal, that decrease central nervous system activity]]> 2017-03-29 12:29:51 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163392934 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163393435 tranquilizers: depressant drugs, such as Valium and Xanax, that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation]]> 2017-03-29 12:31:41 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163393435 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163394049 opiates: opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress activity in the central nervous system and eliminate pain.]]> 2017-03-29 12:33:25 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163394049 Ch.10 troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163394324 The Evolutionary Approach Theory:
the role of instincts in motivation.
ex. babies sucking on his thumb]]> 2017-03-29 12:34:22 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163394324 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163394570 stimulants: psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity. The most widely used stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.]]> 2017-03-29 12:35:13 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163394570 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163395288 hallucinogens: also called psychedelics, psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experience and produce visual images that are not real
ex. LSD and marijuana ]]> 2017-03-29 12:37:44 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163395288 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163396205 hypnosis: an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.]]> 2017-03-29 12:40:45 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163396205 Ch 3 troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163396365 brain lesioning: an abnormal disruption in the tissue resulting from injury or disease
-neuroscientists produce lesions on the brains of animals to determine the effects on the animals behavior]]> 2017-03-29 12:41:14 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163396365 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163396923 divided consciousness view of hypnosis: Hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components, one which follows the hypnotist's commands and the other of which acts as a "hidden observer"]]> 2017-03-29 12:42:51 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163396923 Ch. 5 Vocab troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163398358 social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis: theory that hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave.]]> 2017-03-29 12:47:36 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163398358 Ch 3 troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163398681 Electroencephalograph (EEG): records the brain activity]]> 2017-03-29 12:48:33 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163398681 Ch. 5: States of Consciousness troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163399469 The 4 Steps in Hypnosis
1. Minimizes distractions and makes the person to be comfortable
2. Tells the person to concentrate on something specific
3. Informs the person what to expect in the hypnotic state, such as relaxation or a pleasant floating sensation
4. Suggests certain events or feelings he or she knows will occur or observes occurring, "You're eyes are getting tired".]]> 2017-03-29 12:50:56 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163399469 Ch. 3-Structures and Functions of the brain: troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163402862 hindbrain: consists of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons
-medulla: controls vital functions, like breathing, and regulates our reflexes
-pons: connects cerebellum and brain stem; involved in sleep and arousal
-cerebellum: involved in motor coordination
midbrain: relays information between the brain stem and the eyes and ears
*Parkinson disease damages the substantia nigra
-reticular formation: involved in stereotype patterns like walking, sleeping, etc.]]> 2017-03-29 13:00:24 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/163402862 Ch. 3-Structures of the Brain noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166485853 limbic system: important in memory and emotion: amygdala and hippocampus are the two main structures
-amygdala: involved in fear and discrimination of objects necessary for organisms survival
hippocampus: involved in memory
thalamus: serves as a relay station and seems to play a role in sleep and wakefulness
basal ganglia: works with the cerebellum and cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements
hypothalamus: monitors eating, drinking, sex, emotion, stress and reward;regulator of the body's internal state]]> 2017-04-16 22:33:05 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166485853 Ch. 3: Cerebral Cortex noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486124 somatosensory cortex: processes information about body sensations
motor cortex: processes information bout voluntary movement]]> 2017-04-16 22:41:49 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486124 Ch. 3 Cerebral Cortex noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486138 2017-04-16 22:42:13 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486138 Ch. 3: Broca's and Wernicke's Area noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486297 Broca' Area: plays a role in the PRODUCTION of speech
Wernicke's Area: plays a role in the COMPREHENSION of speech]]> 2017-04-16 22:48:02 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486297 CH. 3 noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486372 - the right hemisphere of the brain is involved in processing nonverbal information like spatial perception, visual recognition, etc.
