Today's learning activities were very helpful, especially the discussion on how to mitigate climate change through collective and individual actions, which helped me better understand the urgency of the global response to the climate crisis. However, more practical case analysis in class would further enhance our understanding.

For today's topic, I am still confused about how to effectively coordinate the actions of governments, companies, and individuals on a global scale, and I hope to discuss this more in future courses.

Today's learning activities helped me a lot, especially the group discussion, which helped me digest the theoretical knowledge better. However, the time allocation between discussion and explanation in class may need to be further optimized. I am still not very clear about the details of how the interests of all parties are specifically coordinated in the governance structure, and I hope that future courses can explore this issue in depth.

Today's learning activities were very helpful, especially in deepening my understanding of global climate finance when analyzing specific cases and reports. However, I think that if more interactive sessions were added to the class, students might have a better understanding of the complex financing mechanism. I am still not very clear about how to track and evaluate the effectiveness of the use of these funds in practice.

This learning activity was very useful. It allowed me to experience the actual situation of climate negotiations through simulated negotiations. Adding more background information and real cases may help students better understand the real positions of various countries. What I am still confused about is how to balance development and climate action on a global scale, especially how developing countries like China should play a greater role in the international climate framework.

This learning activity was helpful for me to understand the connection between cities and climate change, but adding more case studies may better help us understand how different cities cope with these challenges in practice. I am still confused about how cities can find a balance between rapid development and environmental protection, especially when resources are limited.

This week's learning activities were very valuable and helped me gain a comprehensive understanding of how to respond to climate change through ecological protection and restoration. However, I am still a little confused about how to effectively promote these measures in different social and economic contexts, and I hope that future courses will explore this more.

This week's learning activities gave me a deep understanding of the inequality in global climate action, especially the unique challenges faced by SIDS. However, I am still confused about how to promote climate finance flows more effectively at the international level, especially how to ensure that these funds are truly used to improve the climate resilience and sustainable development of SIDS.

This week's learning activities were very helpful, especially through specific case analysis and data charts, we were able to better understand the complex impact of climate change on the global security landscape. However, I am still uncertain about how to achieve effective climate security governance and cooperation on a global scale.

Systemic change was also discussed as one of the key ways to achieve social transformation, especially in response to the global climate crisis, changing the current economic and social structure is necessary to promote sustainable development. Individuals can also play a role in addressing these global issues, such as promoting collective action by raising public awareness and advocating sustainable lifestyles. In addition, these learning activities helped me understand more clearly the importance of global cooperation and citizen action in achieving SDGs. At the same time, I also realized that there are still many areas that need to be explored and improved in the future.

The core of the collective action problem is that countries and organizations need to act for the common good, but the self-interest of individuals or countries often conflicts with collective goals. Mancur Olson's theory mentions that to solve collective action problems, it is usually necessary to promote cooperation through selective incentives, such as additional rewards or penalties for non-participants. However, the complexity of climate action lies in the fact that global climate governance involves multiple interests and lacks an effective international regulatory mechanism to ensure that all parties truly fulfill their commitments. In the literature, Barnett (2020) pointed out that wealthy countries bear greater historical responsibility for climate change, but they are generally unable to provide sufficient financial and technical support, which exacerbates the inequality of global climate justice.

In addition, Parks (2021) further emphasized that small island countries and poor countries are often at a disadvantage in climate negotiations, even though they are the main victims of climate change. The "prisoner's dilemma" model of game theory shows that even if cooperation is beneficial to all countries, countries may still choose not to cooperate for short-term interests. At the summit, the differences between different countries on specific actions were particularly obvious, especially on the allocation of funds and emission reduction commitments. These discussions gave me a further understanding of the challenges in global cooperation.

Overall, the collective action problems facing global climate governance are multi-level, involving not only conflicts of interest between countries, but also how to resolve free-riding behavior, establish effective incentive mechanisms, and ensure long-term global cooperation. The International Climate Summit clearly revealed these challenges and also showed that future climate action needs to find a balance between justice, cooperation and responsibility distribution.

Reference:

1. Barnett, J., 2020. Climate justice and inequality. Global Environmental Politics, 20(3), pp.21-39.

2. Parks, B.C., 2021. Financing climate action: A question of global justice. Climate Policy,