Walmart.indecisive by Have a nice day https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3 curriculum.interrogation en-us 2023-01-03 18:13:54 UTC 2023-10-10 16:11:03 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/551610364/cfb6f08b51592b59cfefa1acc13afb64/download__4_.jpeg READ PLEASE WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433589585 rules are: dont post in rules/ announcments.
you can swear, but dont spam swears. no cringe. ok follow these rules. also you can comment on announcments.]]> 2023-01-04 14:34:06 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433589585 hey timmy what do you want to be when you grow up timmy: a fire fighter. oh yeah well i wamt to be a MiG 35D super fulcrum with a 20mm – F-15E Gatling Gun System and AIM-4 Falcon. And a 14,984 horsepower Super Constellation jet engine. With a light gray paint coat. And an inverted gull wing panel. With a F-22 Raptor engine AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433594231 2023-01-04 14:37:25 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433594231 padlet created WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433597805 gongpongwhentheyongpong]]> 2023-01-04 14:39:56 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433597805 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433599141 2023-01-04 14:40:47 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433599141 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433637778 2023-01-04 15:08:59 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433637778 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433641049 2023-01-04 15:11:17 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433641049 gotta have this card on ur team AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433643156 2023-01-04 15:12:43 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433643156 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433702642 2023-01-04 15:54:13 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433702642 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433709951 2023-01-04 16:00:00 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433709951 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433710468 2023-01-04 16:00:25 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433710468 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433723263 2023-01-04 16:10:05 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433723263 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433724286 2023-01-04 16:10:49 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433724286 Jagdbombergeschwader 32 was a fighter-bomber wing of the German Air Force. The wing was based in the south of Germany at Lechfeld Airbase and flew Tornado IDS and Tornado ECR planes in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses role WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433820459 2023-01-04 17:27:06 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433820459 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433822990 2023-01-04 17:29:27 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433822990 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433824239 2023-01-04 17:30:36 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433824239 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433825048 2023-01-04 17:31:20 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433825048 you know that feeling when the wall starts to angererd sheep noises and starts running on the earth like WWWWWWWWWAAAAAAAAA and t mobile starts to WIFI connection down NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433830292 2023-01-04 17:35:53 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433830292 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433841104 2023-01-04 17:42:34 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433841104 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433841341 2023-01-04 17:42:47 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433841341 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433841748 2023-01-04 17:43:06 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433841748 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433842187 2023-01-04 17:43:29 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433842187 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433842594 2023-01-04 17:43:51 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433842594 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433867276 2023-01-04 18:04:54 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433867276 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433877692 2023-01-04 18:14:09 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433877692 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433879928 2023-01-04 18:16:12 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433879928 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433984723 2023-01-04 19:52:48 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2433984723 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434631314 2023-01-05 13:25:10 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434631314 i want it AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434676462 2023-01-05 14:04:50 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434676462 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434677128 2023-01-05 14:05:12 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434677128 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434677672 2023-01-05 14:05:35 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434677672 iceburg 1472 requesting permission to taxi AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434678649 2023-01-05 14:06:27 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434678649 i look up sus AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434679438 2023-01-05 14:07:08 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434679438 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434800285 2023-01-05 15:36:42 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434800285 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434804240 2023-01-05 15:38:57 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434804240 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434805891 2023-01-05 15:40:14 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434805891 You know that you are alive when Fight Club is a 1999 American film directed by David Fincher and starring Brad Pitt, Edward Norton, and Helena Bonham Carter. It is based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk. Norton plays the unnamed narrator, who is discontented with his white-collar job. He forms a "fight club" with soap salesman Tyler Durden (Pitt), and becomes embroiled in a relationship with a mysterious[5][6] woman, Marla Singer (Bonham Carter).Palahniuk's novel was optioned by Fox 2000 Pictures producer Laura Ziskin, who hired Jim Uhls to write the film adaptation. Fincher was selected because of his enthusiasm for the story. He developed the script with Uhls and sought screenwriting advice from the cast and others in the film industry. It was filmed in and around Los Angeles from July to December 1998. He and the cast compared the film to Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and The Graduate (1967), with a theme of conflict between Generation X and the value system of advertising.[7][8]Studio executives did not like the film, and they restructured Fincher's intended marketing campaign to try to reduce anticipated losses. Fight Club failed to meet the studio's expectations at the box office, and received polarized reactions from critics. It was ranked as one of the most controversial and talked-about films of 1990s. The film later found commercial success with its home video release, establishing Fight Club as a cult classic and causing media to revisit the film. In 2009, on the tenth anniversary of the film's release, WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434806053 2023-01-05 15:40:22 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434806053 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434806623 2023-01-05 15:40:47 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434806623 MUST WATCH!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434807935 2023-01-05 15:41:56 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434807935 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434808007 2023-01-05 15:41:59 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434808007 You know you have crippling depression when Blade Runner 2049 is a 2017 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Denis Villeneuve and written by Hampton Fancher and Michael Green.[10] A sequel to the 1982 film Blade Runner, the film stars Ryan Gosling and Harrison Ford, with Ana de Armas, Sylvia Hoeks, Robin Wright, Mackenzie Davis, Dave Bautista, and Jared Leto in supporting roles. Ford and Edward James Olmos reprise their roles from the original film. Gosling plays K, a Nexus-9 replicant "blade runner" who uncovers a secret that threatens to destabilize society and the course of civilization.Ideas for a Blade Runner sequel were first proposed in the 1990s, but licensing issues stalled their development. Andrew Kosove and Broderick Johnson obtained the film rights from Bud Yorkin. Ridley Scott stepped down as the film's initial director and worked as an executive producer, while Villeneuve was later appointed to direct. Blade Runner 2049 was financed through a partnership between Alcon Entertainment and Sony Pictures, as well as a Hungarian government-funded tax rebate. Warner Bros., on behalf of Alcon, distributed the film in North America, while Sony handled distribution in international markets. Principal photography took place mostly at two soundstages in Budapest over four months from July to November 2016.Blade Runner 2049 premiered in Los Angeles on October 3, 2017, and was released in the United States in 2D, 3D, and IMAX on October 6, 2017. The film received acclaim from critics, who praised its performances, direction, cinematography, editing, musical score, production design, visual effects, and faithfulness to the original film, although its runtime was criticized. It was widely considered among the best films of 2017. However, it became a box office failure, grossing $267.5 million worldwide against a production budget between $150–185 million.[9][11][12] Blade Runner 2049 was nominated for and won several accolades: at the 90th Academy Awards, the film won Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects, and was nominated for Best Production Design, Best Sound Editing, and Best Sound Mixing. It also received eight nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards, including Best Director, and won Best Cinematography and Best Special Visual. Since its release, the film has become regarded as a modern cult classic.[13][14] A sequel series, Blade Runner 2099, is in development at Amazon Studios, with Scott set to return as executive producer.Contents1 Plot2 Cast3 Production3.1 Development3.2 Casting3.3 Filming3.4 Cinematography3.5 Costumes3.6 Post-production4 Music5 Release5.1 Theatrical5.2 Marketing5.3 Short films5.4 Home media6 Reception6.1 Box office6.2 Critical response6.3 Social commentary6.4 Accolades7 Future7.1 Potential sequels7.2 Blade Runner 20998 See also9 Notes10 References11 External linksPlotIn 2049, 30 years following the events of Blade Runner, bioengineered humans known as replicants are slaves. K (short for his serial number, KD6-3.7), a Nexus-9 replicant, works for the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) as a "blade runner", an officer who hunts and "retires" (kills) rogue replicants. He retires Nexus-8 replicant Sapper Morton and finds a box buried under a tree at Morton's protein farm. The box contains the remains of a female replicant who died during a caesarean section, demonstrating that replicants can reproduce biologically, previously thought impossible. K's superior, Lt. Joshi, fears that this could lead to a war between humans and replicants. She orders K to find and retire the replicant child to hide the truth.K visits the headquarters of the Wallace Corporation, the successor to the defunct Tyrell Corporation in the manufacture of replicants. Wallace staff members identify the deceased female from DNA archives as Rachael, an experimental replicant designed by Dr. Eldon Tyrell. K learns of Rachael's romantic ties with former blade runner Rick Deckard. Wallace Corporation CEO Niander Wallace wants to discover the secret to replicant reproduction to expand interstellar colonization. He sends his replicant enforcer Luv to steal Rachael's remains and follow K to Rachael's child.At Morton's farm, K finds 6.10.21 carved into the tree trunk and recognizes it from a childhood memory of a wooden toy horse. Because replicant memories are artificial, K's holographic A.I. girlfriend Joi believes this is evidence that K was born, not created. He searches LAPD records and discovers twins born on that date with identical DNA aside from the sex chromosome, but only the boy is listed as alive. K tracks the child to an orphanage in ruined San Diego but discovers the records from that year to be missing. K recognizes the orphanage from his memories and finds the toy horse where he remembers hiding it.Dr. Ana Stelline, a replicant memory designer, confirms that the memory of the orphanage is real, leading K to conclude that he is Rachael's son. At LAPD headquarters, K fails a post-traumatic baseline test, marking him as a rogue replicant; he lies to Joshi by implying he killed the replicant child. Joshi gives K 48 hours to pass the baseline test or he will be 'retired.' Joi hires Mariette, a prostitute replicant, as a surrogate for Joi to have sex with K. Mariette, who is part of the replicant freedom movement, leaves a tracker on K. At Joi's request, K reluctantly transfers her to a mobile emitter so he cannot Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434812060 2023-01-05 15:45:10 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434812060 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434812389 2023-01-05 15:45:26 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434812389 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434813161 2023-01-05 15:45:55 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434813161 RAAAH Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434814953 2023-01-05 15:47:23 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434814953 this is jacks uncle (REVILED) !!!!!!?!?!?!?! AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434815751 2023-01-05 15:48:06 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434815751 You know when SpongeBob SquarePants (or simply SpongeBob) is an American animated comedy television series created by marine science educator and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. It chronicles the adventures of the title character and his aquatic friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The fifth-longest-running American animated series, its high popularity has made it a media franchise. It is the highest rated Nickelodeon series and the most profitable property for Paramount Consumer Products, generating over $13 billion in merchandising revenue as of 2019.[4]Many of the series's ideas originated in The Intertidal Zone, an unpublished educational comic book Hillenburg created in 1989 to teach his students about undersea life.[5] He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996, and in 1997, a seven-minute pilot was pitched to Nickelodeon. The network's executives wanted SpongeBob to be a child in school, but Hillenburg preferred SpongeBob to be an adult character.[6] He was prepared to abandon the series, but compromised by creating Mrs. Puff and her boating school so SpongeBob could attend school as an adult.[7]Nickelodeon aired a preview for the series in the United States on May 1, 1999, after the airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17, 1999. It gained enormous popularity by its second season, and has subsequently received worldwide critical acclaim. The thirteenth season began in October 2020,[8] and the series was renewed for a fourteenth season on March 24, 2022.[9] It has inspired three feature films: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004), Sponge Out of Water (2015), and Sponge on the Run (2020). Two spin-off series, Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years and The Patrick Star Show, premiered in 2021. As of February 2022, four additional films are planned: three character spinoff films for Paramount+, and a new theatrical SpongeBob film.SpongeBob SquarePants has won a variety of awards including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, four Emmy Awards, 19 Kids' Choice Awards, and two BAFTA Children's Awards. A Broadway musical based on it opened in 2017 to critical acclaim.[10]Contents1 Premise1.1 Characters1.2 Setting2 Production2.1 Development2.1.1 Early inspirations2.1.2 Conception2.1.3 Assembling the crew2.1.4 Pitching2.2 Executive producers and showrunners2.3 Writing2.4 Voice actors2.5 Animation2.6 Music3 Broadcast3.1 Episodes3.2 Tenth anniversary3.3 Twentieth anniversary4 Reception4.1 Ratings and run-length achievements4.2 Critical reception4.3 Awards and accolades5 Legacy6 Criticism6.1 Controversies6.1.1 Sexuality6.1.2 Other6.2 Allegations of declining quality7 Other media7.1 Spin-offs7.1.1 Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years7.1.2 The Patrick Star Show7.2 Streaming7.3 Home video7.4 Comic books7.5 Films7.5.1 Future films7.6 Music7.7 Theme park rides7.8 Video games7.9 SpongeBob SquareShorts7.10 Theater8 SpongeBob in internet culture9 Merchandise10 Notes11 References11.1 Bibliography12 External linksPremiseCharactersMain article: List of SpongeBob SquarePants charactersIllustration of the series' ten main characters.The series' main characters. Top row, from left to right: Pearl, Plankton, and Karen. Bottom row: Sandy, Mr. Krabs, SpongeBob, Squidward, Gary, Patrick, and Mrs. Puff.The series revolves around the title character and an ensemble cast of his aquatic friends. SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic yellow sea sponge who lives in a submerged pineapple. SpongeBob has a childlike enthusiasm for life, which carries over to his job as a fry cook at a fast food restaurant called the Krusty Krab. One of his life's greatest goals is to obtain a boat-driving license from Mrs. Puff's Boating School, but he never succeeds. His favorite pastimes include "jellyfishing", which involves catching jellyfish with a net in a manner similar to butterfly catching, and blowing soap bubbles into elaborate shapes. He has a pet sea snail with a pink shell and a blue body named Gary, who meows like a cat.Living two houses away from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who resides under a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick sees himself as intelligent.[11] Squidward Tentacles, SpongeBob's next-door neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab, is an arrogant, ill-tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai. He enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self-portraits but hates his job as a cashier. He also dislikes living between SpongeBob and Patrick because of their childish nature. The owner of the Krusty Krab is a miserly, greedy red crab named Mr. Krabs who talks like a sailor and runs his restaurant as if it were a pirate ship. He is a single parent with a teenage daughter, a grey sperm whale with red lipstick and a yellow ponytail named Pearl, to whom he wants to bequeath his riches. Pearl does not want to continue the family business and would rather spend her time listening to music or working at the local shopping mall.