https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn en-us 2018-02-09 17:45:30 UTC 2018-02-13 14:36:45 UTC hello@padlet.com darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230129359 Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism,^[1][2] characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce,^[3] which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.^[4] The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I before it spread to other European countries]]> 2018-02-09 17:46:43 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230129359 darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230130394 Mussolini’s road to a dictatorship took much longer than Hitler’s in 1933. Hitler was appointed chancellor on January 30th 1933. By April 1st 1933, his power was such that, after the Enabling Act, Hitler could only be seen as the dictator of Nazi Germany regardless of Hindenburg’s presidency. Mussolini’s public posturing and boasts did not guarantee loyalty in Italy – hence why it was so important for him to establish a relationship with the Roman Catholic Church. He only gained what could be described as dictatorial powers after the Lateran Treaty whereby he could guarantee loyalty from those Catholics who may well have not been supporters of the fascist state in Italy.]]> 2018-02-09 17:48:49 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230130394 darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230130706 Censorship in Italy. In Italy, freedom of press is guaranteed by the Italian Constitution of 1948. Censorship in Italy has been applied especially during the Fascist Regime of Benito Mussolini (1922-1943).]]> 2018-02-09 17:49:28 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230130706 darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230131225 Mussolini had been a leading member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI),^[5] but was expelled from the PSI for advocating military intervention in World War I, in opposition to the party's stance on neutrality. Mussolini served in the Royal Italian Army during the war until he was wounded and discharged in 1917. Mussolini denounced the PSI, his views now centering on nationalism instead of socialism and later founded the fascist movement which came to oppose egalitarianism^[6] and class conflict, instead advocating revolutionary nationalism transcending class lines.^[7]]> 2018-02-09 17:50:32 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230131225 darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230132414 Terror was an important factor within the Fascist party. Mussolini used his Ras leaders to intimidate other parties and to show the King the Fascists were physically powerful. In October 1922 the two part plan devised involving the occupation of town halls, telephone exchanges and railway stations throughout Italy as well as the ‘March on Rome’ where groups of armed Fascists would march to Rome from various parts of the country. This threat caused fear within the politicians in Rome, who could not deal with this emergency. King Emmanuelle III refused to send out for the army to defend against the Fascists, partially because he was determined to avoid civil war, and also because he needed a strong government to restore law and order in Italy. He believed it would be better to stand with Mussolini rather than stand against him and the Fascist leaders, this was one reason he was appointed the position of Prime Minister.]]> 2018-02-09 17:52:59 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230132414 darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230134374 In Italy, freedom of press is guaranteed by the Italian Constitution of 1948. Censorship in Italy has been applied especially during the Fascist Regime of Benito Mussolini ]]> 2018-02-09 17:56:56 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/230134374 darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/231042987 The economy of Italy under Fascism refers to the economy in Italy between 1922 and 1943 when the Fascists were in control. Italy had emerged from World War I in a poor and weakened condition. Post-war there was inflation, massive debts and an extended depression. By 1920 the economy was in a massive convulsion — mass unemployment, food shortages, strikes, etc. This conflagration of viewpoints can be exemplified by the "Two Red Years".]]> 2018-02-13 14:25:45 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/231042987 darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/231046332 fascist education and youth policies played an important role in helping Mussolini secure his dictatorship. There was heavy censorship of school textbooks which increased after 1936, with 317 different history books being reduced to a single government approved text and 'suitable' fascist textbooks were imposed on schools. There was much emphasis on Italian history and literature within schools to imbue students with the fascist version of culture and the past. The Ministry of Popular Culture banned all books considered to be 'unsuitable to the fascist spirit'. In the early 1930s, fascist control of education increased. Fascists were usually appointed to key posts, such as headteachers and teachers at all levels, including university staff, had to swear oaths of loyalty to the Duce and few objected. From 1937, under the new education minister Guiseppe Bottai, more radical reforms were planned, intended to make the education system more amenable to strictly fascist ends and to emply the schools and universities to create a truly fascist society. Fascist education policies were reasonably successful in helping Mussolini secure his hold on power. Several generations of students grew up within the fascist education system that paid at least lip service to fascist ideology. The pictures of Mussolini that hung in classrooms alongside those of the king illustrated one aspect of the stress that was laid, even with the youngest children, on the remarkable qualities of the Duce. However, not all schools were under the full control of the fascists. Church schools had survived and had become increasingly attractive to middle-class parents who could afford the fees. Their continued existence remained a major obstacle ito the creation of a thoroughgoing fascist education system and somewhat limited the impact of education policies on securing the Duce's hold on power.]]> 2018-02-13 14:31:24 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/231046332 darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/231046874 cist education and youth policies played an important role in helping Mussolini secure his dictatorship. There was heavy censorship of school textbooks which increased after 1936, with 317 different history books being reduced to a single governent approved text and 'suitable' fascist textbooks were imposed on schools. There was much emphasis on Italian history and literature within schools to imbue students with the fascist version of culture and the past. The Ministry of Popular Culture banned all books considered to be 'unsuitable to the fascist spirit'. In the early 1930s, fascist control of education increased. Fascists were usually appointed to key posts, such as headteachers and teachers at all levels, including university staff, had to swear oaths of loyalty to the Duce and few objected. From 1937, under the new education minister Guiseppe Bottai, more radical reforms were planned, intended to make the education system more amenable to strictly fascist ends and to emply the schools and universities to create a truly fascist society. Fascist education policies were reasonably successful in helping Mussolini secure his hold on power. Several generations of students grew up within the fascist education system that paid at least lip service to fascist ideology. The pictures of Mussolini that hung in classrooms alongside those of the king illustrated one aspect of the stress that was laid, even with the youngest children, on the remarkable qualities of the Duce. However, not all schools were under the full control of the fascists. Church schools had survived and had become increasingly attractive to middle-class parents who could afford the fees. Their continued existence remained a major obstacle ito the creation of a thoroughgoing fascist education system and somewhat limited the impact of education policies on securing the Duce's hold on power.]]> 2018-02-13 14:32:27 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/231046874 darren_palmerscott https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/231046911 Boys were trained to become brave young soldiers, while girls were practicing to become stay at home healthy moms for their many children.]]> 2018-02-13 14:32:33 UTC https://padlet.com/darren_palmerscott/60js1vtt5yyn/wish/231046911