-the left hemisphere is involved more in processing verbal information
-the corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres

]]> 2017-04-16 22:50:01 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486372 Ch.3 Endrocrine System noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486751 2017-04-16 23:03:03 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486751 Ch. 3 Brain Damage and Repair noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486812 The brain may repair itself by 
--collateral sprouting
--substitution of function
--neurogenesis]]> 2017-04-16 23:04:51 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486812 Ch. 3 Genetics and Behavior noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486869 -the nucleus of each human cells consistes ot 46 chromosomes, which come in 23 pairs
-the chromosomes contain DNA, which carries genetic information
-dominant-recessive genes principle: if one pair of a gene is dominant and the other is recessive, the dominant one will override the recessive one
-genotype: an individuals genetic makeup
-phenotype: observable characteristics of the person]]> 2017-04-16 23:06:26 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166486869 Ch 7 Memory noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166487097 -memory: the retention of information over time
-occurs in 3 different stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval]]> 2017-04-16 23:14:34 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166487097 Ch 7 Encoding noellemcneal21 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166487254 ~Attention
-to start encoding, you have to pay attention
-selective attention: focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others
-divided attention: concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
-sustained attention (vigilance): focusing on a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time 
~Levels of Processing
-according to this theory, information is processed continuously from shallow (sensory or physical features) to intermediate (labels are attached to stimuli) to deep (meanings and associations with the stimuli are processed)
-elaboration and imagery can also improve memory]]> 2017-04-16 23:17:23 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166487254 Ch 7 Storage https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166489178 sensory memory: time frame of a fraction of a secons to a few seconds
-very rich and detailed, but is lost if it isn't transferred to short term memory
-echoic memory: auditory sensory memory
iconic memory: visual sensory memory ]]> 2017-04-17 00:16:33 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166489178 Ch 7 Storage https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166489405 short term memory: information is usually retained for as long as 30 seconds unless we use ways to keep it longer
-limited capacity
7  plus or minus 2 concept
-chunking (grouping and "packing" information) and rehearsal (repetition of information) are two ways you can improve short term memory ]]> 2017-04-17 00:20:36 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166489405 CH 7 Storage https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166489729 working memory: a 3 part system that allows us to hold information as we perform tasks; the brain manipulates and gathers information which helps us understand, make decisions and solve problems
-consists of the phonological loop, visuospatial working memory and the central executive]]> 2017-04-17 00:28:08 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166489729 Ch 7 Storage https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166489854 long term memory: a permamnent type of memory that stores a lot of information for a long time
~explicit memory: the conscious recollection of information like events and facts 
-episodic memory: information about the what, when and how of lifes happenings
-semantic memory: a persons knowledge about the world
~implicit memory: behaviour is affected by previous experiences without a conscious recollection of that experience
-procedural mem: memory for skills
-priming: activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember things efficiently]]> 2017-04-17 00:31:26 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166489854 Ch 7 Retrieval https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166490231 serial position effect: the tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of list than the middle
-primacy effect: the tendency to recall things that the beginning rather than the middle
-recency effect: tendency to remember things at the end of a list rather than the middle
-retrieval cues help to recall infromation
-encoding specificity principle: info. present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue]]> 2017-04-17 00:39:47 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166490231 Ch 7 Retrieval https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166490624 ~Special Cases of Retrieval
-autobiographical memories: peoplpe have more memories from their second and third deacdes of life
-flashbulb memories
-traumatic events
-repressed memories
-eyewitness testimony]]> 2017-04-17 00:47:31 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166490624 Ch 7 Forgetting https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166490783 -encoding failure is forgetting information that never reached long term memory 
~Interference theory: people forget because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember
-proactive vs. retroactive interference
~Decay theory: when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace is created and over time it disappears
~motivated forgetting: occurs when we want to forget something
~tip of the tongue phenomenon: occurs when we know something but can really pull it out of our memory]]> 2017-04-17 00:51:00 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166490783 Ch 7 Amnesia https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166491049 amnesia: the loss of memory
-anterograde amnesia: a memory disorder that affects the retention of new events and information
