Respiratory System 2 by

Gas exchange

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Function

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The primary function of the respiratory system is to introduce fresh air into the body while expelling waste gases. After entering the lungs, oxygen travels through your body's bloodstream. The waste gas carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen at each cell in your body.

Major Structures

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2. External respiration

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Gas exchange which occurs between alveoli and

pulmonary capillaries.

1. Pulmonary Ventilation

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The process of breathing, which is the entry and exit of air from the lungs.

3. Internal Respiration

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Gas exchange which occurs between systemic capillaries and tissue cells.

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Circulatory
Exchange between the lungs and tissues

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CO2

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Carbonate HCO3
Transports carbon dioxide through the blood.
When it reaches the lungs, it breaks down to CO2 to breathed out of the body and H+ ions

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Red blood cells
- Carry oxygen via haemoglobin
- Helps to transport CO2 and buffer blood

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Respiratory

Found inside the lungs.

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CO2

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Inspiration

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Expiration

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Inspiration or is the process of bringing air into the lungs from outside This is done by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere.
When air enters the lungs, the diaphragm contracts toward the abdominal cavity, thereby increasing the space in the thoracic cavity for accommodating the inhaled air.

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It occurs due to reverse movements of the ribs and diaphragm. The external intercostal muscles relax and thus the ribs become depressed. The diaphragm is relaxed and moves up to its original position. The thoracic cavity becomes small and lungs are compressed, which forces air out of the lungs.

Respiratory Center

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Respiratory center is found in brainstem’s medulla oblongata and pons. Three primary respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons, make up the respiratory center. Responsible for controlling the activities of breathing.

Nervous System

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Needs oxygen so the brain to think and control all the other systems of the body
Removes carbon dioxide and water that the brain cells produce as waste products

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Central chemosensors
- medulla oblongata

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Peripheral chemosensors
Carotid/aortic arch

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High levels of CO2

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High proton levels, or low PH

Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a common condition that can cause hypocapnia. In central sleep apnea, the respiratory centers of the brain do not respond properly to rising carbon dioxide levels and therefore do not stimulate the contraction of the

diaphragm and intercostal muscles regularly. As a result, inspiration does not occur and breathing stops for a short period. In some cases, the cause of central sleep apnea is unknown. However, some medical conditions, such as stroke and congestive heart failure, may cause damage to the pons or medulla oblongata.

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Hypercardia

Circulatory System

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The Circulatory system works directly with the respiratory system to provide oxygen to the body by travelling through the heart and the heart and its vessels.

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Nose
Air is filtered

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Pharynx then Larynx (voice box)

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Trachea

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Epiglottis

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Bronchi

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Bronchioles

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Primary bronchi -> Secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi-> terminal bronchi

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Alveoli
capillary rich sacs within the lungs

Events of respiration

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Deoxygenated blood
Pumped into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs.

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Oxygenated blood
travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body's tissues through the aorta.

Respiratory System

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Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen and other vital molecules easier than other blood vessels due to their thin walls that make it easier for diffusion.

Conducting zone

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Consisting of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. These structures form a passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs,

Respiration zone

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Found deep inside the lungs and consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.

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Decrease in O2 levels in the blood

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Hypoxemia

A condition in which the blood has an abnormally low oxygen level. It occurs when the body's tissues and organs do not receive enough oxygen.

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Low oxygen levels are often caused by two factors if you can’t breathe in enough oxygen or if the oxygen you breathe in can’t get to your blood. There are two ways your body can be affected from receiving enough oxygen:

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Obstructive Lung conditions
People with obstructive disorders have shortness of breath due to the inability to exhale all the air in their lungs. Some causes of obstructive disorders include, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Asthma and Cystic Fibrosis.

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Restrictive lung conditions
Lung disorders that restrict the expansion of the lung, thus resulting in a decrease in lung volume. Some examples include pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis and obesity.

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Asthma
Asthma is a common obstructive disorder characterised by inflammation, hypersensitivity and obstruction. Obstruction of the airway can be due to muscle spasms of the bronchiole walls, oedema of the mucosa of the airway, increased mucous secretion. Asthma is treatable with an inhaled medication aimed at relaxing the smooth muscles of the bronchioles and dilating the airway.

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Anemia
Anemia occurs when there are not enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to transport oxygen to the body's tissues. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the other organs of the body. Fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath are all symptoms of anemia.

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During internal respiration oxygen flows from the lungs through the bloodstream and is carried out the the cells tissues through utilising the Circulatory System

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Spirometer
Obstructive and Restrictive disorders are diagnosed with the use of a spirometer, which measures the amount of air exchanged by the lungs during respiration. The primary indicators of poor lung function are Forces Expiratory Volume in 1 seconds (FEV1), along with the Forced Volume Capacity (FVC).

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FEV1
The FEV1 is the volume of air that can be maximally exhaled in the first second of exhalation.

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FVC
The FVC is the total volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximal inspiration.

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Individuals suffering from an obstructive lung disorder will obtain a lower FEV1 and FEV1/FVC value than a healthy, unaffected individual, although their FVC may be considered normal. Individuals suffering from a restrictive lung disorder may obtain normal FEV1/FVC values, however, their FVC would be reduced.

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In some types of anemia, the structural integrity of red blood cells may be compromised, making them more fragile. Fragile red blood cells can rupture more easily, leading to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) within the capillaries.

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