[12] Another of SpongeBob's friends is Sandy Cheeks, a thrill-seeking and athletic squirrel from Texas, who wears an air-filled diving suit to breathe underwater.[13] She lives in a tree enclosed in a clear glass dome locked by an airtight, hand-turned seal and is an expert in karate, as well as a scientist.Located across the street from the Krusty Krab is an unsuccessful rival restaurant called the Chum Bucket.[14] It is run by a small, green, one-eyed copepod[15] named Plankton and his computer wife, Karen.[16] Plankton constantly tries to steal the secret recipe for Mr. Krabs's popular Krabby Patty burgers, hoping to gain the upper hand and put the Krusty Krab out of business.[17] Karen supplies him with evil schemes to obtain the formula, but their efforts always fail and their restaurant rarely has any customers.[18] When SpongeBob is not working at the Krusty Krab, he is often taking boating lessons from Mrs. Puff, a paranoid but patient pufferfish. SpongeBob is Mrs. Puff's most diligent student and knows every answer to the oral exams he takes, but he panics and crashes when he tries to drive a real boat.[19] When Mrs. Puff endures one of SpongeBob's crashes or is otherwise frightened, she puffs up into a ball.[20]An unseen figure called the French Narrator often introduces episodes and narrates the intertitles as if the series were a nature documentary about the ocean. His role and distinctive manner of speaking are references to the oceanographer Jacques Cousteau.[21]Recurring guest characters appear throughout the series including: the retired superheroes Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy, who are idolized by SpongeBob and Patrick; a pirate specter known as the Flying Dutchman; the muscular lifeguard of Goo Lagoon, Larry the Lobster; and the merman god of the sea, King Neptune.Special (generally half-hour or hour-long) episodes of the show are hosted by a live-action pirate named Patchy and his pet parrot Potty, whose segments are presented in a dual narrative with the animated stories.[22] Patchy is portrayed as the president of a fictional SpongeBob fan club, and his greatest aspiration is to meet SpongeBob himself. Potty likes to make fun of Patchy's enthusiasm and causes trouble for him while he tries to host the show.SettingA blue colored image of an atoll.Bikini Atoll, a coral reef in the Pacific Ocean. Tom Kenny confirmed the fictitious city of Bikini Bottom is named after Bikini Atoll.The series takes place primarily in the fictional benthic underwater city of Bikini Bottom located in the Pacific Ocean beneath the real-life coral reef known as Bikini Atoll.[23][24][25][c] Its citizens are mostly multicolored fish who live in buildings made from ship funnels and use "boatmobiles", amalgamations of cars and boats, as a mode of transportation. Recurring locations within Bikini Bottom include the neighboring houses of SpongeBob, Patrick, and Squidward; two competing restaurants, the Krusty Krab and the Chum Bucket; Mrs. Puff's Boating School, which includes a driving course and a sunken lighthouse; the Treedome, an oxygenated glass enclosure where Sandy lives; Shady Shoals Rest Home; a seagrass meadow called Jellyfish Fields; and Goo Lagoon, a subaqueous brine pool that is a popular beach hangout.[27]When the SpongeBob crew began production of the series' pilot episode, they were tasked with designing stock locations, to be used repeatedly, where most scenes would take place like the Krusty Krab and SpongeBob's pineapple house.[28] The idea was "to keep everything nautical", so the crew used plenty of rope, wooden planks, ships' wheels, netting, anchors, boilerplates, and rivets to create the show's setting. Transitions between scenes are marked by bubbles filling the screen, accompanied by the sound of rushing water.[28]The series features "sky flowers" as a main setting material.[28] When series background designer Kenny Pittenger was asked what they were, he answered, "They function as clouds in a way, but since the show takes place underwater, they aren't really clouds. Because of the tiki influence on the show, the background painters use a lot of pattern."[28] Pittenger said the sky flowers were meant to "evoke the look of a flower-print Hawaiian shirt".[28]ProductionDevelopmentEarly inspirationsAerial photograph of the Ocean Institute at Dana Point, CaliforniaBefore creating SpongeBob SquarePants, Stephen Hillenburg taught marine biology to visitors of the Ocean Institute (located in Dana Point, California).[29]Series' creator Stephen Hillenburg first became fascinated with the ocean as a child and began developing his artistic abilities at a young age. Although these interests would not overlap for some time—the idea of drawing fish seemed boring to him—Hillenburg pursued both during college, majoring in marine biology and minoring in art. After graduating in 1984, he joined the Ocean Institute, an organization in Dana Point, California, dedicated to educating the public about marine science and maritime history.[29][30]While Hillenburg was there, his love of the ocean began to influence his artistry. He created a precursor to SpongeBob SquarePants: a comic book titled The Intertidal Zone used by the institute to teach visiting students about the animal life of tide pools.[30] The comic starred various anthropomorphic sea lifeforms, many of which would evolve into SpongeBob SquarePants characters.[31] Hillenburg tried to get the comic professionally published, but none of the companies he sent it to were interested.[30]A large inspiration to Hillenburg was Ween's 1997 album The Mollusk, which had a nautical and underwater theme. Hillenburg contacted the band shortly after the album's release, explaining the baseline ideas for SpongeBob SquarePants, and also requested a song from the band, which they sent on Christmas Eve. This song was "Loop de Loop", which was used in the episode "Your Shoe's Untied".[32][33][34]ConceptionWhile working as a staff artist at the Ocean Institute, Hillenburg entertained plans to return eventually to college for a master's degree in art. Before this could materialize, he attended an animation festival, which inspired him to make a slight change in course. Instead of continuing his education with a traditional art program, Hillenburg chose to study experimental animation at the California Institute of the Arts.[30] His thesis film, Wormholes, is about the theory of relativity.[35] It was screened at festivals, and at one of these, Hillenburg met Joe Murray, creator of the popular Nickelodeon animated series, Rocko's Modern Life. Murray was impressed by the style of the film and offered Hillenburg a job.[35][36] Hillenburg joined the series as a director, and later, during the fourth season, he took on the roles of producer and creative director.[31][35][36][37]Martin Olson, one of the writers for Rocko's Modern Life, read The Intertidal Zone and encouraged Hillenburg to create a television series with a similar concept. At that point, Hillenburg had not even considered creating his own series. However, he realized that if he ever did, this would be the best approach.[30][35][38] He began to develop some of the characters from The Intertidal Zone, including the comic's "announcer", Bob the Sponge.[30] He wanted his series to stand out from most popular cartoons of the time, which he felt were exemplified by buddy comedies like The Ren & Stimpy Show. As a result, Hillenburg decided to focus on a single main character: the "weirdest" sea creature he could think of. This led him to the sponge.[30] The Intertidal Zone's Bob the Sponge resembles an actual sea sponge, and at first, Hillenburg continued to use this design.[30][35][36][39] In determining the new character's behavior, Hillenburg drew inspiration from innocent, childlike figures that he enjoyed, such as Charlie Chaplin, Laurel and Hardy, Jerry Lewis, and Pee-wee Herman.[30][36][40][41][42] He then considered modeling the character after a kitchen sponge and realized this idea would match the character's square personality perfectly.[30][35][36] Patrick, Mr. Krabs, Pearl, and Squidward were the next characters Hillenburg created for the show.[43]To voice the series' central character, Hillenburg turned to Tom Kenny, whose career in animation had started alongside Hillenburg's on Rocko's Modern Life. Elements of Kenny's own personality were employed to develop the character further.[44] Initially, Hillenburg wanted to use the name SpongeBoy—the character had no last name—and the series was to have been called SpongeBoy Ahoy![39][44] However, the Nickelodeon legal department discovered—after voice acting had been completed for the original seven-minute pilot episode—that the name "SpongeBoy" was already copyrighted.[45][44] In choosing a replacement name, Hillenburg felt he still had to use the word "Sponge", so that viewers would not mistake the character for a "Cheese Man". He settled on the name "SpongeBob". "SquarePants" was chosen as a family name after Kenny saw a picture of the character and remarked, "Boy, look at this sponge in square pants, thinking he can get a job in a fast food place."[40] When he heard Kenny say it Hillenburg loved the phrase and felt it would reinforce the character's nerdiness.[40][46]Assembling the crewDerek Drymon, who served as creative director for the first three seasons, has said that Hillenburg wanted to surround himself with a "team of young and hungry people."[41] Many of the major contributors to SpongeBob SquarePants had worked before with Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life: this included: Drymon, art director Nick Jennings, supervising director Alan Smart, writer/voice actor Doug Lawrence (often credited as Mr. Lawrence), and Tim Hill, who helped develop the series bible.[41][42]Although Drymon would go on to have a significant influence on SpongeBob SquarePants, he was not offered a role on the series initially. As a late recruit to Rocko's Modern Life, he had not established much of a relationship with Hillenburg before SpongeBob's conception. Hillenburg first sought out Drymon's storyboard partner, Mark O'Hare—but he had just created the soon-to-be syndicated comic strip, Citizen Dog.[41] While he would later join SpongeBob as a writer,[47] he lacked the time to get involved with both projects from the outset.[41] Drymon has said, "I remember Hillenburg's bringing it up to Mark in our office and asking him if he'd be interested in working on it ... I was all ready to say yes to the offer, but Steve didn't ask; he just left the room. I was pretty desperate ... so I ran into the hall after him and basically begged him for the job. He didn't jump at the chance."[41] Once Hillenburg had given it some thought and decided to bring Drymon on as creative director, the two began meeting at Hillenburg's house several times a week to develop the series. Drymon has identified this period as having begun in 1996, shortly after the end of Rocko's Modern Life.[41]Jennings was also instrumental in SpongeBob's genesis.[48] Kenny has called him "one of SpongeBob's early graphics mentors".[42] On weekends, Kenny joined Hillenburg, Jennings, and Drymon for creative sessions where they recorded ideas on a tape recorder.[42] Kenny performed audio tests as SpongeBob during these sessions, while Hillenburg voice acted the other characters.[39][42]Hill contributed scripts for several first-season episodes (including the pilot)[49][50][51][52] and was offered the role of story editor, but turned it down—he would go on to pursue a career as a family film director.[53][54] In his stead, Pete Burns was brought in for the job. Burns hailed from Chicago and had never met any of the principal players on SpongeBob before joining the team.[41]PitchingThe execs from Nickelodeon flew out to Burbank, and we pitched it to them from the storyboards. We had squeezy toys, wore Hawaiian shirts, and used a boom box to play the Tiny Tim song ['Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight'] that comes on in the third act. We really went all out in that pitch because we knew the pilot lived or died by if the execs laughed. When it was over, they walked out of the room to discuss it. We figured they would fly back to New York and we'd hear in a few weeks. We were surprised when they came back in what seemed like minutes and said they wanted to make it.—Derek Drymon[41]While pitching the cartoon to Nickelodeon executives, Hillenburg donned a Hawaiian shirt, brought along an "underwater terrarium with models of the characters", and played Hawaiian music to set the theme. The setup was described by Nickelodeon executive Eric Coleman as "pretty amazing".[35] They were given money and two weeks to write the pilot episode "Help Wanted".[35] Drymon, Hillenburg, and Jennings returned with what was described by Nickelodeon official Albie Hecht as, "a performance [he] wished [he] had on tape".[35] Although executive producer Derek Drymon described the pitch as stressful, he said it went "very well".[35] Kevin Kay and Hecht had to step outside because they were "exhausted from laughing", which worried the cartoonists.[35]In an interview, Cyma Zarghami, then-president of Nickelodeon, said, "their [Nickelodeon executives'] immediate reaction was to see it again, both because they liked it and it was unlike anything they'd ever seen before".[55] Zarghami was one of four executives in the room when SpongeBob SquarePants was screened for the first time.[55]Before commissioning the full series, Nickelodeon executives insisted that it would not be popular unless SpongeBob was a child who went to school, with his teacher as a main character.[6] Hillenburg recalled in 2012 that Nickelodeon told him, "Our winning formula is animation about kids in school... We want you to put SpongeBob in school."[30] Hillenburg was ready to "walk out" on Nickelodeon and abandon the series, since he wanted SpongeBob to be an adult character.[30] He eventually compromised by adding a new character to the main cast, Mrs. Puff, who is a boat-driving teacher. Hillenburg was happy with the compromise and said, "A positive thing for me that came out of it was [how it brought] in a new character, Mrs. Puff, who I love."[30]Executive producers and showrunnersPhotograph of Stephen Hillenburg standing holding a book with the title SpongeBob SquarePants looking to his rightStephen Hillenburg, creator of SpongeBob SquarePantsUntil his death in 2018, Hillenburg had served as the executive producer over the course of the series' entire history and functioned as its showrunner from its debut in 1999 until 2004. The series went on hiatus in 2002, after Hillenburg halted production on the show itself to work on the feature film The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie.[45] Once the film was finalized and the third season finished, Hillenburg resigned as the series' showrunner. Although he no longer had a direct role in the series' production, he maintained an advisory role and reviewed each episode.[55][56]It reached a point where I felt I'd contributed a lot and said what I wanted to say. At that point, the show needed new blood, and so I selected Paul [Tibbitt] to produce. I totally trusted him. I always enjoyed the way he captured the SpongeBob character's sense of humor. And as a writer, you have to move on—I'm developing new projects.—Stephen Hillenburg, The Washington Post[57]When the film was completed, Hillenburg intended it to be the series finale, "so [the show] wouldn't jump the shark." However, Nickelodeon wanted more episodes.[58] Hillenburg appointed Paul Tibbitt, who had previously served on the show as a writer, director, and storyboard artist, to take over his role as showrunner to produce additional seasons.[59] Hillenburg considered Tibbitt one of his favorite members of the show's crew,[60] and "totally trusted him".[57]On December 13, 2014, it was announced that Hillenburg would return to the series in an unspecified position.[61] On November 26, 2018, at the age of 57, Hillenburg died from complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which he had been diagnosed with in March 2017.[62][63] Nickelodeon confirmed via Twitter the series would continue after his death.[64] In February 2019, incoming president Brian Robbins vowed Nickelodeon would keep the show in production for as long as the network exists.[65]As of the ninth season, former writers and storyboard directors Vincent Waller and Marc Ceccarelli act as showrunners.WritingAccording to writer and storyboard artist Luke Brookshier, "SpongeBob is written differently to many television shows."[66] Unlike most of its contemporaries, SpongeBob SquarePants does not use written scripts.[66][67] Instead, storylines are developed by a team of five outline and premise writers. A two-page outline is then assigned to a team of storyboard directors, who produce a complete rough draft of the storyboard. One of the methods used to assemble storyboards was to use Post-it notes. Most of the dialogue and jokes are added during this stage.[45][66] Brookshier has likened this process to how cartoons were made "in the early days of animation."[66]The decision to eschew scripts for storyboards is one that Hillenburg made early in the series' development.[45] Rocko's Modern Life had also used storyboarding derived from short outlines, and having worked on that series, Hillenburg felt strongly about adopting the process for SpongeBob SquarePants—even though Nickelodeon was beginning to show a greater preference for script-driven cartoons.[41][68] Another series' writer, Merriwether Williams, explained in an interview that she and Mr. Lawrence would write a draft for an episode in an afternoon and be done at 4:00 pm.[69]The writing staff often used their personal experiences as inspiration for the storylines of the series' episodes.[41][57] For example, the episode "Sailor Mouth", where SpongeBob and Patrick learn profanity,[57] was inspired by creative director Derek Drymon's experience as a child of getting into trouble for using the f-word in front of his mother.[41] Drymon said, "The scene where Patrick is running to Mr. Krabs to tattle, with SpongeBob chasing him, is pretty much how it happened in real life".[41] The end of the episode when Mr. Krabs uses even more profanity than SpongeBob and Patrick, was inspired "by the fact that my [Drymon's] mother has a sailor mouth herself".[41] The idea for the episode "The Secret Box" also came from one of Drymon's childhood experiences.[57][69] Hillenburg explained, "Drymon had a secret box [as a kid] and started telling us about it. We wanted to make fun of him and use it."[57]Almost every episode is divided into two 11-minute segments. Hillenburg explained: "[I] never really wanted to deliberately try to write a half-hour show".[57] He added, "I wrote the shows to where they felt right".[57]Voice actorsFurther information: List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members and List of SpongeBob SquarePants guest starsSteve described SpongeBob to me as childlike and naïve. He's not quite an adult, he's not quite a kid. Think a Stan Laurel, Jerry Lewis kind of child-man. Kind of like a Munchkin but not quite, kind of like a kid, but not in a Charlie Brown child's voice on the TV shows.—Tom Kenny[42]SpongeBob SquarePants features the voices of: Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett, and Lori Alan. Most one-off and background characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Sirena Irwin, Bob Joles, Mark Fite and Thomas F. Wilson.Kenny voices SpongeBob and a number of other characters, including SpongeBob's pet snail Gary and the French narrator. He also physically portrays Patchy the Pirate in live-action segments of most special episodes. Kenny previously worked with Stephen Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life. When Hillenburg created SpongeBob SquarePants, he approached Kenny to voice the main character.