-retrograde amnesia: memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new information and events]]> 2017-04-17 00:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166491049 Ch 13 Social Psychology https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166494770 definition: the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
-stereotype: a generalization about a group's characteristics
-stereotypes can influence people through the self fulfilling prophecy, which causes a person to act a certain way in order to make expectations come true]]> 2017-04-17 02:05:17 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166494770 Ch 13 Attribution https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166495086 defintion: the process by which we come to understand the causes of others behaviors and form an impression of them as individuals
-attribution theory: theory that views people as determined to find the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of their behavior
-varies along these 3 causes
  • internal/external
  • stable/unstable
  • controllable/uncontrollable
]]> 2017-04-17 02:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166495086 Ch 13 Attribution https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166495620 ~fundamental attribution error: observers overestimation of the importance of internal factors and the underestimation of external factors in situations they seek out an explanation for one's behavior
~false consensus effect: the overestimation when we think that everyone thinks and acts like we do 
~self serving bias: the tendency for us to take credit for our success and deny our responsibility in our failures
~self-objectification: the tendency for a person to see themselves as an object in others' eyes
~stereotype threat: an individuals fear of being judged based on a a negative stereotype about their group 
~social comparison: the process by which we evaluate ourselves in relation to others ]]> 2017-04-17 02:21:08 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166495620 Ch 13 Attitude https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166496043 definition: our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects and ideas
~we are able to predict behavior on the basis of attitudes when
  • the attitudes are strong
  • the person knows about their attitude and expresses it often
  • when the attitudes are relevant to their behavior
~cognitive dissonance: developed by Festinger which is a persons psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts
according to this theory, our need for consistency causes us to change our behavior to fit our attitudes or change our attitudes to fit our behavior
]]> 2017-04-17 02:28:30 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166496043 Ch 13 Social Behavior https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166496588 ~altruism: unselfish interest in helping another person
~egoism: the opposite of altriusm; giving another person to ensure reciprocity 
-people who are in a good mood are more likely to help others
-bystander effect: the tendency for a person to watch an emergency to help less when there are other people present than when the person is alone 
-women are more likely to help in situations that involve care giving, while men are more likely to help in situations that involve danger ]]> 2017-04-17 02:40:52 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166496588 Ch 10 Theories of Motivation troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166496609 -The Evolutionary Approach: emphasized the role of instincts in motivation. The motivations for sex, aggression, achievement, and other behaviors are rooted in our evolutionary past.
-Drive Reduction Theory:
explains that as a drive becomes stronger we are motivated to reduce it. The goal of drive reduction is homeostasis.
-Optimum Arousal Theory
*Yerkes-Dodson law: performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal. ]]> 2017-04-17 02:41:21 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166496609 Ch 13 Aggression https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497002 definition: social behavior who intention is to harm someone
~evolutionary view: humans must have been survivors
~neurological factors: serotonin and testosterone are involved in aggressive behavior
~psychological factors: frustrating circumstances]]> 2017-04-17 02:49:45 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497002 Ch 10 Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497201 The strongest needs are at the base of the hierarchy and the weakest are at the top.]]> 2017-04-17 02:54:24 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497201 Ch 13 Social Influence https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497206 ~conformity: a change in behavior to coincide with a group standard
~Asch's experiment: tested the effects of group influence and conformity
~informational social influence: the influence people have on us because we want to be correct
~normative social influence: the influence others have on us because we want them to like us]]> 2017-04-17 02:54:33 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497206 Ch 10 Motivation troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497302 Self-Determination Theory
*there are 3 basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness, autonomy. 
1. Competence- is met when we feel that we are able to bring about desired outcomes (self-efficacy)
2. Relatedness- the need to engage in warm relations with other people
3. Autonomy- the sense that we are in control of our own life.]]> 2017-04-17 02:56:34 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497302 Ch 13 Obedience https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497594 definition: behavior that complies with the demands of the individual of authority
-Stanley Milgram experiment: delivering electric shocks, increasing the intensity if the other person makes a mistake ]]> 2017-04-17 03:02:42 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497594 Ch 10 Theories of Emotion troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497839 *James-Lange theory: emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.
