In 1603, Santiago's town council buys a new iron to brand Indian slaves on the facial area. Slaves are caught from the outlying areas and brought to Santiago to be branded.

The Archbishop of Lima announces that the

native people of Peru may no longer perform their traditional songs or dances. All native musical instruments are burned, and terrible punishment is promised for any who disobeys.

In just one century, the Inca population faced a devastating decline. At the time of the Spanish arrival, there were around 6 million Incas, but by 1620, their numbers had plummeted to just 600,000. This sharp decrease was caused by acombination of warfare, enslavement, and diseases brought .

colonized by the French and was known at

the time as New France. In 1759 the British

defeated the French and took over the land

that was known as New France, It would

later be renamed to British North America.

treaties with the native people rather than

simply taking over their land without payment.This proclamation prohibited colonial settlers from encroaching west of the Appalachian Mountains, designating this territory as reserved for Indigenous peoples.

José Gabriel Condorcanqui, who liked called himself Túpac Amaru II after the last of the Inca leaders, stired up a massive rebellion for Indian and Black people of Peru.

himself viceroy. He organizes an army

of 20,000 Indians to ght against the

troops of the ofcial viceroy army.

Chloe Cooley was a Slave in upper Canada, Her master had her abducted to be sold to the even worse American slave owners. The Public was up in arms with her treatment. This ended with Simcoe’s Anti-Slavery Bill, Making Upper Canada

the rst British Territory to abolish the

importation of slaves, but allowed whatever

slaves that were owned to be kept.

Scottish settlers in the Red River Valley, near present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba. This

settlement was part of Selkirk's efforts to

provide land for Scottish farmers affected by the Highland Clearances. The colony, known as the Red River Settlement, faced signicant challenges, including harsh winters, limited resources, and conicts with the Hudson’s Bay Company and local Métis people.

15,000 Mayans of the Yucatan rise up and

attack the colonialists. Battles lasted

Years and costed 150,000 people their lives.

In 1858, the rst small group

settlement of Polish families was

established in the Renfrew, Ontario

Area. By 1864 this increased to about 500.

helped to make Amherstburg a thriving

tobacco farming centre. By 1860, there were at least 800 Blacks living in Amherstburg.

The tradition of hiring African-American mento work as porters on the sleeping cars oGeorge Pullman dates back to 1867. It provided a signicant opportunity for African-Americans during the post-Civil War era. The black sleeping car porters were responsible for various tasks.

Some of these included making beds, cleaning shoes, and serving drinks and meals.

prominent padrones, served as a key labour

contractor for the CPR. His practices sparked protests by Italian workers in Montreal during the spring. Despite being criticized by the Royal Commission, he remained in business due to the

essential role his services played in the labour industry.

In April 1907, people from India (who did not have white parents) had their right to vote in British Columbia – and thus federally –removed. This meant that, like the Chinese,they could not hold political ofce, be called to jury duty, join a profession (like law or medicine),get public-service jobs.

would eventually lead to the Continuous Journey.

made history as the rst Black man to be

appointed to the prestigious position of King's Counsel. His appointment marked a signicant milestone in the ght for racial equality and representation within the legal profession in Canada .

Panama Maru arrived in British Columbia

carrying 56 South Asian immigrants. A Board of Inquiry allowed 17 passengers with prior residency in Canada to disembark, while 39 others, who had never been to Canada, faced deportation for not meeting the "continuous journey" requirement and lacking the required

$200. Their lawyer, J. Edward Bird, challenged the deportation in court, and Justice Dennis Murphy ruled the regulations inconsistent with the Immigration Act, declaring them invalid. As a result, the deportation was overturned, and all passengers were allowed to land in Canada.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

(UNI), urging Black people worldwide to take pride in their heritage and work diligently toward a better future. This movement sparked a renewed sense of vitality and purpose within Black communities in Canada, transforming their

social and cultural landscape.

were paranoid.