[70] Kenny originally used the voice of SpongeBob for a minor character on Rocko.[44] He forgot how to perform the voice initially and did not intend to use it afterward. Hillenburg, however, used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice.[44] When Hillenburg heard Kenny perform the voice, he knew immediately he wanted it for his character. He said to Nickelodeon executives, "That's it—I don't want to hear anybody else do the voice. We've got SpongeBob."[42] The network insisted on auditioning more actors, but Hillenburg turned them down; in the words of Tom Kenny, "one of the advantages of having a strong creator is that the creator can say, 'No, I like that—I don't care about celebrities.'"[42] While Kenny was developing SpongeBob's voice, the show's casting crew wanted him to have a unique, high-pitched laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker.[71]Fagerbakke voices Patrick Star[72] and other miscellaneous characters. At the same time when Hillenburg, Derek Drymon and Tim Hill were writing the pilot "Help Wanted", Hillenburg was also conducting auditions to find voices for the characters.[41] Fagerbakke auditioned for the role of Patrick after Kenny had been cast.[73] Fagerbakke recalled that during this audition, "Hillenburg actually played for me a portion of Tom [Kenny]'s performance [as SpongeBob], and they were looking for a counterpoint."[73] In an interview, Fagerbakke compared himself to the character and said, "It's extremely gratifying".[74] Whenever Patrick is angry Fagerbakke models his performance after American actress Shelley Winters.[75]Squidward Tentacles is voiced by Rodger Bumpass, who describes him as "a very nasally, monotone kind of guy." He said the character "became a very interesting character to do" because of "his sarcasm, and then his frustration, and then his apoplexy, and so he became a wide spectrum of emotions".[76] Arthur Brown, author of Everything I Need to Know, I Learned from Cartoons!, has compared Squidward's voice to that of Jack Benny's,[77] a similarity Bumpass says is mostly unintentional.[76] Voice acting veteran Clancy Brown voices Mr. Krabs, SpongeBob's boss at the Krusty Krab. Hillenburg modeled Mr. Krabs after his former manager at a seafood restaurant, whose strong Maine accent reminded Hillenburg of a pirate.[78] Brown decided to use a "piratey" voice for the character with "a little Scottish brogue" after hearing Hillenburg's description of his boss.[79] According to Brown, his Mr. Krabs voice was mostly improvised during his audition and it was not challenging for him to find the correct voice.[79]Mr. Lawrence had met Hillenburg before on Rocko's Modern Life. While working on the pilot episode of SpongeBob, Hillenburg invited him to audition for all the characters.[80] Since other voices had been found for the main cast already, Lawrence began by voicing a variety of minor characters. This included Plankton, who was initially only set to appear in one episode.[80][41] Mr. Lawrence recalls that Nickelodeon executives told Hillenburg, "'we could stunt-cast this. You know, we could have Bruce Willis do this voice.' And Steve was just like, 'it's Doug [Lawrence], don't you hear it? This is the character! This is the guy!'"[80] Jill Talley, Tom Kenny's wife, voices Karen Plankton.[81] Being a Chicago native, she uses a Midwestern accent for the character.[82] Electronic sound effects are underlaid by the series' audio engineers to create a robotic sound when she speaks.[83] Talley and Mr. Lawrence often improvise Plankton and Karen's dialogue. Lawrence called improvisation his "favorite part of the voice over" in 2009.[84] He elaborated in a 2012 interview, saying, "I always enjoy the back-and-forth. [Talley and I] start to actually overlap so much talking to each other that [the voice directors] have to tell us, 'hey, stop doing that, separate what you're saying!'"[80]Carolyn Lawrence voices Sandy Cheeks. She was in Los Feliz, Los Angeles, with a friend who knew SpongeBob SquarePants casting director Donna Grillo. Her friend said to Grillo that Lawrence had "an interesting voice". Grillo invited her to audition and she got the role.[85][86] American actress Mary Jo Catlett,[87] who is known for her live-action roles on television programs from the 1970s such as Diff'rent Strokes and M*A*S*H provides Mrs. Puff's voice.[82] As of 2017, voicing Mrs. Puff has become her only regular television role; Catlett described herself as "basically retired" in 2013, since she feels that voicing Mrs. Puff requires less preparation than her performances in person.[88] Lori Alan voices Pearl Krabs.[89] During her audition for the role, Alan was shown an early drawing of the characters and noted that Pearl was much larger than the rest of the cast. She decided to reflect the character's size in her voice by making it deep and full in tone. She aimed to make it invoke the sound of whales' low vocalizations while also sounding "spoiled and lovable."[90] In an interview with AfterBuzz TV, Alan said she knew Pearl "had to sound somewhat like a child," but needed "an abnormally large voice."[91]In addition to the regular cast, episodes feature guest voices from many professions, including actors, athletes, authors, musicians, and artists. Recurring guest voices include: Ernest Borgnine, who voiced Mermaid Man from 1999 until his death in 2012;[92] Tim Conway as the voice of Barnacle Boy from 1999 until his death in 2019;[93] Brian Doyle-Murray as the Flying Dutchman;[94] and Marion Ross as Grandma SquarePants.[95] Notable guests who have provided vocal cameo appearances include: David Bowie as Lord Royal Highness in the television film Atlantis SquarePantis;[96][97] John Goodman as the voice of Santa in the episode "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!"; Johnny Depp as the voice of the surf guru, Jack Kahuna Laguna, in the episode "SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One";[98] and Victoria Beckham as the voice of Queen Amphitrite in the episode "The Clash of Triton".[99][100]Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as "getting more unusual".[42] Kenny said, "That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel. Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style. It's how the stuff we like was recorded".[42] Series writer Jay Lender said, "The recording sessions were always fun ..."[101] For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in the recording studio and directed the actors.[102] Andrea Romano became the voice director in the fourth season,[102] and Tom Kenny took over the role during the ninth. Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999.[102] Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, "I loved Wednesdays".[102]AnimationApproximately 50 people work together to animate and produce an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants.[66] Throughout its run, the series' production has been handled domestically at Nickelodeon Animation Studio in Burbank, California. The finished animation has been created overseas at Rough Draft Studios in South Korea.[57][103] The California crew storyboard each episode. These are then used as templates by the crew in Korea,[57] who animate each scene by hand, color each cel on computers, and paint backgrounds. Episodes are finished in California, where they are edited and have music added.[66]During the first season, the series used cel animation.[59] A shift was made the following year to digital ink and paint animation.[59] In 2009, executive producer Paul Tibbitt said: "The first season of SpongeBob was done the old-fashioned way on cells [sic], and every cell sic had to be part-painted, left to dry, paint some other colors. It's still a time-consuming aspect of the process now, but the digital way of doing things means it doesn't take long to correct".[59]In 2008, the crew began using Wacom Cintiqs for the drawings instead of pencils. The fifth season episode "Pest of the West", one of the half-hour specials, was the first episode where the crew applied this method. Series' background designer Kenny Pittenger said, "The only real difference between the way we draw now and the way we drew then is that we abandoned pencil and paper during the fifth season".[28] The shift to Wacom Cintiqs let the designers and animators draw on computer screens and make immediate changes or undo mistakes. Pittenger said, "Many neo-Luddites—er ... I mean, many of my cohorts—don't like working on them, but I find them useful. There's no substitute for the immediacy of drawing on a piece of paper, of course, but digital nautical nonsense is still pretty fun".[28]Illustration of the show's character models with SpongeBob on the leftScreen Novelties created character models based on the works of Rankin/Bass for the show's stop-motion episodes.Since 2004, the SpongeBob crew has periodically collaborated with the LA-based animation studio Screen Novelties to create stop-motion sequences for special episodes. The studio produced a brief claymation scene for the climax of the first theatrical film.[104] It was re-enlisted in 2009 to create an exclusive opening for the series' tenth anniversary special.[105][106] The abominable snow mollusk, an octopus-like creature made of clay who acts as the antagonist of the double-length episode "Frozen Face-Off", was also animated by the company.[107] Animation World Network reported that "within the SpongeBob creative team, there was always talk of doing a more involved project together" with Screen Novelties.[107] As a result, the group was asked to create an episode animated entirely in stop motion in 2011. This project became "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!",[108] which reimagined the show's characters as if they were part of a Rankin/Bass holiday film.[109] Tom Kenny, who is normally uninvolved in the writing process, contributed to the episode's plot; he said in 2012 that he and Nickelodeon "wanted to do something just like those old school, stop-motion Rankin-Bass holiday specials ... which I watched over and over again when I was a kid growing up in Syracuse."[104] Unconventional materials such as baking soda, glitter, wood chips and breakfast cereal were used in mass quantities to create the special's sets.[110] Members of the Screen Novelties crew received one win and two nominations at the 30th Annie Awards,[111] a nomination at the 2013 Golden Reel Awards,[112] and a nomination at the 2013 Annecy International Animated Film Festival for animating the episode.[113] The team built a dolphin puppet named Bubbles, voiced by Matt Berry, for The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.[114] Sequences involving Bubbles included a blend of stop motion and traditional animation. A second special animated in stop motion, themed around Halloween and using the same Rankin/Bass-inspired character models, was produced for season 11.[115][116]Music[The music has gone] from mostly sea shanties and Hawaiian music à la Roy Smeck meets Pee-wee Herman—still the main style for the show—in the early episodes, but it now includes film noir, West Side Story to [Henry] Mancini, Jerry Goldsmith and [Steven] Spielberg. There's Broadway-type scores and plain old goofy, loopy, weird stuff. I try to push the envelope on this show without getting in the way of the story, and I try to push it up and way over the top when I can get away with it, all the time keeping it as funny and ridiculous as possible.—Music editor Nicolas Carr[117]Mark Harrison and Blaise Smith composed the SpongeBob SquarePants theme song.[118] Its lyrics were written by Stephen Hillenburg and the series' original creative director Derek Drymon. The melody was inspired by the sea shanty "Blow the Man Down".[36] An old oil painting of a pirate is used in the opening sequence. Dubbed "Painty the Pirate", according to Tom Kenny, Hillenburg found it in a thrift shop "years ago".[44] Patrick Pinney voices Painty the Pirate, singing the theme song as the character.[36] Hillenburg's lips were imposed onto the painting and move along with the lyrics.[44] Kenny joked this is "about as close of a glimpse as most SpongeBob fans are ever going to get of Steve Hillenburg", because of his private nature.[36]A cover of the song by Avril Lavigne can be found on the SpongeBob SquarePants Movie soundtrack.[119][120] Another cover by the Violent Femmes aired on Nickelodeon as a promotion when the series moved to prime time.[121]Steve Belfer, one of Hillenburg's friends from CalArts, wrote and performed the music heard over the end credits.[41] This theme includes ukulele music at Hillenburg's request.[41] Drymon said, "It's so long ago, it's hard to be sure, but I remember Hillenburg having the Belfer music early on, maybe before the pilot".[41]The series' music editor and main composer is Nicolas Carr.[117] After working with Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life, he struggled to find a new job in his field. He had considered a career change before Hillenburg offered him the job. The first season's score primarily featured selections from the Associated Production Music Library, which Carr has said includes "lots of great old corny Hawaiian music and big, full, dramatic orchestral scores."[117] Rocko's Modern Life also used music from this library. It was Hillenburg's decision to adopt this approach. Carr has described the selections for SpongeBob SquarePants as being "more over-the-top" than those for Rocko's Modern Life.[117]Hillenburg felt it was important for the series to develop its own music library, consisting of scores that could be reused and re-edited throughout the years. He wanted these scores to be composed by unknowns, and a group of twelve was assembled. They formed "The Sponge Divers Orchestra", which includes Carr and Belfer. The group went on to provide most of the music for later seasons, although Carr still draws from the Associated Production Music Library, as well as another library that he founded himself—Animation Music Inc.[117]BroadcastEpisodesMain article: List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodesSeason Episodes Segments Originally airedFirst aired Last aired120 41 May 1, 1999 March 3, 2001220 39 October 20, 2000 July 26, 2003320 37 October 5, 2001 October 11, 2004420 38 May 6, 2005 July 24, 2007520 41 February 19, 2007 July 19, 2009626 47 March 3, 2008 July 5, 2010726 50 July 19, 2009 June 11, 2011826 47 March 26, 2011 December 6, 2012926 49 July 21, 2012 February 20, 20171011 22 October 15, 2016 December 2, 20171126 50 June 24, 2017 November 25, 20181226 48 November 11, 2018 April 29, 20221326[122] TBA October 22, 2020 TBATenth anniversaryTen years. I never imagined working on the show to this date and this long...I really figured we might get a season and a cult following, and that might be it.—Stephen Hillenburg[123]Nickelodeon began celebrating the series' 10th anniversary on January 18, 2009, with a live cast reading of the episode "SpongeBob vs. The Big One". The reading—a first for the series—was held at that year's Sundance Film Festival.[124][125] The episode, which premiered on TV on April 17, 2009, features Johnny Depp as a guest star.[126] Other celebratory actions taken by the network included the launching of a new website for the series (spongebob.com) and the introduction of new merchandise. A "SpongeBob and water conservation-themed element" was also added to Nickelodeon's pro-social campaign The Big Green Help.[124] In an interview, Tom Kenny said, "What I'm most proud of is that kids still really like [SpongeBob SquarePants] and care about it ... They eagerly await new episodes. People who were young children when it started 10 years ago are still watching it and digging it and think it's funny. That's the loving cup for me."[127]Three nights before the official anniversary date, an hour-long documentary on the series, Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants, premiered on VH1.[123][124][125][127][128] Critically acclaimed duo Patrick Creadon and Christine O'Malley created the film as a followup to I.O.U.S.A.—a documentary on America's financial situation. Creadon remarked, "After spending two years examining the financial health of the United States, Christine and I were ready to tackle something a little more upbeat. Telling the SpongeBob story feels like the perfect fit."[124] On Friday, July 17, Nickelodeon marked the official anniversary of the series, with a 50-hour television marathon titled "The Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash Weekend". It began with a new episode, "To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants". Saturday saw a countdown of the top ten episodes as picked by fans, as well as an airing of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. The marathon finished on Sunday, with a countdown of episodes picked by celebrities and the premiere of ten new episodes.[124][129][130]Nickelodeon continued celebrating the anniversary through the rest of the year. An eight-episode DVD set featuring To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants was released shortly after the marathon on July 21.[131][132] Next a 2,200 minute, 14-disc DVD set titled The First 100 Episodes was released on September 22.[132][133][134] Finally, on November 6, an hour-long television film, titled Truth or Square, debuted on Nickelodeon. The film is narrated by Ricky Gervais and features live action cameo appearances by: Rosario Dawson, Craig Ferguson, Will Ferrell, Tina Fey, LeBron James, P!nk, Triumph the Insult Comic Dog, and Robin Williams.[135][136][137] It was released as part of a five-episode DVD set on November 10, 2009.[138]Twentieth anniversaryOn February 11, 2019, Nickelodeon announced it would recognize the twentieth anniversary of SpongeBob SquarePants with a series of celebrations known as the "Best Year Ever".[139][140] In honor of the anniversary, Pantone created color shades known as "SpongeBob SquarePants Yellow" and "Patrick Star Pink" to be used by Nickelodeon's licensing partners.[141][142][143] Romero Britto, Jon Burgerman, and the Filipino art collective Secret Fresh were commissioned by Nickelodeon to create art pieces devoted to SpongeBob SquarePants. Some of these pieces were to be adapted into commercial products.[141][142] On February 12, in conjunction with Nickelodeon's announcement of the "Best Year Ever", Cynthia Rowley presented a SpongeBob SquarePants-themed wetsuit during New York Fashion Week.[144][145][146] A month later, Marlou Breuls presented the SpongeBob SquarePants-themed "Icon Collection" during Amsterdam Fashion Week.[147][148] That summer, Nike, in collaboration with Kyrie Irving, released a SpongeBob SquarePants series of shoes, accessories, and apparel.[149] In July, for the first time ever, SpongeBob SquarePants became the theme of a cosmetics line, which was released as a limited time offering by HipDot Studios.[144][150][151] The "Best Year Ever" also introduced an official SpongeBob SquarePants YouTube channel and a new mobile game based on the series, along with new toy lines.[143][144]The "Best Year Ever" formally began on July 12, 2019, with the premiere of the one-hour, live-action/animated TV special SpongeBob's Big Birthday Blowout.[139][140][152] It continued that month at San Diego Comic Con, with two panels, a booth, and various activities devoted to the series.