*Cannon-Bard theory: the proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously ]]> 2017-04-17 03:10:26 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497839 Ch 13 Group Influence https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497910 ~deindividuation: the reduction of a person identity and the erosion of the sense of responsibility when one is a part of a group
~social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions and ideas
ex: cough in a quiet library and notice that other people will start coughing
~social facilitation (Robert Zajonc): happens when a person's performance improves because of the presence of others 
~social loafing: each person's tendency to put in less effort in a group because of the reduced accountability for individual effort]]> 2017-04-17 03:12:12 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166497910 Ch 13 Group Influence and Decision Making https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166498327 ~risky shift: tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members
~group polarization effect:the solidification of an individual's position as a result of a group interaction
~groupthink: the impaired group decision that happens when making the right decision is less important than keep group harmony]]> 2017-04-17 03:20:01 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166498327 Ch 13 Intergroup Relations & Close Relationships https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166498720 prejudice: an unjustified negative attitude toward a group
-based on stereotypes
-can lead to discrimination, which is unjustified negative or hurtful action toward a group
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  • mere exposure effect: the more we encounter something, the more probable it is that we will start liking it
  • social exchange theory: the view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, maximizing the benefits and minimizing the costs
]]> 2017-04-17 03:29:04 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166498720 Ch 12 Personality troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166498835 Structures of Personality
*id: consists of unconscious drives and is the individual's reservoir of sexual energy (pleasure principle)
*ego: deals with the demands of reality; tries to bring the individual pleasure within the norms of society (the mediator)
*superego:  the harsh internal judge of our behavior; our conscience ]]> 2017-04-17 03:31:09 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166498835 Ch 4 Sensation and Perception https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499224
  • sensation: the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and turning them  in to neural energy
  • perception: organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning
  • bottom up processing: sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation
  • top down processing: to sense whats happening and apply that to the world

    • ]]>     2017-04-17 03:38:15 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499224     Ch 12 Personality troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499444 Defense Mechanisms]]> 2017-04-17 03:42:26 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499444 Ch 12 Personality troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499531 Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development ]]> 2017-04-17 03:45:03 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499531 Ch 12 Carl Jung troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499605 -collective unconscious: Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind]]> 2017-04-17 03:46:59 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499605 Ch 4 Thresholds https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499640 ~absolute threshold: the minimm amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect
    -when it falls beneath this threshold, we can detect it
    -ex: moving toward and away from the ticking of a clock
    ~difference threshold: the degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected
    -Weber's law: the idea that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different]]>     2017-04-17 03:48:00 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499640     Ch 4 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499892 Signal detection theory: focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty
    -ex: looking for a wedding date and you see a person you are interested in 
    -based on several factors, there could be 4 outcomes]]>     2017-04-17 03:53:02 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166499892     Ch 12 Alfred Adler troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500006 -individual psychology: people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life]]> 2017-04-17 03:54:20 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500006 Ch 4 The Visual System https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500365
  • sclera: maintains the shape of the eye and protects it from injury
  • cornea and lens function is to bend the light falling on the surface of the eye to focus it at the back
  • retina: the eye's "film" which is responsible for recording electromagnetic energy ad converting it to neural impulses
    • ]]>     2017-04-17 04:00:55 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500365     Ch 12 Personality troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500388 The Five Factor Model of Personality]]> 2017-04-17 04:01:12 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500388 Ch 12 Albert Bandura troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500646 social cognitive theory: behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are all important in understanding personality. (reciprocal determinism) ]]> 2017-04-17 04:05:17 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500646 Ch 4 Visual Syst. https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500750 2017-04-17 04:07:11 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500750 Ch 4 Optic Nerve https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500781 definition: made up of the axons of the ganglion cells which takes the visual information to the brain
    blind spot: the place on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye on the way to the brain]]>     2017-04-17 04:07:43 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500781     Ch 4 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500892 2017-04-17 04:10:31 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500892 Ch 4 Color Vision https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500934 trichromatic theory: proposed by Thomas Young and extended by von Hemholtz, which states that color perception is created from three types of cone receptors- red, blue and green
    opponent process theory: states that cells in the visual syst. respond to red-green and blue-yellow; explain afterimages ]]>     2017-04-17 04:11:29 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166500934     Ch 16 Biological Therapies troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501237 -Drug Therapy
    *Antianxiety Drugs: commonly known as tranquilizers, reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable (benzodiazepines like Xanax, Valium, and Librium.)