Mackenzie King ordered the evacuation of

Japanese Canadians residing within a hundred miles of the British Columbia coast. Between 1942-1946, the Japanese waited for their huts to be built, they slept inside 42 tents. They had to purchase food from the government's inadequate food allowances or from their meager salaries. Welfare workers noted that the Japanese people needed a 55% increase in their

rations to meet their dietary needs.

one. but she refused and said she had paid for adownstairs one. She was then dragged by the police and jailed overnight; her hips and knees were injured, and she was later charged with fraud.

coalition of black groups. He said "This is the largest delegation of colored people I've ever seen in my life”. As a result ontario madediscrimination in housing and employment illegal.

On April 27, 1954, Donald willard moore, the

man who spent his life ghting for Canda's

racist immigration policy to change, traveled with the Negro Citizenship Association of Canada boarded a train to Ottawa. It was supported by various groups, such as the Canadian Labour Congress and religious organizations. Don Moore, the minister at that time, was very persuasive in his presentation. In other Commonwealth nations, he urged leaders

to use their power to inuence policies. In 1962,the government of Canada changed its immigration rules. The new criteria will no longer bar people from entering the country due to their racial origins.

In 1955, John Diefenbaker spoke out against the unfair employment conditions of the porter workers during the union's annual convention. He informed both the union and the company about the need to end such practices. The porter union led a complaint against some of the railway companies in Canada due to their discriminatory hiring practices.

In 1956, The book Little Black Sambo was a

stereotype that was taught in schools across the nation. It eventually became a lm, and Danny Braithwaite fought to have it removed from the curriculum. His son, who was exposed to the movie, was referred to as "Little Black Sambo."The racial slur deeply affected Danny, as his father used to be called "Sambo" when he was a porter. This incident highlighted the harmful effects of racist stereotypes.

ethnicity, or national origin. The document also proposed further streamlining of immigration procedures to ensure fairness and efciency in the system.

Immigration Act - The Green Paper on

Immigration was tabled in the House of

Commons. Public hearings on immigration

across the country followed this. The result was the Immigration Act of 1976, enacted in the spring of 1978.

acknowledged for the first time that aboriginal people have certain rights. Although efforts were made to crush the native people, they weren’t about to give up. Through protests, petitions, letters, and court cases, they pursued their rights.

restored citizenships and later led on to create the canadian race relations foundation in 1997 to combat racism.

• Immigrants were assessed on skills, education, work experience, and knowledge of English or French.

• A new Immigration Act came into force, emphasizing family reunification and the acceptance of refugees. It also focused on the country’s economic needs by attracting skilled workers and professionals.

In 1993, a new amendment to the 1976 Immigration Act went into effect (Bill C-86). It further revised the amendment introduced in 1989 (Bill C-55 and C-84). It gave the government the authority to set limits on the number of immigrants accepted in each specific cate-gory, including refugees and business immigrants. It also gave power, previously held by the determination boards, to the senior immigration officers at the point of entry to determine the credibility of refugee claims and it authorized the government to use various preventive measures to unearth potential illegal immigrants before they arrived in Canada (Lam and Richmond, 1995). In summary, the new revisions of the Act linked immigration more closely to the popula• tion and labour market needs; provided for an annual announcement of the number of immigrants Canada could absorb following mandatory consultation with provincial and territorial governments and optional consultation with groups or individuals in the private and voluntary sectors; allowed Canadian citizens and permanent residents in Canada to sponsor close rela-tives; confirmed Canada's commitment and responsibilities to refugees under the United Nations Convention; required immigrants and visitors to obtain visas or authorization abroad; introduced security measures to protect Canada from international terrorism and organized crime and measures to safeguard the civil rights of immigrants and visitors through a quasi judicial inquiry; provided short-term alternatives to permanent deportation for cases involving less serious violations of immigration law; and spelled out in specific terms the powers granted to government ofi-cials (CIC, 1998: 3)