[143][153] The "Best Year Ever" was recognized on Amazon Prime Day with an exclusive early release of SpongeBob SquarePants: The Best 200 Episodes Ever!, a 30-disc DVD compilation of two box sets, SpongeBob SquarePants: The First 100 Episodes and SpongeBob SquarePants: The Next 100 Episodes. The collections received a standard nationwide release on August 27.[154] The "Best Year Ever" continued into 2020 culminating with the August 14 release of The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run.[139][140][155]ReceptionRatings and run-length achievementsWithin its first month on air, SpongeBob SquarePants overtook Pokémon as the highest rated Saturday-morning children's series on television. It held an average national Nielsen rating of 4.9 among children aged two through eleven, denoting 1.9 million viewers.[156][157] Two years later, the series had firmly established itself as Nickelodeon's second highest-rated children's program, after Rugrats. SpongeBob SquarePants was credited with helping Nickelodeon take the "Saturday-morning ratings crown" for the fourth straight season in 2001.[158] The series had gained a significant adult audience by that point—nearly 40 percent of its 2.2 million viewers were aged 18 to 34.[159] In response to its weekend success, Nickelodeon gave SpongeBob SquarePants time slots at 6:00 PM and 8:00 PM, Monday through Thursday, to increase the series' exposure.[159][160] By the end of 2001, SpongeBob SquarePants boasted the highest ratings for any children's series, on all of television.[161][162][163] Weekly viewership of the series had reached around fifteen million, at least five million of whom were adults.[161]In October 2002, another Nickelodeon series, The Fairly OddParents, ranked as the number two program for children between two and eleven years old.[164] Its ratings at that time were almost equal to SpongeBob SquarePants' then-average of 2.2 million viewers per episode.[164] The Fairly OddParents even briefly surpassed SpongeBob SquarePants, causing it to drop into second place. At this time, The Fairly OddParents had a 6.2 rating and nearly 2.5 million child viewers, while SpongeBob SquarePants had a 6.0 rating and 2.4 million child viewers aged two to eleven.[165] Nickelodeon "recognized" The Fairly OddParents for its climbing ratings and installed it in a new 8:00 PM time slot, previously occupied by SpongeBob SquarePants.[164] In an interview, Cyma Zarghami, then-general manager and executive vice president of Nickelodeon, said, "Are we banking on the fact that Fairly OddParents will be the next SpongeBob? ... We are hoping. But SpongeBob is so unique, it's hard to say if it will ever be repeated."[164]In 2012, however, the series' ratings were declining.[166][167] The average number of viewers aged two to eleven watching SpongeBob at any given time dropped 29% in the first quarter from a year earlier, according to Nielsen. Wall Street Journal business writer John Jannarone suggested the series' age and oversaturation might be contributing to its ratings' decline and might also be directly responsible for the decline in Nickelodeon's overall ratings.[168] Media analyst Todd Juenger attributed the decline in Nickelodeon's ratings directly to the availability of streaming video content on services like Netflix, a provider of on-demand Internet streaming media.[169]Philippe Dauman, the president and CEO of Viacom, contradicted that notion, saying: "We are getting nice revenues through these subscription VOD deals", adding Netflix only has "some library content" on its service.[170][171] A Nickelodeon spokesman said, "SpongeBob is performing consistently well and remains the number one rated animated series in all of children's television."[168] He added, "There is nothing that we have seen that points to SpongeBob as a problem."[168] Dauman blamed the drop on "some ratings systemic issues" at Nielsen, citing extensive set-top-box data that "does in no way reflect" the Nielsen data.[172]Juenger noted SpongeBob could affect the ratings of other Nickelodeon programming because children often change channels to find their favorite programs, then stay tuned to that network.[168] Nickelodeon reduced its[clarification needed] exposure on television. In the first quarter of 2012, the network cut back on the number of episodes it aired by 16% compared to a year earlier.[168]On April 22, 2013, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings announced their intentions not to renew their existing deal with Viacom.[173] Viacom's deal with Netflix expired, and shows such as SpongeBob and Dora the Explorer were removed.[174] However, seasons five through eight of SpongeBob are still available to stream on Netflix in Canada.[175] On June 4, 2013, Viacom announced a multi-year licensing agreement which would move its programs, such as SpongeBob and Dora the Explorer, to Amazon.com, Netflix's top competitor.[176][177] Amazon agreed to pay more than $200 million to Viacom for the license, its largest subscription streaming transaction ever.[178][179]SpongeBob SquarePants is one of the longest-running series on Nickelodeon.[180] It became the network's series with the most episodes during its eighth season, surpassing the 172 episodes of Rugrats.[181] In the ninth season, its 26 episodes brought the number of episodes produced to 204.[182][183][184] In a statement, Brown Johnson, Nickelodeon's animation president said, "SpongeBob's success in reaching over 200 episodes is a testament to creator Stephen Hillenburg's vision, comedic sensibility and his dynamic, lovable characters. The series now joins the club of contemporary classic Nicktoons that have hit this benchmark, so we're incredibly proud."[185][186]Critical receptionSpongeBob SquarePants has been widely praised particularly for its appeal to different age groups, and the show has earned numerous awards and accolades throughout its run. James Poniewozik of Time magazine described the title character as "the anti-Bart Simpson, temperamentally and physically: his head is as squared-off and neat as Bart's is unruly, and he has a personality to match—conscientious, optimistic and blind to the faults in the world and those around him."[187] According to Laura Fries of Variety magazine, the series is "a thoughtful and inventive cartoon about a hopelessly optimistic and resilient sea sponge ... Devoid of the double entendres rife in today's animated TV shows, this is purely kid's stuff. ... However, that's not to say that SpongeBob is simplistic or even juvenile. It's charming and whimsical, but clever enough to appeal to teens and college-aged kids, as well."[188] The New York Times' critic Joyce Millman said SpongeBob "is clever without being impenetrable to young viewers and goofy without boring grown-ups to tears. It's the most charming toon on television, and one of the weirdest. And it's also good, clean fun, which makes sense because it is, after all, about a sponge." Millman wrote, "His relentless good cheer would be irritating if he weren't so darned lovable and his world so excellently strange. ... Like Pee-wee's Playhouse, SpongeBob joyfully dances on the fine line between childhood and adulthood, guilelessness and camp, the warped and the sweet."[189]Robert Thompson, a professor of communications and director of the Center for the Study of Popular Television at Syracuse University, told The New York TimesThere is something kind of unique about [SpongeBob]. It seems to be a refreshing breath from the pre-irony era. There's no sense of the elbow-in-rib, tongue-in-cheek aesthetic that so permeates the rest of American culture—including kids' shows like the Rugrats. I think what's subversive about it is it's so incredibly naive—deliberately. Because there's nothing in it that's trying to be hip or cool or anything else, hipness can be grafted onto it.[190]In another interview with Los Angeles Times, he commentated on the show's adult audience: "[On one hand] It's a kind of time machine that transports parents back to when they watched TV in their footie [pajamas]. On the other hand, it's very hip in the way it's presented. It is very edgy to adults who know how to read and listen between the frames."[191] Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked SpongeBob SquarePants as the 22nd greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 book TV (The Book).[192] In a 2007 interview, Barack Obama said SpongeBob is his favorite TV character and admitted that SpongeBob SquarePants is "the show I watch with my daughters."[193][194][195]Awards and accoladesMain article: List of awards and nominations received by SpongeBob SquarePantsSpongeBob SquarePants has received many awards and nominations; among these are four Emmy Awards (Outstanding Special Class Animated Program in 2010;[196] Outstanding Sound Editing – Animation" in 2014;[197] Outstanding Children's Animated Series in 2018; and Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program in 2018 for Kenny);[198] six Annie Awards;[199][200][201][202][203] and two BAFTA Children's Awards.[204][205] In 2006, IGN ranked SpongeBob SquarePants 15th on its list, Top 25 Animated Series of All Time,[206] and in 2013, it ranked the series 12th on its list, The Top 25 Animated Series for Adults.[207] In addition, the website's UK division ran a Top 100 Animated Series list, and like its US counterpart, ranked SpongeBob SquarePants 15th.[208]TV Guide listed SpongeBob SquarePants himself at number nine on its list 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time in 2002.[209] In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly named SpongeBob one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years.[210] Viewers of UK television network Channel 4 voted SpongeBob SquarePants the 28th Greatest Cartoon in a 2004 poll.[211][212] The series is among the All-TIME 100 TV Shows as chosen by Time television critic James Poniewozik in 2007. He said, "It's the most funny, surreal, inventive example of the explosion in creative kids' (and adult) entertainment that Nick, Cartoon Network and their ilk made possible."[213] In 2013, the publication ranked SpongeBob SquarePants the eighth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time.[214] Television critic Matt Zoller Seitz included the series in his 2016 book with Alan Sepinwall titled TV (The Book) as the 22nd greatest American television series of all time, saying that "SpongeBob SquarePants is an absurdist masterpiece that Salvador Dalí and Groucho Marx would have watched together in their smoking jackets".[215][216]LegacySpongeBob hot air balloonSpongeBob balloon at the Hot air balloon festival in León, Guanajuato, Mexico in November 2010SpongeBob SquarePants wax statueSpongeBob SquarePants wax statue, in National Wax Museum Plus, in Dublin, IrelandIn July 2009, Madame Tussauds wax museum in New York launched a wax sculpture of SpongeBob in celebration of the series' 10th anniversary. SpongeBob became the first animated character sculpted entirely out of wax.[217][218][219][220]The character has also become a trend in Egypt at Cairo's Tahrir Square.[221] After the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, SpongeBob became a fashion phenomenon, appearing on various merchandise items from hijabs to boxer shorts.[222][223] The phenomenon led to the creation of the Tumblr project called "SpongeBob on the Nile". The project was founded by American students Andrew Leber and Elisabeth Jaquette and attempts to document every appearance of SpongeBob in Egypt.[224] Sherief Elkeshta cited the phenomenon in an essay about the incoherent state of politics in Egypt in an independent monthly paper titled Midan Masr. He wrote, "Why isn't he [SpongeBob] at least holding a Molotov cocktail? Or raising a fist?"[225] The phenomenon has even spread to Libya, where a Libyan rebel in SpongeBob dress was photographed celebrating the revolution.[226] Although The Guardian and Vice have asserted that the trend has little to no political significance,[221][222] "joke" presidential campaigns have been undertaken for SpongeBob in Egypt and Syria.[222][224]A clip was posted to YouTube in February 2013 that features soldiers in the Russian army and navy singing the SpongeBob SquarePants theme song as they march.[227][228] According to the website that uploaded the video, this is one of the "most popular marching songs" in the Russian military.[227] The video garnered nearly 50,000 views within its first week.[228]Following Hillenburg's death in November 2018, more than 1.2 million fans signed a petition for the National Football League to have the song "Sweet Victory" from the season 2 episode "Band Geeks" performed in his honor at the Super Bowl LIII halftime show. Atlanta's Mercedes-Benz Stadium's Twitter account, the venue of the show, tweeted a GIF of SpongeBob dancing in "Band Geeks" in December. Maroon 5 who were performing at the game, included a brief clip of SpongeBob in a preview video, leading fans to believe the song would be performed. While the song's opening was ultimately included, it served as a transition into artist Travis Scott's set, which left many fans disappointed.[229][230] In response to fans' disappointment at not hearing the complete "Sweet Victory" song during the halftime show at the Super Bowl LIII, the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League showed a clip of the full "Sweet Victory" song during a game at the American Airlines Center. In the clip, the characters' band uniforms are recolored green after the Stars.[231][232]Several species of organism have been named in reference to SpongeBob. In May 2011, a new species of mushroom, Spongiforma squarepantsii, was described and named after the series' title character.[233] In 2019, a species of sea sponge, Clathria hillenburgi, was named in honor of Hillenburg, also referencing his creation of SpongeBob SquarePants.[234] In 2020, a species of abyssal sea star, Astrolirus patricki, was described and named after Patrick Star; individuals of this species were found to be closely associated with hexactinellid sponges, and it was thus named after Patrick as a reference to the character's friendship with SpongeBob.[235]In honor of Stephen Hillenburg, a non-profit fan project, titled The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Rehydrated, was released online on May 1, 2022. It consists of a recreation of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie reanimated by 300 people with re-recorded music and dialogue. Amid the YouTube premiere, the video was taken down by Paramount Global due to copyright laws. As a result, the hashtag #JusticeForSpongeBob became trending on Twitter against Paramount's action. The video was restored the following day.[236][237]CriticismControversiesSexualityIn 2005, an online video that showed clips from SpongeBob SquarePants and other children's shows set to the Sister Sledge song "We Are Family" to promote diversity and tolerance was attacked by an evangelical group in the United States. They saw SpongeBob being used to "advocate homosexuality".[238][239] James Dobson of Focus on the Family accused the video of promoting homosexuality because it was sponsored by a pro-tolerance group.[239] The incident prompted the question whether SpongeBob is gay. Although the character has enjoyed popularity with gay viewers, series creator Stephen Hillenburg had already denied SpongeBob is gay three years earlier, clarifying at the time he considered the character to be "somewhat asexual".[240] After Dobson's comments, Hillenburg reasserted his position, stating that sexual preference does not play a part in what they are "trying to do" with the series.[241][242] Tom Kenny and other production members were distraught that the issue had arisen.[44] Dobson later said his comments were taken out of context and his original complaints were not with SpongeBob, the video, or any of the characters in the video, but rather with the organization that sponsored the video, the We Are Family Foundation. Dobson said they posted pro-gay material on their website, but later removed it.[243] After the controversy, John H. Thomas, the United Church of Christ's general minister and president, said they would welcome SpongeBob into their ministry. He said: "Jesus didn't turn people away. Neither do we."[244]Queer theorist Jeffery P. Dennis, author of the journal article "Queertoons", argued that SpongeBob and Sandy are not romantically in love, but added he believed SpongeBob and Patrick "are paired with arguably erotic intensity".[245] Martin Goodman of Animation World Magazine called Dennis' comments regarding SpongeBob and Patrick "interesting".[246][d] Ukrainian website Family Under the Protection of the Holy Virgin, which has been described as a "fringe Catholic" group by The Wall Street Journal, criticized SpongeBob SquarePants for its alleged "promotion of homosexuality".[248] The group sought to have the series banned, along with several other popular children's properties. The National Expert Commission of Ukraine on the Protection of Public Morality took up the matter for review in August 2012.[248] Questions of SpongeBob's sexuality resurfaced in 2020 after Nickelodeon's official Twitter account posted an image of the character, in rainbow colors with text celebrating the LGBTQ+ community and its allies during Pride Month. Although the post did not make any assertions about SpongeBob's sexual orientation, numerous users responded on social media, claiming they already had their suspicions that he might be gay or reasserting Hillenburg's description of asexuality.[249]In April 2009, Burger King released a SpongeBob-themed advertisement featuring a parody of Sir Mix-a-Lot's song "Baby Got Back". The Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood protested the ad for being sexist and inappropriately sexual, especially considering SpongeBob's fan base includes young children.[250][251][252][253][254] In official statements released by Burger King and Nickelodeon, both companies claimed the campaign was aimed at parents.[253][254]Other"The children who watched the cartoon were operating at half the capacity compared to other children."—Angeline S. Lillard, University of Virginia[255]A 2011 study conducted at the University of Virginia, published in the journal Pediatrics, suggested that allowing preschool-aged audiences to watch the series caused short-term disruptions in mental function and attention span because of frequent shot changes, compared to control groups watching Caillou and drawing pictures.[256][257] A Nickelodeon executive responded in an interview the series was not intended for an audience of that age and that the study used "questionable methodology and could not possibly provide the basis for any valid findings that parents could trust."[258][259]Several of the series' episodes have also been the subject of controversy. In a report titled "Wolves in Sheep's Clothing", which documents the increase in potentially violent, profane, and sexual content in children's programming, the Parents Television Council, a watchdog media group, claimed the season 2 SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Sailor Mouth" was an implicit attempt to promote and satirize use of profanity among children.[260] "SpongeBob's Last Stand" (season 7) and "Selling Out" (season 4) have been criticized for promoting environmentalism and left-wing politics because of their negative portrayal of big business.[261] "SpongeBob, You're Fired" (season 9) caused widespread controversy and sparked a political debate over its portrayal of unemployment;[261] after Fox News and the New York Post commented on the episode, Media Matters for America accused the two organizations of using the episode to "attack the social safety net."[262] This statement was echoed by Al Sharpton, who claimed conservatives' "new hero" to be "a sponge who lives in a pineapple under the sea."