    *Antidepressant Drugs: regulate mood. Four common classes of antidepressant drugs are tricylics, tetracylics, monoamine oxidase, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. 
    *Antipsychotic Drugs: powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns. (neuroleptics) ]]>     2017-04-17 04:16:05 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501237     Ch 4 The Auditory System https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501246 2017-04-17 04:16:21 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501246 Ch 4 Structures of the Auditory System https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501433 ~the ear is divided up into three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear
    ~outer ear: consists of the pinna and the external auditory canal
    pinna: collects sounds and channels them to inner ear
    ~middle ear: the part of the ear that channels sounds through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear
    ~inner ear: includes the oval window, cochlea and basilar membrane
    -converts sound waves into neural impulses and sens them on the brain]]>     2017-04-17 04:20:55 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501433     Ch 4 Skin Senses https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501726
  • Touch: the detection of mechanical energy against the skin; travels through the spinal cord, brain stem, and thalamus and to the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes 
  • temperature: thermoreceptors responds to increase or decrease temperature
  • pain: sensation that warns us about our bodies
    • ]]>     2017-04-17 04:26:41 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501726     Ch 4 Theories of Hearing https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501730
  • Place theory: states each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane; explains high-frequency but not low-frequency sounds
  • Frequency theory: states that the perception of a sounds frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires 
  • volley principle: modification of the frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession, creating a volley of impulses
    • ]]>     2017-04-17 04:26:43 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501730     Ch 16 Biological Therapies troupjaylyn99 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501892 -Electroconvulsive Therapy: shock therapy, a treatment, commonly used for depression, that sets off a seizure in the brain

    -Pscyhosurgery: a biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual's adjustment]]>     2017-04-17 04:28:48 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166501892     Ch 4 Hearing Pathway https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166502199 2017-04-17 04:33:53 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166502199 Ch 4 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166502441 Vestibular sense: gives us information about balance and movement; tells us whether our head and body are tilted, moving, etc.
    Kinesthetic sense: provide information about movement, posture and orientation; receptors are embedded in muscle fibers and joints
    semicircular canals in the inner ear contain the sensory receptors that detect head motion]]>     2017-04-17 04:37:38 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166502441     Ch 1 What is Psychology? https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166502995
  • definition: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
  • psychology looks at all sides of human experience including positive, negative, strengths and weaknesses
  • 1879 is the year Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Germany
    • ]]>     2017-04-17 04:47:14 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166502995     Ch 1 Structuralism and Functionalism https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166505869
  • Structuralism was founded by Wundt and focused on the conscious mind and its structures
  • Functionalism was founded by William James and his view emphasized the functions and purposes of the mind

    • ]]>     2017-04-17 05:36:04 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166505869     Ch 1 Different Approaches https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166506095 2017-04-17 05:40:23 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166506095 Ch 1 Psychologists and the approaches https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166506175
  • Behavioral Approach: B.F Skinner and John B. Watson
  • Psychodynamic Approach: SIgmund Freud
  • Humanistic: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
  • Cognitive Approach: Jean Piaget
  • Evolutionary Approach: Charles Darwin
    • ]]>     2017-04-17 05:41:55 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166506175     Ch 1: 5 Waves of Psychology https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166506481 Introspection:
    Gestalt
    Psychoanalysis
    Behaviorism
    Multiple Perspectives]]>     2017-04-17 05:46:50 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166506481     Ch.10 Eating disorders https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166903399 Obesity:
    60% Americans are overweight
    -there are genetic component to obesity
    - psychologist used to believe that obesity came from being unhappy
    -Set point: the weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight  ]]>     2017-04-19 00:39:48 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166903399     Ch.10 Eating Disorders https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166904420 Anorexia:
    -relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
    Affects 0.5 and 3.7 percent of young women.

