https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo Motivation and Emotion en-us 2017-01-23 17:11:46 UTC 2023-05-08 15:33:30 UTC hello@padlet.com reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/148788959 Nature - the bodily "push"
Nurture - the "pulls" from our thought processes and culture
Motivation - a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct - a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
Drive-reduction theory - the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Homeostasis - a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level (EX: maintaining a constant body temperature)
Incentive - a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Optimal arousal theory - some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal (EX: well-fed animals leave their shelter to explore and gain information, seemingly in absence of any need-based drive)
Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law - the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Hierarchy of needs - Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become more active
Instinct Theory and Evolutionary Psychology - evolutionary psychology helps explain behavioral similarities due to adaptations from our ancestral past


]]> 2017-01-23 17:13:26 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/148788959 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/148800096 When we're hungry, thirsty, fatigued, or sexually aroused, little else seems to matter. When we're not, food, water, sleep, or sex just don't seem like such big things in life, now or ever
Glucose - the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
Blood vessels supply the hypothalamus, enabling it to respond to our current blood chemistry as well as to incoming neural information about the body's state.
Ghrelin - a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach, sends "I'm hungry" signals to brain
Set point - the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Basal metabolic rate - the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Settling point/Set range - indicate the level at which a person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and energy use
Insulin - hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
Orexin - hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
Leptin - protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
PYY - digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to brain
Carbohydrates such as pasta, chips, and sweets help boost levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has calming effects.
Neophobia - dislike of things unfamiliar

]]> 2017-01-23 17:40:55 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/148800096 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/149398039 Sexual response cycle - the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson--excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Refractory period - a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Sexual dysfunction - a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
Estrogens - sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
Testosterone - the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.]]> 2017-01-25 17:29:29 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/149398039 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/149402098 Emotion - a response of the whole organism, involving
                  1. physiological arousal
                  2. expressive behaviors
                  3. conscious experience
James-Lange Theory - the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory - the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers:
1. physiological responses
2. the subjective experience of emotion
Two-factor theory - the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must: 
1. be physically aroused
2. cognitively label the arousal
Pathways for emotion:
The Thinking High Road - Fear Stimulus ---> Thalamus ---> Sensory Cortex ---> Prefrontal Cortex ---> Amygdala ---> Fear Response
The Speedy Low Road - Fear Stimulus ---> Thalamus ---> Amygdala ---> Fear Response]]> 2017-01-25 17:41:23 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/149402098 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/149405843 Cartharsis - in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Feel-good, do-good, phenomenon - people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Subjective well-being - self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life
Adaptation-level phenomenon - our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Relative deprivation - the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves]]> 2017-01-25 17:49:50 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/60ip7uwmrtfo/wish/149405843