[263] In 2014, the education minister of Kazakhstan, Zabira Orazalieva, deemed the show too violent for children, labeling the titular character a "self-absorbed hooligan"[264] who "regularly inflicts violence on others in his community and seems to enjoy what he does."[265][266]In 2019, University of Washington professor Holly M. Barker stated that the show promotes "violent and racist" colonialism, since Bikini Bottom is named after Bikini Atoll, a place where natives were resettled by the US government for nuclear testing. Barker also pointed out that cultural appropriation of Pacific culture in the show. Because of such content, children have "become acculturated to an ideology that includes the U.S. character SpongeBob residing on another people’s homeland", according to Barker.[267] ViacomCBS eventually pulled the episode "Mid-Life Crustacean" (season 3), first aired in 2003, out of circulation in March 2021, presumably due to its ending in which SpongeBob, Patrick, and Mr. Krabs partake in a panty raid. "We determined some story elements were not kid-appropriate", a Nickelodeon representative stated. A later episode, "Kwarantined Krab" (season 12), was also made unavailable for release, over its similarities to the COVID-19 pandemic.[268]Allegations of declining qualityAmbox current red Americas.svgThis section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2018)Various media outlets including MSN, The A.V. Club, and Vulture have reported that SpongeBob's popularity declined following the release of the 2004 film and Hillenburg's departure as showrunner.[269][270][271] In 2012, MSN cited a post on Encyclopedia SpongeBobia, a Fandom-hosted wiki, which said that many fans felt the series had "jumped the shark" following the release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie and that online fansites were becoming "deserted."[269]As of 2011, episodes produced since the first film have been variously categorized by DVD Talk and DVD Verdict as "tedious;"[272] "boring" and "dreck;"[273] a "depressing plateau of mediocrity;"[274] and "laugh-skimpy."[275] In 2018, Vulture noted the most popular online memes of the series usually focused on episodes from the first three seasons.[271] That same year, The A.V. Club wrote that as the series went on, "[it] leaned hard into kid-friendly physical humor and gross out moments that appealed to no one in particular".[270]Nickelodeon faced criticism from fans and former staff like Paul Tibbitt when the network greenlit spinoffs (see below) after the death of Hillenburg, who had previously expressed hesitation in deriving from the parent series. "The show is about SpongeBob, he's the core element, and it's about how he relates to the other characters," Hillenburg told Television Business International. "Patrick by himself might be a bit too much. So I don't see any spin-offs."[276]Other mediaMain article: SpongeBob SquarePants (franchise)Spin-offsKamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under YearsMain article: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under YearsOn February 14, 2019, it was announced that a SpongeBob SquarePants spin-off is in development.[140] On June 4, it was announced the spinoff will be titled Kamp Koral. The plot will focus on a 10-year-old SpongeBob and his friends at the titular camp located in the Kelp Forest, where they spend the summer catching jellyfish, building campfires, and swimming in Lake Yuckymuck.[277][278] It serves as a tie-in to the animated film The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run.[278] It was confirmed production of the series began in June 2019.[140][277]Nickelodeon animation head Ramsey Naito said of the series, "SpongeBob has an incredible universe to expand upon and the greenlight for Kamp Koral is a testament to the strength and longevity of these characters known and loved by generations of fans around the world." Like SpongeBob SquarePants, the series is co-executive produced by Marc Ceccarelli, Jennie Monica, and Vincent Waller. Kamp Koral is produced using computer animation rather than the digital ink and paint animation used for SpongeBob SquarePants.[278]On February 19, 2020, it was announced that the series had an official title of Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years, and would be premiering in July 2020.[279] On July 30, 2020, it was announced that the series would be released on CBS All Access (now Paramount+), the ViacomCBS streaming service, in early 2021.[280][281] On January 28, 2021, it was announced that the series would premiere on March 4, 2021.[282]The Patrick Star ShowMain article: The Patrick Star ShowOn August 10, 2020, it was reported that a Patrick Star talk show titled The Patrick Star Show was in development with a 13-episode order. Additionally, it was reported that the show would be similar to other talk shows such as The Larry Sanders Show and Comedy Bang! Bang![283][284] The series premiered on Nickelodeon on July 9, 2021,[285] with the series set to be available on Paramount+ later on.[286]StreamingOriginally, SpongeBob SquarePants was streaming on Netflix. However, the series was removed from the United States in 2013 due to their deal with Viacom not being renewed.[287] The series was also available to stream on Hulu starting in 2012 until being removed in 2016.[288] The series later streamed on Amazon Prime Video in 2013 after the Netflix deal ended.[289] As part of the rebranding plan of Paramount+, the series joined along with other ViacomCBS shows on July 30, 2020.[280][281]Currently, the first 6 seasons are available to be streamed on Prime Video and the first 12 seasons through Paramount+.[290] The series is available to stream on Netflix in Canada.[291]Home videoSpongeBob SquarePants DVD releasesSeason DVD release dateRegion 1 Region 2 Region 41 October 28, 2003[292] November 7, 2005[293] November 30, 2006[294]2 October 19, 2004[295] October 23, 2006[296] November 30, 2006[297]3 September 27, 2005[298] December 3, 2007[299] November 8, 2007[300]4 September 12, 2006[301] November 3, 2008[302] November 7, 2008[303]January 9, 2007[304]5 September 4, 2007[305] November 16, 2009[306] December 3, 2009[307]November 18, 2008[308]6 December 8, 2009[309] November 29, 2010[310] December 2, 2010[311]December 7, 2010[312]7 December 6, 2011[313] September 17, 2012[314] September 12, 2012[315][316]8 March 12, 2013[317] October 28, 2013[318] October 30, 2013[319]9 October 10, 2017[320] TBA October 7, 2020[321]10 October 15, 2019[322] TBA October 7, 2020[323]11 March 31, 2020[324][325] TBA October 7, 2020[326]12 January 12, 2021[327][328] TBA TBA13 TBA TBA TBAComic booksMain article: SpongeBob ComicsThe 32-page bimonthly comic book series, SpongeBob Comics, was announced in November 2010[329] and debuted the following February.[330] Before this, SpongeBob SquarePants comics had been published in Nickelodeon Magazine,[329][331][332] and episodes of the television series had been adapted by Cine-Manga,[329][333] but SpongeBob Comics was the first American comic book series devoted solely to SpongeBob SquarePants.[329][331][332] It also served as SpongeBob SquarePants creator Stephen Hillenburg's debut as a comic book author.[330][331][332] The series was published by Hillenburg's production company, United Plankton Pictures, and distributed by Bongo Comics Group.[329][331][332] Hillenburg described the stories from the comic books as "original and always true to the humor, characters, and universe of the SpongeBob SquarePants series." Leading up to the release of the series, Hillenburg said, "I'm hoping that fans will enjoy finally having a SpongeBob comic book from me."[331][332]Chris Duffy, the former senior editor of Nickelodeon Magazine, serves as managing editor of SpongeBob Comics.[331][332] Hillenburg and Duffy met with various cartoonists—including James Kochalka, Hilary Barta, Graham Annable, Gregg Schigiel, and Jacob Chabot—to contribute to each issues.[331][332] Retired horror comics writer and artist Stephen R. Bissette returned to write a special Halloween issue in 2012, with Tony Millionaire and Al Jaffee.[334] In an interview with Tom Spurgeon, Bissette said, "I've even broken my retirement to do one work-for-hire gig [for SpongeBob Comics] so I could share everything about that kind of current job."[335]In the United Kingdom, Titan Magazines published comics based on SpongeBob SquarePants every four weeks from February 3, 2005,[336] through November 28, 2013.[337] Titan Magazines also teamed up with Lego to release a limited edition SpongeBob-themed comic.[338]FilmsMain article: SpongeBob SquarePants (film series)Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies produced The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, an animated film adaptation of the series released on November 19, 2004.[339] The film was directed by Hillenburg, and written by long-time series writers Derek Drymon, Tim Hill, Kent Osborne, Aaron Springer, Paul Tibbitt, and Hillenburg. He and Julia Pistor produced the film, while Gregor Narholz composed the film's score.[340][341][342] The film is about Plankton's evil plan to steal King Neptune's crown and send it to Shell City. SpongeBob and Patrick must retrieve it and save Mr. Krabs' life from Neptune's raft and their home, Bikini Bottom, from Plankton's plan. It features guest appearances by Jeffrey Tambor as King Neptune, Scarlett Johansson as the King's daughter Mindy, Alec Baldwin as Dennis, and David Hasselhoff as himself,[343] and received a positive critical reception,[344][345] It grossed over $140 million worldwide.[346] Three television films were released: SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis in 2007, SpongeBob's Truth or Square in 2009, and SpongeBob's Big Birthday Blowout in 2019.A sequel to the 2004 film, The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, was released in theaters on February 6, 2015.[347] The series' main cast members reprised their roles.[348] The underwater parts are animated traditionally in the manner of the series—the live-action parts use CGI animation with the SpongeBob characters.[349][350] The film has a budget similar to the previous film and cost less than $100 million to produce.[351][352][353]On April 30, 2015, Viacom announced a third film was in development.[354] In April 2018, Tim Hill was named as director, and the film's original title, It's a Wonderful Sponge, was revealed. Paramount originally scheduled a release date of July 17, 2020, later moving it earlier to May 22, 2020.[355] In October 2018, it was announced the movie will be an origin story of how SpongeBob came to Bikini Bottom and how he got his square pants. Around the same time, it was announced that Hans Zimmer will compose the music. The first poster along with a title change to Sponge on the Run was revealed on November 12, 2019,[356] with the first trailer releasing on November 14.[357] The film was later delayed to July 31, 2020 (and later August 7, 2020) due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[358][155] The film's worldwide theatrical release was later cancelled in June 2020 and it was announced that it would be released in Canadian theaters on August 14, 2020, followed by a release on premium video on demand before heading to Paramount+ in early 2021.[359][360] On January 28, 2021, it was announced that the film would be released on the service on March 4, 2021.[282]Future filmsIn November 2019, a "music-based" Squidward project was reported to be in development for Netflix.[361][362] In early March 2020, ViacomCBS announced that it would be producing two spin-off films based on the series for the streaming service.[363]On August 24, 2021, Brian Robbins, CEO of Nickelodeon, has stated that a new SpongeBob film is "in the works."[364] On February 15, 2022, it was announced that three character spinoff films were in the works for Paramount+, as well as a theatrical SpongeBob film. The first character spinoff film is set to be released in 2023.[365]MusicCollections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albums SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights (2001), SpongeBob's Greatest Hits (2009), and The Yellow Album (2005). The first two charted on the US Billboard 200, reaching number 171 and 122, respectively.[366][367]Several songs have been recorded for the purpose of a single or album release, and have not been featured on the show. The song "My Tidy Whities" written by Tom Kenny and Andy Paley was released only on the album The Best Day Ever (2006). Kenny's inspiration for the song was "underwear humor,"[368] saying: "Underwear humor is always a surefire laugh-getter with kids ... Just seeing a character that odd wearing really prosaic, normal, Kmart, three-to-a-pack underwear is a funny drawing ... We thought it was funny to make a really lush, beautiful love song to his underwear."[368]A soundtrack album The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie – Music from the Movie and More..., featuring the film's score was released along with the feature-length film in November 2004. Various artists including the Flaming Lips,[369] Wilco,[370] Ween,[371] Motörhead,[372] the Shins,[373] and Avril Lavigne[374] contributed to the soundtrack that reached number 76 on the US Billboard 200.[375]Theme park ridesPhotograph of the entrance and lift hill of the SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge ride at the Mall of America.Entrance and lift hill of SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge ride at the Mall of AmericaThe SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D film and ride opened at several locations including Six Flags Over Texas, Flamingo Land Resort, and the Shedd Aquarium.[376] The ride features water squirts, real bubbles, and other sensory enhancements. In 2012, Nickelodeon teamed up again with SimEx-Iwerks Entertainment and Super 78 to produce SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D: The Great Jelly Rescue.[377] The attraction opened in early 2013 at the Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration.[378] It was also installed at the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando in Orlando, Florida.[379][380][381] The seven-minute film follows SpongeBob, Patrick, and Sandy rescuing the jellyfish of Jellyfish Fields from Plankton's evil clutches.[378] On May 23, 2015, an interactive 3D show titled SpongeBob SubPants Adventure opened in Texas at Moody Gardens.[382] The show was replaced with a generic "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" re-theming in 2019.[383]A variety of SpongeBob SquarePants-related attractions are currently located within Nickelodeon themed-areas at Movie Park Germany, Pleasure Beach Blackpool, Sea World, American Dream Meadowlands, and Mall of America, which includes the SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge euro-fighter roller coaster.Video gamesMain article: SpongeBob SquarePants video gamesNumerous video games based on the series have been produced. Some of the early games include: Legend of the Lost Spatula (2001)[384] and SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom (2003). In 2013, Nickelodeon published and distributed SpongeBob Moves In!, a freemium city-building game app developed by Kung Fu Factory for iOS and Android.[385][386][387][388] On June 5, 2019, THQ Nordic announced SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom – Rehydrated, a full remake of the console versions of the original 2003 game.[389][390][391] The game was released 1 year later on June 23, 2020[392][393] and includes cut content from the original game.[394] On May 28, 2020, Apple Arcade released a game called Spongebob Squarepants: Patty Pursuit.[395] In 2021, EA Sports introduced a SpongeBob-themed level to the Yard section of its Madden NFL 21 video game.[396]On September 17, 2021, THQ Nordic announced SpongeBob Squarepants: The Cosmic Shake, a new original game based on the franchise.[397]SpongeBob SquareShortsNickelodeon launched the first global SpongeBob SquarePants-themed short film competition, SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes, in 2013.[398][399] The contest encouraged fans and filmmakers around the world to create original short films inspired by SpongeBob for a chance to win a prize and a trip for four people to a screening event in Hollywood. The contest opened on May 6 and ran through June 28, 2013.[400][401] On July 19, 2013, Nickelodeon announced the competition's finalists.[402][403][404] On August 13, 2013, the under 18 years of age category was won by David of the United States for his The Krabby Commercial, while the Finally Home short by Nicole of South Africa won the 18 and over category.[405]TheaterMain article: SpongeBob SquarePants (musical)SpongeBob SquarePants was adapted as a stage musical in 2016 by director Tina Landau. SpongeBob SquarePants, The Broadway Musical premiered in Chicago in 2016 and opened on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on December 4, 2017.[406] The musical opened to critical acclaim,[407] and tied for most-nominated production at the 2018 72nd Tony Awards with twelve Tony nominations.[408]SpongeBob in internet cultureOnline memes relating to SpongeBob SquarePants have achieved widespread popularity on the Internet, so much so that Vox's Aja Romano declared in 2019 that "Spongebob memes came to rule internet culture."[409] A subreddit devoted to memes based on the animated series has, as of May 2019, accumulated over 1.7 million subscribers, a figure exponentially higher than subreddits devoted to the series itself.[409]Matt Schimkowitz, a senior editor for Know Your Meme, told Time that a combination of factors make SpongeBob memes so popular. He speculated that nostalgia for the past, alongside the cartoon's young audience, contributed to the SpongeBob Squarepants's outsized presence in Internet meme culture. Schimkowitz further added that memes derived from the series are exceptionally good at expressing emotions.[410]Michael Gold of The New York Times concurred. The writer opined that because of the show's "high episode count" and that it was "so ubiquitous at the beginning of the 21st century," SpongeBob SquarePants became "easy meme fodder."[411]Nickelodeon and members of the SpongeBob cast have expressed approval for the trend. Tom Kenny told Time that he found SpongeBob memes relatable and good-natured. Kenny said that while the show's characters can be considered complex, they are also simple, creating a wealth of content for meme creators to work with.[citation needed] Nickelodeon has manufactured a line of toys based on some of the show's most recognizable meme formats,[409] and has even included references to well-known memes in video games.[412]Among the show's most popular memes are the mocking SpongeBob meme, referring to an image macro from the episode, "Little Yellow Book," [413] a screenshot of a surprised Patrick Star from the SpongeBob SquarePants Movie,[414] an image of Spongebob appearing exhausted in the episode, "Nature Pants,"[415] and a particularly disheveled illustration of Squidward from "Squid's Day Off."[416]MerchandiseFurther information: List of SpongeBob SquarePants merchandisePhotograph of a SpongeBob SquarePants figure set on a beachA set of SpongeBob SquarePants figures modeled after the main charactersThe popularity of SpongeBob SquarePants inspired merchandise from T-shirts to posters.[72] In 2009, it was reported that the franchise had generated an estimated $8 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon.[417] The series is also the most distributed property of Paramount Media Networks.[371] SpongeBob is viewed in 170 countries speaking 24 languages, and has become "a killer merchandising app".