    Signs: fear of gaining of weight, distorted body image, weight less than 85%]]>     2017-04-19 00:51:34 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166904420     Ch. 10 Eating Disorders https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166904988 Bulimia Nervosa: 
    -individual consistently follows a binge-and-purging eating pattern.
    signs: preoccupied with food, fear of becoming overweight, and being depressed.]]>     2017-04-19 00:58:39 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166904988     Ch. 10 Eating Disorders https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166905804 Binge Eating disorder (BED):
    -recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.
    -Psychologist believe gene may play a role.]]>     2017-04-19 01:08:29 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166905804     Ch.10 Motivation https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166906896 Self-Determination Theory: asserts that there are three basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness and autonomy.]]> 2017-04-19 01:18:47 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166906896 Ch. 10 Motivation https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166907200 Intrinsic v. Extrinsic
    Intrinsic: based on internal factors.
    Extrinsic: involves external incentives such as rewards and punishment.]]>     2017-04-19 01:22:00 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166907200     Ch. 10 Motivation https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166907892 Emotion: a feeling or affect that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experiences and behavioral expressions.]]> 2017-04-19 01:28:45 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166907892 Ch. 10 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166908171 Measuring Arousal

    ]]>     2017-04-19 01:31:12 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166908171     Ch. 10 Theories https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166908427 Cannon-Bard Theory: the proposition that emotion and psychological reactions occur simultaneously]]> 2017-04-19 01:33:52 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166908427 Ch. 6 Types of Learning https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166909980 learning: a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior tat occurs through experience
    Behaviorism: a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors.
    Associative learning: occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events.
    Observational Learning: learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior.]]>     2017-04-19 01:49:39 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166909980     Ch. 6 Learning https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166910469 Ivan Pavlov
    A Russian psychologist that demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environment cues.]]>     2017-04-19 01:55:07 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166910469     Ch. 6 Learning https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166910812 Pavlov Studies]]> 2017-04-19 01:58:25 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166910812 Ch. 6 Learning https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166912181 Generalization: classical condition is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
    Discrimination: classical condition is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

    ]]>     2017-04-19 02:12:49 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166912181     Ch. 6 Learning https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166912916 Counterconditoning: classical condition procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
    Aversive condition: a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimuli.
    Ex. electric shocks]]>     2017-04-19 02:19:39 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166912916     Ch. 6 Learning https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166913358 Thorndike Law of Effect
    (1898) established the power of consequences in determining voluntary behavior.
    Puzzle Box:]]>     2017-04-19 02:22:54 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166913358     Ch.8 Thinking, Language and Intelligence https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166913785 Cognition: way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.]]> 2017-04-19 02:26:46 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166913785 Ch.8 Thinking https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166914081 concepts: help us to generalize, improve our memories, and keep us leaning new things.
    Problem solving: an attempt to find a way to attain a goal
    Reasoning: mental activity of transforming info to reach conclusions.
    Critical Thinking: improve problem solving

    ]]>     2017-04-19 02:29:57 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166914081     Ch. 8 Intelligence https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166914508 -consist of the ability to solve problems and to adapt to learn from everyday experiences.
