UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (n.d.). Ha Long Bay. Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/672/

Lonely Planet. (n.d.). Ha Long Bay travel. Retrieved from https://www.lonelyplanet.com/vietnam/ha-long-bay

UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (n.d.). Hoi An Ancient Town. Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/948/

Lonely Planet. (n.d.). Hoi An travel. Retrieved from https://www.lonelyplanet.com/vietnam/central-vietnam/hoi-an

Ho Chi Minh City:

Vietnam Tourism. (n.d.). Ho Chi Minh City. Retrieved from https://vietnam.travel/places-to-go/southern-vietnam/ho-chi-minh-city

Lonely Planet. (n.d.). Ho Chi Minh City travel. Retrieved from https://www.lonelyplanet.com/vietnam/ho-chi-minh-city

Vinachem.(n.d.). About Vinachem. https://www.vinachem.com.vn/about-us/company-profile-vnc/about_vinachem.html

VIETNAM NATIONAL COFFEE CORPORATION (VINACAFE). (n.d.). About us. https://vinacafe.com.vn/en/vinacafe-company/about-us

References:

Martos, J.(February 27, 2025). Esta es la historia de Vietnam antes de la II Guerra Mundial: un terreno pantanoso para las potencias extranjeras. MuyInteresante. https://www.muyinteresante.com/historia/esta-es-la-historia-de-vietnam-antes-de-la-ii-guerra-mundial-un-terreno-pantanoso-para-las-potencias-extranjeras.html

Redacción National Geographic. (September 5, 2023). Qué fue la Guerra de Vietnam y por qué se desató. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographicla.com/historia/2023/09/que-fue-la-guerra-de-vietnam-y-por-que-se-desato

As water levels rise due to global warming, it threatens farmland and freshwater resources, especially in the Mekong Delta region.

Hai, D. (June 24, 2024). Unravelling the economic impact of climate change in Vietnam's Mekong River Delta and Southeast region. Springer. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43621-024-00323-1?

Because of the recent economic war between China and the U.S., Vietnam has tried to remain neutral; however, due to its neutral approach, it has been punished by the Trump administration, punishing a 46% tariff on Vietnam, and rising tensions because of the visit of China's president Xi Jinping to Hanói.

Viner, K. (April 17, 2025). Re-arm, reassure, and spend big: how the Asia Pacific is responding to a new era under Trump. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/apr/17/asia-pacific-trump-response-china?

- Xin chào (Sin chow) – Hello

- Cảm ơn (Gam on) – Thank you

-Cho tôi hỏi (Cho toy hoi) – Excuse me/May I ask

-Vui Lòng  (Voo Laow) -Please

-Da (yah)-Yes

-Không (comb)-No

-Cho tôi nước, vui lòng (toy nook, voo-y lawng)-Water please

-Cái này giá bao nhiêu? (kai nay zah bow nee-yuh)- How much is this?

Cillers, L. (February 6, 2024). 24 Basic Vietnamese Words and Phrases for Your Next Vacation to Vietnam. GrasshopperAdventures. https://www.grasshopperadventures.com/article/basic-vietnamese-phrases/

EC Innovations. (January 31, 2025). What Are the Most Spoken Languages in Vietnam?. https://www.ecinnovations.com/blog/what-are-the-most-spoken-languages-in-vietnam/

As of 2025, Vietnam has an estimated population of approximately 99 million people, making it one of the most populous countries in the world. The population is diverse, with the majority being ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh), alongside various ethnic minority groups such as the Tay, Hmong, and Khmer. Vietnam has experienced rapid urbanization and economic growth in recent decades, contributing to its rising population density, especially in major cities and industrial zones.

References:

Jamieson, L, N., Hickey, C, G., Turley, S, W., Buttinger, Joseph, Duiker, J, W., Osborne, & Edgeworth, M. (2025, April 18). Vietnam | History, Population, Map, Flag, Government, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam

Held every summer along the Han River, the Da Nang International Fireworks Festival (DIFF) features spectacular fireworks shows from teams around the world. The city becomes a hub of color, with musical performances, food fairs, and street parades. While this festival focuses more on performance and light, many attendees wear festive or traditional outfits, especially during the opening and closing ceremonies, where cultural pride is on display.

References: Vietnam Plus. (2025, May 31). Da Nang International Fireworks Festival 2025 kicks off with series of exciting events. Vietnam Plus. https://en.vietnamplus.vn/da-nang-international-fireworks-festival-2025-kicks-off-with-series-of-exciting-events-post308131.vnp

The Huế Festival is a major cultural event held every two years in the historic city of Huế, the former imperial capital of Vietnam. It showcases the art, music, fashion, and rituals of the Nguyễn Dynasty. The city transforms into a stage with royal parades, traditional opera, áo dài fashion shows, and folk games. Events are held at the Imperial Citadel, ancient temples, and along the Perfume River. It’s a perfect place to witness people wearing royal-style traditional garments in a setting full of history and elegance.

References: Mekong Tourism. (2025). Huế Festival Vietnam. Mekong Tourism. https://mekongtourism.org/events/hue-festival-viet-nam/

In the Tây Nguyên region, which includes provinces like Đắk Lắk, Gia Lai, and Lâm Đồng, the Gong Culture Festival celebrates the unique traditions of the ethnic groups of the Central Highlands. Recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage, this festival features ritual dances, gong orchestras, and traditional clothing. Participants wear colorful handwoven costumes, often decorated with beads and patterns that represent tribal identity. The atmosphere is spiritual, vibrant, and deeply connected to nature and ancestral worship.

References: The Space of gong culture in Central Highlands. (n.d.). https://www.vivutravel.com/vietnam-travel-destinations/world-heritages-in-vietnam/intangible-cultural-heritage-forms/the-space-of-gong-culture-in-central-highlands

Ingredients
For the broth:
– 2 kg of beef bones
– 1 onion, halved
– 4 cloves of garlic
– 5 star anises
– 1 cinnamon stick
– 3 cloves
– 2 cardamom pods
– Salt to taste

For the bowl:
– 500 g of flat rice noodles (bánh phở)
– 500 g of beef sirloin, thinly sliced

Toppings:
– Fresh basil leaves
– Fresh cilantro leaves
– Bean sprouts
– Lime wedges
– Sliced chilies

References: Keliher, I. (2023, October 6). Phở: Datos fascinantes sobre el plato nacional de Vietnam. Sin Fronteras. https://blog.remitly.com/es/cultura-y-estilo-de-vida/platosnacional-hechos-de-pho-en-vietnam/