[418] The title character and his friends have been used as a theme for special editions of well-known family board games, including Monopoly,[419] Life,[420] and Operation,[421] as well as a SpongeBob SquarePants edition of Ants in the Pants,[422] and Yahtzee.[423]In 2001, Nickelodeon signed a marketing deal with Target Corporation and Burger King, expanding its merchandising.[159] The popularity of SpongeBob has translated well into sales. In 2002, SpongeBob SquarePants dolls sold at a rate of 75,000 per week—faster than Tickle Me Elmo dolls were selling at the time.[424] SpongeBob has gained popularity in Japan, specifically with Japanese women. Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom purposefully targeted marketing at women there. Skeptics initially doubted that SpongeBob could be popular in Japan, as the character's design is very different from already popular designs for Hello Kitty and Pikachu.[425] Ratings and merchandise sales showed SpongeBob SquarePants has caught on with parents and with college audiences.[24] In a 2013 promotion, college-oriented website Music.com gave away 80,000 SpongeBob T-shirts, four times more than during a similar promotion for Comedy Central's South Park.[24]Kids' meal tie-ins have been released in fast food restaurants in many parts of the world, including Burger King in Europe and North America, as well as Wendy's in North America, and Hungry Jack's in Australia. A McDonald's Happy Meal tie-in with SpongeBob-themed Happy Meal boxes and toys was released in Europe and other international markets in the summer of 2007.[426] In Australia, the advertisement for the McDonald's SpongeBob Happy Meal won the Pester Power Award because the ads enticed young children to want its food because of the free toy.[427] As a tie-in beverage for the DVD release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, 7-Eleven released the limited edition Under-the-Sea Pineapple Slurpee in March 2004.[428] Pirate's Booty released limited edition SpongeBob SquarePants Pirate's Booty snacks in 2013.[429][430]In 2007, high-end SpongeBob-themed electronics were introduced by Imation Electronics Products under the Npower brand, including MP3 players, digital cameras, a DVD player, and a flatscreen television.[431] Pictures of SpongeBob SquarePants began to appear on the labels of 8 ounce cans of Green Giant cut green beans and packages of frozen Green Giant green beans and butter sauce in 2007, which featured free stickers. This was part of an initiative to encourage kids to eat their vegetables.[432] The Simmons Jewelry Co. released a $75,000 diamond pendant as part of a SpongeBob collection.[219][433] In New Zealand, the UK-based Beechdean Group unveiled the SpongeBob SquarePants Vanilla Ice Cream character product as part of a license deal with Nickelodeon.[434] NZ Drinks launched the SpongeBob SquarePants bottled water.[435]Build-A-Bear Workshop introduced the new SpongeBob SquarePants collection in stores and online in North America on May 17, 2013.[436][437][438] Shoppers can dress their SpongeBob and Patrick plush in a variety of clothing and accessories. Sandy Cheeks and Gary the Snail are also available as pre-stuffed minis.[439] Build-A-Bear Workshop stores nationwide celebrated the arrival of SpongeBob with a series of special events from May 17 through May 19.[440]On July 13, 2013, Toyota, with Nickelodeon, unveiled a SpongeBob-inspired Toyota Highlander.[441] The 2014 Toyota Highlander was launched on SpongeBob Day at the San Diego Padres v. Giants game.[442][443][444] The SpongeBob Toyota Highlander visited seven U.S. locations during its release, including the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando in Florida.[445]In April 2019, Nickelodeon released a series of toys adapted from various SpongeBob Internet memes. These included "Handsome Squidward", "Imaginaaation SpongeBob", "Mocking SpongeBob", "SpongeGar", and "Surprised Patrick". Shortly after the release of the line, most of the toys sold out on Amazon.com.[446][447]Notes Despite Hillenburg's death in 2018, he continues to receive an executive producer credit. Episode 175, "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!", was first broadcast on CBS.[3] In 2015, Tom Ken Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434817735 2023-01-05 15:49:34 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434817735 You know that when SpongeBob SquarePants (or simply SpongeBob) is an American animated comedy television series created by marine science educator and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. It chronicles the adventures of the title character and his aquatic friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The fifth-longest-running American animated series, its high popularity has made it a media franchise. It is the highest rated Nickelodeon series and the most profitable property for Paramount Consumer Products, generating over $13 billion in merchandising revenue as of 2019.[4]Many of the series's ideas originated in The Intertidal Zone, an unpublished educational comic book Hillenburg created in 1989 to teach his students about undersea life.[5] He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996, and in 1997, a seven-minute pilot was pitched to Nickelodeon. The network's executives wanted SpongeBob to be a child in school, but Hillenburg preferred SpongeBob to be an adult character.[6] He was prepared to abandon the series, but compromised by creating Mrs. Puff and her boating school so SpongeBob could attend school as an adult.[7]Nickelodeon aired a preview for the series in the United States on May 1, 1999, after the airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17, 1999. It gained enormous popularity by its second season, and has subsequently received worldwide critical acclaim. The thirteenth season began in October 2020,[8] and the series was renewed for a fourteenth season on March 24, 2022.[9] It has inspired three feature films: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004), Sponge Out of Water (2015), and Sponge on the Run (2020). Two spin-off series, Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years and The Patrick Star Show, premiered in 2021. As of February 2022, four additional films are planned: three character spinoff films for Paramount+, and a new theatrical SpongeBob film.SpongeBob SquarePants has won a variety of awards including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, four Emmy Awards, 19 Kids' Choice Awards, and two BAFTA Children's Awards. A Broadway musical based on it opened in 2017 to critical acclaim.[10]Contents1 Premise1.1 Characters1.2 Setting2 Production2.1 Development2.1.1 Early inspirations2.1.2 Conception2.1.3 Assembling the crew2.1.4 Pitching2.2 Executive producers and showrunners2.3 Writing2.4 Voice actors2.5 Animation2.6 Music3 Broadcast3.1 Episodes3.2 Tenth anniversary3.3 Twentieth anniversary4 Reception4.1 Ratings and run-length achievements4.2 Critical reception4.3 Awards and accolades5 Legacy6 Criticism6.1 Controversies6.1.1 Sexuality6.1.2 Other6.2 Allegations of declining quality7 Other media7.1 Spin-offs7.1.1 Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years7.1.2 The Patrick Star Show7.2 Streaming7.3 Home video7.4 Comic books7.5 Films7.5.1 Future films7.6 Music7.7 Theme park rides7.8 Video games7.9 SpongeBob SquareShorts7.10 Theater8 SpongeBob in internet culture9 Merchandise10 Notes11 References11.1 Bibliography12 External linksPremiseCharactersMain article: List of SpongeBob SquarePants charactersIllustration of the series' ten main characters.The series' main characters. Top row, from left to right: Pearl, Plankton, and Karen. Bottom row: Sandy, Mr. Krabs, SpongeBob, Squidward, Gary, Patrick, and Mrs. Puff.The series revolves around the title character and an ensemble cast of his aquatic friends. SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic yellow sea sponge who lives in a submerged pineapple. SpongeBob has a childlike enthusiasm for life, which carries over to his job as a fry cook at a fast food restaurant called the Krusty Krab. One of his life's greatest goals is to obtain a boat-driving license from Mrs. Puff's Boating School, but he never succeeds. His favorite pastimes include "jellyfishing", which involves catching jellyfish with a net in a manner similar to butterfly catching, and blowing soap bubbles into elaborate shapes. He has a pet sea snail with a pink shell and a blue body named Gary, who meows like a cat.Living two houses away from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who resides under a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick sees himself as intelligent.[11] Squidward Tentacles, SpongeBob's next-door neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab, is an arrogant, ill-tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai. He enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self-portraits but hates his job as a cashier. He also dislikes living between SpongeBob and Patrick because of their childish nature. The owner of the Krusty Krab is a miserly, greedy red crab named Mr. Krabs who talks like a sailor and runs his restaurant as if it were a pirate ship. He is a single parent with a teenage daughter, a grey sperm whale with red lipstick and a yellow ponytail named Pearl, to whom he wants to bequeath his riches. Pearl does not want to continue the family business and would rather spend her time listening to music or working at the local shopping mall.[12] Another of SpongeBob's friends is Sandy Cheeks, a thrill-seeking and athletic squirrel from Texas, who wears an air-filled diving suit to breathe underwater.[13] She lives in a tree enclosed in a clear glass dome locked by an airtight, hand-turned seal and is an expert in karate, as well as a scientist.Located across the street from the Krusty Krab is an unsuccessful rival restaurant called the Chum Bucket.[14] It is run by a small, green, one-eyed copepod[15] named Plankton and his computer wife, Karen.[16] Plankton constantly tries to steal the secret recipe for Mr. Krabs's popular Krabby Patty burgers, hoping to gain the upper hand and put the Krusty Krab out of business.[17] Karen supplies him with evil schemes to obtain the formula, but their efforts always fail and their restaurant rarely has any customers.[18] When SpongeBob is not working at the Krusty Krab, he is often taking boating lessons from Mrs. Puff, a paranoid but patient pufferfish. SpongeBob is Mrs. Puff's most diligent student and knows every answer to the oral exams he takes, but he panics and crashes when he tries to drive a real boat.[19] When Mrs. Puff endures one of SpongeBob's crashes or is otherwise frightened, she puffs up into a ball.[20]An unseen figure called the French Narrator often introduces episodes and narrates the intertitles as if the series were a nature documentary about the ocean. His role and distinctive manner of speaking are references to the oceanographer Jacques Cousteau.[21]Recurring guest characters appear throughout the series including: the retired superheroes Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy, who are idolized by SpongeBob and Patrick; a pirate specter known as the Flying Dutchman; the muscular lifeguard of Goo Lagoon, Larry the Lobster; and the merman god of the sea, King Neptune.Special (generally half-hour or hour-long) episodes of the show are hosted by a live-action pirate named Patchy and his pet parrot Potty, whose segments are presented in a dual narrative with the animated stories.[22] Patchy is portrayed as the president of a fictional SpongeBob fan club, and his greatest aspiration is to meet SpongeBob himself. Potty likes to make fun of Patchy's enthusiasm and causes trouble for him while he tries to host the show.SettingA blue colored image of an atoll.Bikini Atoll, a coral reef in the Pacific Ocean. Tom Kenny confirmed the fictitious city of Bikini Bottom is named after Bikini Atoll.The series takes place primarily in the fictional benthic underwater city of Bikini Bottom located in the Pacific Ocean beneath the real-life coral reef known as Bikini Atoll.[23][24][25][c] Its citizens are mostly multicolored fish who live in buildings made from ship funnels and use "boatmobiles", amalgamations of cars and boats, as a mode of transportation. Recurring locations within Bikini Bottom include the neighboring houses of SpongeBob, Patrick, and Squidward; two competing restaurants, the Krusty Krab and the Chum Bucket; Mrs. Puff's Boating School, which includes a driving course and a sunken lighthouse; the Treedome, an oxygenated glass enclosure where Sandy lives; Shady Shoals Rest Home; a seagrass meadow called Jellyfish Fields; and Goo Lagoon, a subaqueous brine pool that is a popular beach hangout.[27]When the SpongeBob crew began production of the series' pilot episode, they were tasked with designing stock locations, to be used repeatedly, where most scenes would take place like the Krusty Krab and SpongeBob's pineapple house.[28] The idea was "to keep everything nautical", so the crew used plenty of rope, wooden planks, ships' wheels, netting, anchors, boilerplates, and rivets to create the show's setting. Transitions between scenes are marked by bubbles filling the screen, accompanied by the sound of rushing water.[28]The series features "sky flowers" as a main setting material.[28] When series background designer Kenny Pittenger was asked what they were, he answered, "They function as clouds in a way, but since the show takes place underwater, they aren't really clouds. Because of the tiki influence on the show, the background painters use a lot of pattern."[28] Pittenger said the sky flowers were meant to "evoke the look of a flower-print Hawaiian shirt".[28]ProductionDevelopmentEarly inspirationsAerial photograph of the Ocean Institute at Dana Point, CaliforniaBefore creating SpongeBob SquarePants, Stephen Hillenburg taught marine biology to visitors of the Ocean Institute (located in Dana Point, California).[29]Series' creator Stephen Hillenburg first became fascinated with the ocean as a child and began developing his artistic abilities at a young age. Although these interests would not overlap for some time—the idea of drawing fish seemed boring to him—Hillenburg pursued both during college, majoring in marine biology and minoring in art. After graduating in 1984, he joined the Ocean Institute, an organization in Dana Point, California, dedicated to educating the public about marine science and maritime history.[29][30]While Hillenburg was there, his love of the ocean began to influence his artistry. He created a precursor to SpongeBob SquarePants: a comic book titled The Intertidal Zone used by the institute to teach visiting students about the animal life of tide pools.[30] The comic starred various anthropomorphic sea lifeforms, many of which would evolve into SpongeBob SquarePants characters.[31] Hillenburg tried to get the comic professionally published, but none of the companies he sent it to were interested.[30]A large inspiration to Hillenburg was Ween's 1997 album The Mollusk, which had a nautical and underwater theme. Hillenburg contacted the band shortly after the album's release, explaining the baseline ideas for SpongeBob SquarePants, and also requested a song from the band, which they sent on Christmas Eve. This song was "Loop de Loop", which was used in the episode "Your Shoe's Untied".[32][33][34]ConceptionWhile working as a staff artist at the Ocean Institute, Hillenburg entertained plans to return eventually to college for a master's degree in art. Before this could materialize, he attended an animation festival, which inspired him to make a slight change in course. Instead of continuing his education with a traditional art program, Hillenburg chose to study experimental animation at the California Institute of the Arts.[30] His thesis film, Wormholes, is about the theory of relativity.[35] It was screened at festivals, and at one of these, Hillenburg met Joe Murray, creator of the popular Nickelodeon animated series, Rocko's Modern Life. Murray was impressed by the style of the film and offered Hillenburg a job.[35][36] Hillenburg joined the series as a director, and later, during the fourth season, he took on the roles of producer and creative director.[31][35][36][37]Martin Olson, one of the writers for Rocko's Modern Life, read The Intertidal Zone and encouraged Hillenburg to create a television series with a similar concept. At that point, Hillenburg had not even considered creating his own series. However, he realized that if he ever did, this would be the best approach.[30][35][38] He began to develop some of the characters from The Intertidal Zone, including the comic's "announcer", Bob the Sponge.[30] He wanted his series to stand out from most popular cartoons of the time, which he felt were exemplified by buddy comedies like The Ren & Stimpy Show. As a result, Hillenburg decided to focus on a single main character: the "weirdest" sea creature he could think of. This led him to the sponge.[30] The Intertidal Zone's Bob the Sponge resembles an actual sea sponge, and at first, Hillenburg continued to use this design.[30][35][36][39] In determining the new character's behavior, Hillenburg drew inspiration from innocent, childlike figures that he enjoyed, such as Charlie Chaplin, Laurel and Hardy, Jerry Lewis, and Pee-wee Herman.[30][36][40][41][42] He then considered modeling the character after a kitchen sponge and realized this idea would match the character's square personality perfectly.[30][35][36] Patrick, Mr. Krabs, Pearl, and Squidward were the next characters Hillenburg created for the show.[43]To voice the series' central character, Hillenburg turned to Tom Kenny, whose career in animation had started alongside Hillenburg's on Rocko's Modern Life. Elements of Kenny's own personality were employed to develop the character further.[44] Initially, Hillenburg wanted to use the name SpongeBoy—the character had no last name—and the series was to have been called SpongeBoy Ahoy![39][44] However, the Nickelodeon legal department discovered—after voice acting had been completed for the original seven-minute pilot episode—that the name "SpongeBoy" was already copyrighted.[45][44] In choosing a replacement name, Hillenburg felt he still had to use the word "Sponge", so that viewers would not mistake the character for a "Cheese Man". He settled on the name "SpongeBob". "SquarePants" was chosen as a family name after Kenny saw a picture of the character and remarked, "Boy, look at this sponge in square pants, thinking he can get a job in a fast food place."[40] When he heard Kenny say it Hillenburg loved the phrase and felt it would reinforce the character's nerdiness.[40][46]Assembling the crewDerek Drymon, who served as creative director for the first three seasons, has said that Hillenburg wanted to surround himself with a "team of young and hungry people."[41] Many of the major contributors to SpongeBob SquarePants had worked before with Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life: this included: Drymon, art director Nick Jennings, supervising director Alan Smart, writer/voice actor Doug Lawrence (often credited as Mr. Lawrence), and Tim Hill, who helped develop the series bible.[41][42]Although Drymon would go on to have a significant influence on SpongeBob SquarePants, he was not offered a role on the series initially. As a late recruit to Rocko's Modern Life, he had not established much of a relationship with Hillenburg before SpongeBob's conception. Hillenburg first sought out Drymon's storyboard partner, Mark O'Hare—but he had just created the soon-to-be syndicated comic strip, Citizen Dog.