    IQ test: a test measures on validity, reliability and standardization.
    -psychologist believe that genes play a role in intelligence.]]>     2017-04-19 02:34:18 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166914508     Ch.8 Language https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166916441 -A form of communication ]]> 2017-04-19 02:56:22 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166916441 Ch 2 Psychology's Scientific Method noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166917088 Scientific Method Step:
    1. Observing Some Phenomenon
    2. Formulating Hypothesis
    3. Testing through Empiral Research
    4. Drawing Conclusions
    5. Evaluating the theory
    ]]>     2017-04-19 03:03:00 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166917088     Ch 2 Psychology's Scientific Method noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166917604
  • operational definition: provides an objective description of how a variable (anything that can change) is going to be measured and observed in a study 
  • -ensures that everyone agrees on what a variable means
  • meta-analysis: a method that lets researchers combine the results of different studies on a similar topic to establish the strength of the effect
  • -allows researchers to conclude if the result is consistent and see the relationship between variables
    • ]]>     2017-04-19 03:08:31 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166917604     Ch 2 Types of Psychological Research noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166918175 ~Descriptive research: a type of research that determines the basics of a phenomenon, defining what it is, how often it occurs, etc.
    -ex: What is the average level of happiness of women in the US?
    -includes observations, case studies, surveys and interviews
    -cant answer the whys and hows of the way things are
    ~Correlational research: research that looks at the relationship between variable , whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together
    -the degree of the relationship between the variables is expressed as the correlational definition , usually represented by the letter r
    -correlation doesn't equal causation
    -third variable problem: happens when a variable that hasn't been measured accounts for the relationship between the other two variables: also called confounds]]>     2017-04-19 03:14:44 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166918175     Ch 2 Types of Psychological Research noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166919010 longitudinal design: involves taking measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time
    ~Experimental research
    -used to find out if a casual relationship exists between variables
    -random assignment: researchers assignment of participants into groups by chance
    -independent and dependent variables
    -experimental and control groups]]>     2017-04-19 03:22:29 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166919010     Experimental and Control Group noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166919560 2017-04-19 03:28:35 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166919560 Important vocabulary noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166919651
  • external validity: the degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real world issues 
  • internal validity: the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the changing and manipulation of the independent variable
  • experimenter bias: when the experimenters expectations influence the outcome of the research
  • placebo effect: occurs when the participants expectations produce an outcome instead of the experimental treatment
  • double blind experiment: when the researchers and participants dont know whose in the experimental group and whose in the control group
  • population: the whole group the investigator wants to draw conclusions from
  • sample: those people chosen from the population
    • -random sampling ensures that the sample is a reflection of the poulation
    ]]>     2017-04-19 03:29:34 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166919651     Descriptive Statistics noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166920156 -mathematical procedures used to describe data
    -central tendency and measures of variability]]>     2017-04-19 03:36:17 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166920156     Ch 2: Measures of variability noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166920452 -range: finding the difference between the highest and lowest scores
    -standard deviation: the square root of the average squared deviation from the mean]]>     2017-04-19 03:40:13 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166920452     Ch 2: Inferential Statistics noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166920535 -mathematical methods that are used to indicate whether results for a sample are likely to generalize to a population
    -used to draw conclusions about data
    -purpose: uncover statistical significance, the difference observed between groups]]>     2017-04-19 03:41:25 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166920535     Ch 2: Ethical Guidelines noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166921176
  • Informed consent: all participants must know what their participation involves
  • Confidentiality: rsearchers are responsible for keeping all informtaion confidential
  • Debriefing: after the research is over, the researchers should let the particpants know the purpose and the methods they used
  • Deception: may occur as long as it doesn't harm the participants
    • ]]>     2017-04-19 03:50:25 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166921176     Ch 3 Brain Imaging noellechristina2011 https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166921926 2017-04-19 03:59:26 UTC https://padlet.com/troupjaylyn99/62dnx1j524r1/wish/166921926