In administering immigration acts, Citizenship and Immigration Canada issues specific regulations to immigration officers. These have included regulations that specify the assessment process of immigration ap-plicants, regulations requiring medical examination for specific diseases, terms and conditions that may be im-

89

posed on prospective immigrants, regulations regarding prospective immigrants' arrival at the point of en-try, regulations specifying valid reasons for refusal of entry and removal of prospective immigrants and oth-ers. The purpose of these regulations is to reduce the arbitrary elements in the admission of immigrants, but special emphasis was now placed on assessment of the prospective immigrant's ability to become economically successful once established in Canada (CIC 1997a; Bagambiire, 1996).

The Green Paper on Immigration was tabled in the House of Commons on February 3, 1975. This was followed by public hearings on immigration across the country. The result was the Immigration Act of 1976, which went into effect in the spring of 1978.

Under this Act there was an explicit commitment to link immigration flow to economic conditions and to demographic needs even more. The point system was revised. The same categories were retained but were given different point values. The revisions included the requirement that an independent immigration applicant have a job offer or obtain at least 2 points for experience in the occupation to be undertaken and 1 point for job demand. Furthermore, a location factor was in-troduced. Thus, applicants could obtain up to 5 points if they were willing to locate in areas that needed work-ers, but would lose up to 5 points if they intended to go to areas without such need.

Furthermore, the Act defined the family class of immigrants more specifically. To eliminate the loose definition of the family relatives, which in the early 1970s permitted laterally related relatives to be admitted into the country and allowed for abuse of this category, it limited, with some exceptions, the definition of family reunification to linear relatives.

In an innovative fashion, the Act included the categories of refugees and "people in refugee situations" as admissible, "designated" classes of immigrants. Since 1969, Canada has been a signatory to the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and hence has been obligated to take in a certain number of refugees as needed. However, prior to 1976 refugees were admitted on an ad hoc basis, by specific decisions of the cabinet or parliament. After 1976, refugees were given statutory status among the other immigrants to Canada (Dirks, 1995: 19-29). In 1979, following the Tokyo summit, Canada decided to take in 50,000 Indochinese refugees, the so-called "Boat People:" The government brought over 8,000 of these refugees. It then introduced a matching formula: it would bring over one refugee for every one sponsored privately. The public response was overwhelming and

23

88

easily surpassed the goal of 21,000 privately sponsored refugees envisioned in the matching formula. Never-theless, the government later refused to maintain the matching formula, and a number of refugees sponsored by private organizations became illegal (Matas with Simon, 1989).

The government of B.C. agrees, for the first time, to participate in the negotiation of native land claims. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney announces that the federal government hopes to resolve Indian land claims throughout Canada by the year 2000.

An Office of Native Claims is established in Ottawa. But the process is very, very SLOW.

The Nisga'a people begin to raise money to go to court.

Into the

1920s, papers are prepared and petitions presented.a technicality. The closeness of this decision gives hope to other native peoples of-B.C. and the North. They begin to prepare

cases.

Twenty-eight Haida people - many of them elders dressed in their traditional ceremonial blankets — spread across a logging road. Some stand, some sit, one beats out a rhythm on a traditional drum. Out of the silence comes the sound of engines. The loggers are coming to cut the huge old rainforest trees of Lyell Island. At least, that's what they think. But the Haida won't let them.

The RCMP arrive, and the elderly natives are arrested and helped off the road. Since the blockade began on October 30, 72 Haida have been charged.

[At the end of the court hearings, South Moresby is made a national park, and discussion of Haida aboriginal rights continues.]

We have not been here for only two hundred years or seven thousand years or five years.

We have been here from the beginning of time. We do not have a piece of paper that legalizes in your system our ownership of the area that we are talking about, or of the Queen Charlotte Islands as you name it, and we call it Haida Gwaii.

- Levina Lightboun, Haida

In the Supreme Court of British Columbia,

re. Lyell Island