[41] While he would later join SpongeBob as a writer,[47] he lacked the time to get involved with both projects from the outset.[41] Drymon has said, "I remember Hillenburg's bringing it up to Mark in our office and asking him if he'd be interested in working on it ... I was all ready to say yes to the offer, but Steve didn't ask; he just left the room. I was pretty desperate ... so I ran into the hall after him and basically begged him for the job. He didn't jump at the chance."[41] Once Hillenburg had given it some thought and decided to bring Drymon on as creative director, the two began meeting at Hillenburg's house several times a week to develop the series. Drymon has identified this period as having begun in 1996, shortly after the end of Rocko's Modern Life.[41]Jennings was also instrumental in SpongeBob's genesis.[48] Kenny has called him "one of SpongeBob's early graphics mentors".[42] On weekends, Kenny joined Hillenburg, Jennings, and Drymon for creative sessions where they recorded ideas on a tape recorder.[42] Kenny performed audio tests as SpongeBob during these sessions, while Hillenburg voice acted the other characters.[39][42]Hill contributed scripts for several first-season episodes (including the pilot)[49][50][51][52] and was offered the role of story editor, but turned it down—he would go on to pursue a career as a family film director.[53][54] In his stead, Pete Burns was brought in for the job. Burns hailed from Chicago and had never met any of the principal players on SpongeBob before joining the team.[41]PitchingThe execs from Nickelodeon flew out to Burbank, and we pitched it to them from the storyboards. We had squeezy toys, wore Hawaiian shirts, and used a boom box to play the Tiny Tim song ['Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight'] that comes on in the third act. We really went all out in that pitch because we knew the pilot lived or died by if the execs laughed. When it was over, they walked out of the room to discuss it. We figured they would fly back to New York and we'd hear in a few weeks. We were surprised when they came back in what seemed like minutes and said they wanted to make it.—Derek Drymon[41]While pitching the cartoon to Nickelodeon executives, Hillenburg donned a Hawaiian shirt, brought along an "underwater terrarium with models of the characters", and played Hawaiian music to set the theme. The setup was described by Nickelodeon executive Eric Coleman as "pretty amazing".[35] They were given money and two weeks to write the pilot episode "Help Wanted".[35] Drymon, Hillenburg, and Jennings returned with what was described by Nickelodeon official Albie Hecht as, "a performance [he] wished [he] had on tape".[35] Although executive producer Derek Drymon described the pitch as stressful, he said it went "very well".[35] Kevin Kay and Hecht had to step outside because they were "exhausted from laughing", which worried the cartoonists.[35]In an interview, Cyma Zarghami, then-president of Nickelodeon, said, "their [Nickelodeon executives'] immediate reaction was to see it again, both because they liked it and it was unlike anything they'd ever seen before".[55] Zarghami was one of four executives in the room when SpongeBob SquarePants was screened for the first time.[55]Before commissioning the full series, Nickelodeon executives insisted that it would not be popular unless SpongeBob was a child who went to school, with his teacher as a main character.[6] Hillenburg recalled in 2012 that Nickelodeon told him, "Our winning formula is animation about kids in school... We want you to put SpongeBob in school."[30] Hillenburg was ready to "walk out" on Nickelodeon and abandon the series, since he wanted SpongeBob to be an adult character.[30] He eventually compromised by adding a new character to the main cast, Mrs. Puff, who is a boat-driving teacher. Hillenburg was happy with the compromise and said, "A positive thing for me that came out of it was [how it brought] in a new character, Mrs. Puff, who I love."[30]Executive producers and showrunnersPhotograph of Stephen Hillenburg standing holding a book with the title SpongeBob SquarePants looking to his rightStephen Hillenburg, creator of SpongeBob SquarePantsUntil his death in 2018, Hillenburg had served as the executive producer over the course of the series' entire history and functioned as its showrunner from its debut in 1999 until 2004. The series went on hiatus in 2002, after Hillenburg halted production on the show itself to work on the feature film The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie.[45] Once the film was finalized and the third season finished, Hillenburg resigned as the series' showrunner. Although he no longer had a direct role in the series' production, he maintained an advisory role and reviewed each episode.[55][56]It reached a point where I felt I'd contributed a lot and said what I wanted to say. At that point, the show needed new blood, and so I selected Paul [Tibbitt] to produce. I totally trusted him. I always enjoyed the way he captured the SpongeBob character's sense of humor. And as a writer, you have to move on—I'm developing new projects.—Stephen Hillenburg, The Washington Post[57]When the film was completed, Hillenburg intended it to be the series finale, "so [the show] wouldn't jump the shark." However, Nickelodeon wanted more episodes.[58] Hillenburg appointed Paul Tibbitt, who had previously served on the show as a writer, director, and storyboard artist, to take over his role as showrunner to produce additional seasons.[59] Hillenburg considered Tibbitt one of his favorite members of the show's crew,[60] and "totally trusted him".[57]On December 13, 2014, it was announced that Hillenburg would return to the series in an unspecified position.[61] On November 26, 2018, at the age of 57, Hillenburg died from complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which he had been diagnosed with in March 2017.[62][63] Nickelodeon confirmed via Twitter the series would continue after his death.[64] In February 2019, incoming president Brian Robbins vowed Nickelodeon would keep the show in production for as long as the network exists.[65]As of the ninth season, former writers and storyboard directors Vincent Waller and Marc Ceccarelli act as showrunners.WritingAccording to writer and storyboard artist Luke Brookshier, "SpongeBob is written differently to many television shows."[66] Unlike most of its contemporaries, SpongeBob SquarePants does not use written scripts.[66][67] Instead, storylines are developed by a team of five outline and premise writers. A two-page outline is then assigned to a team of storyboard directors, who produce a complete rough draft of the storyboard. One of the methods used to assemble storyboards was to use Post-it notes. Most of the dialogue and jokes are added during this stage.[45][66] Brookshier has likened this process to how cartoons were made "in the early days of animation."[66]The decision to eschew scripts for storyboards is one that Hillenburg made early in the series' development.[45] Rocko's Modern Life had also used storyboarding derived from short outlines, and having worked on that series, Hillenburg felt strongly about adopting the process for SpongeBob SquarePants—even though Nickelodeon was beginning to show a greater preference for script-driven cartoons.[41][68] Another series' writer, Merriwether Williams, explained in an interview that she and Mr. Lawrence would write a draft for an episode in an afternoon and be done at 4:00 pm.[69]The writing staff often used their personal experiences as inspiration for the storylines of the series' episodes.[41][57] For example, the episode "Sailor Mouth", where SpongeBob and Patrick learn profanity,[57] was inspired by creative director Derek Drymon's experience as a child of getting into trouble for using the f-word in front of his mother.[41] Drymon said, "The scene where Patrick is running to Mr. Krabs to tattle, with SpongeBob chasing him, is pretty much how it happened in real life".[41] The end of the episode when Mr. Krabs uses even more profanity than SpongeBob and Patrick, was inspired "by the fact that my [Drymon's] mother has a sailor mouth herself".[41] The idea for the episode "The Secret Box" also came from one of Drymon's childhood experiences.[57][69] Hillenburg explained, "Drymon had a secret box [as a kid] and started telling us about it. We wanted to make fun of him and use it."[57]Almost every episode is divided into two 11-minute segments. Hillenburg explained: "[I] never really wanted to deliberately try to write a half-hour show".[57] He added, "I wrote the shows to where they felt right".[57]Voice actorsFurther information: List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members and List of SpongeBob SquarePants guest starsSteve described SpongeBob to me as childlike and naïve. He's not quite an adult, he's not quite a kid. Think a Stan Laurel, Jerry Lewis kind of child-man. Kind of like a Munchkin but not quite, kind of like a kid, but not in a Charlie Brown child's voice on the TV shows.—Tom Kenny[42]SpongeBob SquarePants features the voices of: Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett, and Lori Alan. Most one-off and background characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Sirena Irwin, Bob Joles, Mark Fite and Thomas F. Wilson.Kenny voices SpongeBob and a number of other characters, including SpongeBob's pet snail Gary and the French narrator. He also physically portrays Patchy the Pirate in live-action segments of most special episodes. Kenny previously worked with Stephen Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life. When Hillenburg created SpongeBob SquarePants, he approached Kenny to voice the main character.[70] Kenny originally used the voice of SpongeBob for a minor character on Rocko.[44] He forgot how to perform the voice initially and did not intend to use it afterward. Hillenburg, however, used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice.[44] When Hillenburg heard Kenny perform the voice, he knew immediately he wanted it for his character. He said to Nickelodeon executives, "That's it—I don't want to hear anybody else do the voice. We've got SpongeBob."[42] The network insisted on auditioning more actors, but Hillenburg turned them down; in the words of Tom Kenny, "one of the advantages of having a strong creator is that the creator can say, 'No, I like that—I don't care about celebrities.'"[42] While Kenny was developing SpongeBob's voice, the show's casting crew wanted him to have a unique, high-pitched laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker.[71]Fagerbakke voices Patrick Star[72] and other miscellaneous characters. At the same time when Hillenburg, Derek Drymon and Tim Hill were writing the pilot "Help Wanted", Hillenburg was also conducting auditions to find voices for the characters.[41] Fagerbakke auditioned for the role of Patrick after Kenny had been cast.[73] Fagerbakke recalled that during this audition, "Hillenburg actually played for me a portion of Tom [Kenny]'s performance [as SpongeBob], and they were looking for a counterpoint."[73] In an interview, Fagerbakke compared himself to the character and said, "It's extremely gratifying".[74] Whenever Patrick is angry Fagerbakke models his performance after American actress Shelley Winters.[75]Squidward Tentacles is voiced by Rodger Bumpass, who describes him as "a very nasally, monotone kind of guy." He said the character "became a very interesting character to do" because of "his sarcasm, and then his frustration, and then his apoplexy, and so he became a wide spectrum of emotions".[76] Arthur Brown, author of Everything I Need to Know, I Learned from Cartoons!, has compared Squidward's voice to that of Jack Benny's,[77] a similarity Bumpass says is mostly unintentional.[76] Voice acting veteran Clancy Brown voices Mr. Krabs, SpongeBob's boss at the Krusty Krab. Hillenburg modeled Mr. Krabs after his former manager at a seafood restaurant, whose strong Maine accent reminded Hillenburg of a pirate.[78] Brown decided to use a "piratey" voice for the character with "a little Scottish brogue" after hearing Hillenburg's description of his boss.[79] According to Brown, his Mr. Krabs voice was mostly improvised during his audition and it was not challenging for him to find the correct voice.[79]Mr. Lawrence had met Hillenburg before on Rocko's Modern Life. While working on the pilot episode of SpongeBob, Hillenburg invited him to audition for all the characters.[80] Since other voices had been found for the main cast already, Lawrence began by voicing a variety of minor characters. This included Plankton, who was initially only set to appear in one episode.[80][41] Mr. Lawrence recalls that Nickelodeon executives told Hillenburg, "'we could stunt-cast this. You know, we could have Bruce Willis do this voice.' And Steve was just like, 'it's Doug [Lawrence], don't you hear it? This is the character! This is the guy!'"[80] Jill Talley, Tom Kenny's wife, voices Karen Plankton.[81] Being a Chicago native, she uses a Midwestern accent for the character.[82] Electronic sound effects are underlaid by the series' audio engineers to create a robotic sound when she speaks.[83] Talley and Mr. Lawrence often improvise Plankton and Karen's dialogue. Lawrence called improvisation his "favorite part of the voice over" in 2009.[84] He elaborated in a 2012 interview, saying, "I always enjoy the back-and-forth. [Talley and I] start to actually overlap so much talking to each other that [the voice directors] have to tell us, 'hey, stop doing that, separate what you're saying!'"[80]Carolyn Lawrence voices Sandy Cheeks. She was in Los Feliz, Los Angeles, with a friend who knew SpongeBob SquarePants casting director Donna Grillo. Her friend said to Grillo that Lawrence had "an interesting voice". Grillo invited her to audition and she got the role.[85][86] American actress Mary Jo Catlett,[87] who is known for her live-action roles on television programs from the 1970s such as Diff'rent Strokes and M*A*S*H provides Mrs. Puff's voice.[82] As of 2017, voicing Mrs. Puff has become her only regular television role; Catlett described herself as "basically retired" in 2013, since she feels that voicing Mrs. Puff requires less preparation than her performances in person.[88] Lori Alan voices Pearl Krabs.[89] During her audition for the role, Alan was shown an early drawing of the characters and noted that Pearl was much larger than the rest of the cast. She decided to reflect the character's size in her voice by making it deep and full in tone. She aimed to make it invoke the sound of whales' low vocalizations while also sounding "spoiled and lovable."[90] In an interview with AfterBuzz TV, Alan said she knew Pearl "had to sound somewhat like a child," but needed "an abnormally large voice."[91]In addition to the regular cast, episodes feature guest voices from many professions, including actors, athletes, authors, musicians, and artists. Recurring guest voices include: Ernest Borgnine, who voiced Mermaid Man from 1999 until his death in 2012;[92] Tim Conway as the voice of Barnacle Boy from 1999 until his death in 2019;[93] Brian Doyle-Murray as the Flying Dutchman;[94] and Marion Ross as Grandma SquarePants.[95] Notable guests who have provided vocal cameo appearances include: David Bowie as Lord Royal Highness in the television film Atlantis SquarePantis;[96][97] John Goodman as the voice of Santa in the episode "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!"; Johnny Depp as the voice of the surf guru, Jack Kahuna Laguna, in the episode "SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One";[98] and Victoria Beckham as the voice of Queen Amphitrite in the episode "The Clash of Triton".[99][100]Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as "getting more unusual".[42] Kenny said, "That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel. Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style. It's how the stuff we like was recorded".[42] Series writer Jay Lender said, "The recording sessions were always fun ..."[101] For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in the recording studio and directed the actors.[102] Andrea Romano became the voice director in the fourth season,[102] and Tom Kenny took over the role during the ninth. Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999.[102] Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, "I loved Wednesdays".[102]AnimationApproximately 50 people work together to animate and produce an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants.[66] Throughout its run, the series' production has been handled domestically at Nickelodeon Animation Studio in Burbank, California. The finished animation has been created overseas at Rough Draft Studios in South Korea.[57][103] The California crew storyboard each episode. These are then used as templates by the crew in Korea,[57] who animate each scene by hand, color each cel on computers, and paint backgrounds. Episodes are finished in California, where they are edited and have music added.[66]During the first season, the series used cel animation.[59] A shift was made the following year to digital ink and paint animation.[59] In 2009, executive producer Paul Tibbitt said: "The first season of SpongeBob was done the old-fashioned way on cells [sic], and every cell sic had to be part-painted, left to dry, paint some other colors. It's still a time-consuming aspect of the process now, but the digital way of doing things means it doesn't take long to correct".[59]In 2008, the crew began using Wacom Cintiqs for the drawings instead of pencils. The fifth season episode "Pest of the West", one of the half-hour specials, was the first episode where the crew applied this method. Series' background designer Kenny Pittenger said, "The only real difference between the way we draw now and the way we drew then is that we abandoned pencil and paper during the fifth season".[28] The shift to Wacom Cintiqs let the designers and animators draw on computer screens and make immediate changes or undo mistakes. Pittenger said, "Many neo-Luddites—er ... I mean, many of my cohorts—don't like working on them, but I find them useful. There's no substitute for the immediacy of drawing on a piece of paper, of course, but digital nautical nonsense is still pretty fun".[28]Illustration of the show's character models with SpongeBob on the leftScreen Novelties created character models based on the works of Rankin/Bass for the show's stop-motion episodes.Since 2004, the SpongeBob crew has periodically collaborated with the LA-based animation studio Screen Novelties to create stop-motion sequences for special episodes. The studio produced a brief claymation scene for the climax of the first theatrical film.[104] It was re-enlisted in 2009 to create an exclusive opening for the series' tenth anniversary special.[105][106] The abominable snow mollusk, an octopus-like creature made of clay who acts as the antagonist of the double-length episode "Frozen Face-Off", was also animated by the company.[107] Animation World Network reported that "within the SpongeBob creative team, there was always talk of doing a more involved project together" with Screen Novelties.[107] As a result, the group was asked to create an episode animated entirely in stop motion in 2011. This project became "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!",[108] which reimagined the show's characters as if they were part of a Rankin/Bass holiday film.[109] Tom Kenny, who is normally uninvolved in the writing process, contributed to the episode's plot; he said in 2012 that he and Nickelodeon "wanted to do something just like those old school, stop-motion Rankin-Bass holiday specials ... which I watched over and over again when I was a kid growing up in Syracuse."[104] Unconventional materials such as baking soda, glitter, wood chips and breakfast cereal were used in mass quantities to create the special's sets.[110] Members of the Screen Novelties crew received one win and two nominations at the 30th Annie Awards,[111] a nomination at the 2013 Golden Reel Awards,[112] and a nomination at the 2013 Annecy International Animated Film Festival for animating the episode.[113] The team built a dolphin puppet named Bubbles, voiced by Matt Berry, for The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.[114] Sequences involving Bubbles included a blend of stop motion and traditional animation. A second special animated in stop motion, themed around Halloween and using the same Rankin/Bass-inspired character models, was produced for season 11.[115][116]Music[The music has gone] from mostly sea shanties and Hawaiian music à la Roy Smeck meets Pee-wee Herman—still the main style for the show—in the early episodes, but it now includes film noir, West Side Story to [Henry] Mancini, Jerry Goldsmith and [Steven] Spielberg. There's Broadway-type scores and plain old goofy, loopy, weird stuff. I try to push the envelope on this show without getting in the way of the story, and I try to push it up and way over the top when I can get away with it, all the time keeping it as funny and ridiculous as possible.—Music editor Nicolas Carr[117]Mark Harrison and Blaise Smith composed the SpongeBob SquarePants theme song.[118] Its lyrics were written by Stephen Hillenburg and the series' original creative director Derek Drymon. The melody was inspired by the sea shanty "Blow the Man Down".[36] An old oil painting of a pirate is used in the opening sequence. Dubbed "Painty the Pirate", according to Tom Kenny, Hillenburg found it in a thrift shop "years ago".[44] Patrick Pinney voices Painty the Pirate, singing the theme song as the character.[36] Hillenburg's lips were imposed onto the painting and move along with the lyrics.[44] Kenny joked this is "about as close of a glimpse as most SpongeBob fans are ever going to get of Steve Hillenburg", because of his private nature.[36]A cover of the song by Avril Lavigne can be found on the SpongeBob SquarePants Movie soundtrack.[119][120] Another cover by the Violent Femmes aired on Nickelodeon as a promotion when the series moved to prime time.[121]Steve Belfer, one of Hillenburg's friends from CalArts, wrote and performed the music heard over the end credits.[41] This theme includes ukulele music at Hillenburg's request.[41] Drymon said, "It's so long ago, it's hard to be sure, but I remember Hillenburg having the Belfer music early on, maybe before the pilot".[41]The series' music editor and main composer is Nicolas Carr.[117] After working with Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life, he struggled to find a new job in his field. He had considered a career change before Hillenburg offered him the job. The first season's score primarily featured selections from the Associated Production Music Library, which Carr has said includes "lots of great old corny Hawaiian music and big, full, dramatic orchestral scores."[117] Rocko's Modern Life also used music from this library. It was Hillenburg's decision to adopt this approach. Carr has described the selections for SpongeBob SquarePants as being "more over-the-top" than those for Rocko's Modern Life.[117]Hillenburg felt it was important for the series to develop its own music library, consisting of scores that could be reused and re-edited throughout the years. He wanted these scores to be composed by unknowns, and a group of twelve was assembled. They formed "The Sponge Divers Orchestra", which includes Carr and Belfer. The group went on to provide most of the music for later seasons, although Carr still draws from the Associated Production Music Library, as well as another library that he founded himself—Animation Music Inc.[117]BroadcastEpisodesMain article: List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodesSeason Episodes Segments Originally airedFirst aired Last aired120 41 May 1, 1999 March 3, 2001220 39 October 20, 2000 July 26, 2003320 37 October 5, 2001 October 11, 2004420 38 May 6, 2005 July 24, 2007520 41 February 19, 2007 July 19, 2009626 47 March 3, 2008 July 5, 2010726 50 July 19, 2009 June 11, 2011826 47 March 26, 2011 December 6, 2012926 49 July 21, 2012 February 20, 20171011 22 October 15, 2016 December 2, 20171126 50 June 24, 2017 November 25, 20181226 48 November 11, 2018 April 29, 20221326[122] TBA October 22, 2020 TBATenth anniversaryTen years. I never imagined working on the show to this date and this long...I really figured we might get a season and a cult following, and that might be it.—Stephen Hillenburg[123]Nickelodeon began celebrating the series' 10th anniversary on January 18, 2009, with a live cast reading of the episode "SpongeBob vs. The Big One". The reading—a first for the series—was held at that year's Sundance Film Festival.[124][125] The episode, which premiered on TV on April 17, 2009, features Johnny Depp as a guest star.[126] Other celebratory actions taken by the network included the launching of a new website for the series (spongebob.com) and the introduction of new merchandise. A "SpongeBob and water conservation-themed element" was also added to Nickelodeon's pro-social campaign The Big Green Help.[124] In an interview, Tom Kenny said, "What I'm most proud of is that kids still really like [SpongeBob SquarePants] and care about it ... They eagerly await new episodes. People who were young children when it started 10 years ago are still watching it and digging it and think it's funny. That's the loving cup for me."[127]Three nights before the official anniversary date, an hour-long documentary on the series, Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants, premiered on VH1.[123][124][125][127][128] Critically acclaimed duo Patrick Creadon and Christine O'Malley created the film as a followup to I.O.U.S.A.—a documentary on America's financial situation. Creadon remarked, "After spending two years examining the financial health of the United States, Christine and I were ready to tackle something a little more upbeat. Telling the SpongeBob story feels like the perfect fit."[124] On Friday, July 17, Nickelodeon marked the official anniversary of the series, with a 50-hour television marathon titled "The Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash Weekend". It began with a new episode, "To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants". Saturday saw a countdown of the top ten episodes as picked by fans, as well as an airing of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. The marathon finished on Sunday, with a countdown of episodes picked by celebrities and the premiere of ten new episodes.[124][129][130]Nickelodeon continued celebrating the anniversary through the rest of the year. An eight-episode DVD set featuring To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants was released shortly after the marathon on July 21.[131][132] Next a 2,200 minute, 14-disc DVD set titled The First 100 Episodes was released on September 22.[132][133][134] Finally, on November 6, an hour-long television film, titled Truth or Square, debuted on Nickelodeon. The film is narrated by Ricky Gervais and features live action cameo appearances by: Rosario Dawson, Craig Ferguson, Will Ferrell, Tina Fey, LeBron James, P!nk, Triumph the Insult Comic Dog, and Robin Williams.[135][136][137] It was released as part of a five-episode DVD set on November 10, 2009.[138]Twentieth anniversaryOn February 11, 2019, Nickelodeon announced it would recognize the twentieth anniversary of SpongeBob SquarePants with a series of celebrations known as the "Best Year Ever".[139][140] In honor of the anniversary, Pantone created color shades known as "SpongeBob SquarePants Yellow" and "Patrick Star Pink" to be used by Nickelodeon's licensing partners.[141][142][143] Romero Britto, Jon Burgerman, and the Filipino art collective Secret Fresh were commissioned by Nickelodeon to create art pieces devoted to SpongeBob SquarePants. Some of these pieces were to be adapted into commercial products.[141][142] On February 12, in conjunction with Nickelodeon's announcement of the "Best Year Ever", Cynthia Rowley presented a SpongeBob SquarePants-themed wetsuit during New York Fashion Week.[144][145][146] A month later, Marlou Breuls presented the SpongeBob SquarePants-themed "Icon Collection" during Amsterdam Fashion Week.[147][148] That summer, Nike, in collaboration with Kyrie Irving, released a SpongeBob SquarePants series of shoes, accessories, and apparel.[149] In July, for the first time ever, SpongeBob SquarePants became the theme of a cosmetics line, which was released as a limited time offering by HipDot Studios.[144][150][151] The "Best Year Ever" also introduced an official SpongeBob SquarePants YouTube channel and a new mobile game based on the series, along with new toy lines.[143][144]The "Best Year Ever" formally began on July 12, 2019, with the premiere of the one-hour, live-action/animated TV special SpongeBob's Big Birthday Blowout.[139][140][152] It continued that month at San Diego Comic Con, with two panels, a booth, and various activities devoted to the series.[143][153] The "Best Year Ever" was recognized on Amazon Prime Day with an exclusive early release of SpongeBob SquarePants: The Best 200 Episodes Ever!, a 30-disc DVD compilation of two box sets, SpongeBob SquarePants: The First 100 Episodes and SpongeBob SquarePants: The Next 100 Episodes. The collections received a standard nationwide release on August 27.[154] The "Best Year Ever" continued into 2020 culminating with the August 14 release of The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run.[139][140][155]ReceptionRatings and run-length achievementsWithin its first month on air, SpongeBob SquarePants overtook Pokémon as the highest rated Saturday-morning children's series on television. It held an average national Nielsen rating of 4.9 among children aged two through eleven, denoting 1.9 million viewers.[156][157] Two years later, the series had firmly established itself as Nickelodeon's second highest-rated children's program, after Rugrats. SpongeBob SquarePants was credited with helping Nickelodeon take the "Saturday-morning ratings crown" for the fourth straight season in 2001.[158] The series had gained a significant adult audience by that point—nearly 40 percent of its 2.2 million viewers were aged 18 to 34.[159] In response to its weekend success, Nickelodeon gave SpongeBob SquarePants time slots at 6:00 PM and 8:00 PM, Monday through Thursday, to increase the series' exposure.[159][160] By the end of 2001, SpongeBob SquarePants boasted the highest ratings for any children's series, on all of television.[161][162][163] Weekly viewership of the series had reached around fifteen million, at least five million of whom were adults.[161]In October 2002, another Nickelodeon series, The Fairly OddParents, ranked as the number two program for children between two and eleven years old.[164] Its ratings at that time were almost equal to SpongeBob SquarePants' then-average of 2.2 million viewers per episode.[164] The Fairly OddParents even briefly surpassed SpongeBob SquarePants, causing it to drop into second place. At this time, The Fairly OddParents had a 6.2 rating and nearly 2.5 million child viewers, while SpongeBob SquarePants had a 6.0 rating and 2.4 million child viewers aged two to eleven.[165] Nickelodeon "recognized" The Fairly OddParents for its climbing ratings and installed it in a new 8:00 PM time slot, previously occupied by SpongeBob SquarePants.[164] In an interview, Cyma Zarghami, then-general manager and executive vice president of Nickelodeon, said, "Are we banking on the fact that Fairly OddParents will be the next SpongeBob? ... We are hoping. But SpongeBob is so unique, it's hard to say if it will ever be repeated."[164]In 2012, however, the series' ratings were declining.[166][167] The average number of viewers aged two to eleven watching SpongeBob at any given time dropped 29% in the first quarter from a year earlier, according to Nielsen. Wall Street Journal business writer John Jannarone suggested the series' age and oversaturation might be contributing to its ratings' decline and might also be directly responsible for the decline in Nickelodeon's overall ratings.[168] Media analyst Todd Juenger attributed the decline in Nickelodeon's ratings directly to the availability of streaming video content on services like Netflix, a provider of on-demand Internet streaming media.[169]Philippe Dauman, the president and CEO of Viacom, contradicted that notion, saying: "We are getting nice revenues through these subscription VOD deals", adding Netflix only has "some library content" on its service.[170][171] A Nickelodeon spokesman said, "SpongeBob is performing consistently well and remains the number one rated animated series in all of children's television."[168] He added, "There is nothing that we have seen that points to SpongeBob as a problem."[168] Dauman blamed the drop on "some ratings systemic issues" at Nielsen, citing extensive set-top-box data that "does in no way reflect" the Nielsen data.[172]Juenger noted SpongeBob could affect the ratings of other Nickelodeon programming because children often change channels to find their favorite programs, then stay tuned to that network.[168] Nickelodeon reduced its[clarification needed] exposure on television. In the first quarter of 2012, the network cut back on the number of episodes it aired by 16% compared to a year earlier.[168]On April 22, 2013, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings announced their intentions not to renew their existing deal with Viacom.[173] Viacom's deal with Netflix expired, and shows such as SpongeBob and Dora the Explorer were removed.[174] However, seasons five through eight of SpongeBob are still available to stream on Netflix in Canada.[175] On June 4, 2013, Viacom announced a multi-year licensing agreement which would move its programs, such as SpongeBob and Dora the Explorer, to Amazon.com, Netflix's top competitor.[176][177] Amazon agreed to pay more than $200 million to Viacom for the license, its largest subscription streaming transaction ever.[178][179]SpongeBob SquarePants is one of the longest-running series on Nickelodeon.[180] It became the network's series with the most episodes during its eighth season, surpassing the 172 episodes of Rugrats.[181] In the ninth season, its 26 episodes brought the number of episodes produced to 204.[182][183][184] In a statement, Brown Johnson, Nickelodeon's animation president said, "SpongeBob's success in reaching over 200 episodes is a testament to creator Stephen Hillenburg's vision, comedic sensibility and his dynamic, lovable characters. The series now joins the club of contemporary classic Nicktoons that have hit this benchmark, so we're incredibly proud."[185][186]Critical receptionSpongeBob SquarePants has been widely praised particularly for its appeal to different age groups, and the show has earned numerous awards and accolades throughout its run. James Poniewozik of Time magazine described the title character as "the anti-Bart Simpson, temperamentally and physically: his head is as squared-off and neat as Bart's is unruly, and he has a personality to match—conscientious, optimistic and blind to the faults in the world and those around him."[187] According to Laura Fries of Variety magazine, the series is "a thoughtful and inventive cartoon about a hopelessly optimistic and resilient sea sponge ... Devoid of the double entendres rife in today's animated TV shows, this is purely kid's stuff. ... However, that's not to say that SpongeBob is simplistic or even juvenile. It's charming and whimsical, but clever enough to appeal to teens and college-aged kids, as well."[188] The New York Times' critic Joyce Millman said SpongeBob "is clever without being impenetrable to young viewers and goofy without boring grown-ups to tears. It's the most charming toon on television, and one of the weirdest. And it's also good, clean fun, which makes sense because it is, after all, about a sponge." Millman wrote, "His relentless good cheer would be irritating if he weren't so darned lovable and his world so excellently strange. ... Like Pee-wee's Playhouse, SpongeBob joyfully dances on the fine line between childhood and adulthood, guilelessness and camp, the warped and the sweet."[189]Robert Thompson, a professor of communications and director of the Center for the Study of Popular Television at Syracuse University, told The New York TimesThere is something kind of unique about [SpongeBob]. It seems to be a refreshing breath from the pre-irony era. There's no sense of the elbow-in-rib, tongue-in-cheek aesthetic that so permeates the rest of American culture—including kids' shows like the Rugrats. I think what's subversive about it is it's so incredibly naive—deliberately. Because there's nothing in it that's trying to be hip or cool or anything else, hipness can be grafted onto it.[190]In another interview with Los Angeles Times, he commentated on the show's adult audience: "[On one hand] It's a kind of time machine that transports parents back to when they watched TV in their footie [pajamas]. On the other hand, it's very hip in the way it's presented. It is very edgy to adults who know how to read and listen between the frames."[191] Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked SpongeBob SquarePants as the 22nd greatest American TV series of all time in their 2016 book TV (The Book).[192] In a 2007 interview, Barack Obama said SpongeBob is his favorite TV character and admitted that SpongeBob SquarePants is "the show I watch with my daughters."[193][194][195]Awards and accoladesMain article: List of awards and nominations received by SpongeBob SquarePantsSpongeBob SquarePants has received many awards and nominations; among these are four Emmy Awards (Outstanding Special Class Animated Program in 2010;[196] Outstanding Sound Editing – Animation" in 2014;[197] Outstanding Children's Animated Series in 2018; and Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program in 2018 for Kenny);[198] six Annie Awards;[199][200][201][202][203] and two BAFTA Children's Awards.[204][205] In 2006, IGN ranked SpongeBob SquarePants 15th on its list, Top 25 Animated Series of All Time,[206] and in 2013, it ranked the series 12th on its list, The Top 25 Animated Series for Adults.[207] In addition, the website's UK division ran a Top 100 Animated Series list, and like its US counterpart, ranked SpongeBob SquarePants 15th.[208]TV Guide listed SpongeBob SquarePants himself at number nine on its list 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time in 2002.[209] In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly named SpongeBob one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years.[210] Viewers of UK television network Channel 4 voted SpongeBob SquarePants the 28th Greatest Cartoon in a 2004 poll.[211][212] The series is among the All-TIME 100 TV Shows as chosen by Time television critic James Poniewozik in 2007. He said, "It's the most funny, surreal, inventive example of the explosion in creative kids' (and adult) entertainment that Nick, Cartoon Network and their ilk made possible."[213] In 2013, the publication ranked SpongeBob SquarePants the eighth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time.[214] Television critic Matt Zoller Seitz included the series in his 2016 book with Alan Sepinwall titled TV (The Book) as the 22nd greatest American television series of all time, saying that "SpongeBob SquarePants is an absurdist masterpiece that Salvador Dalí and Groucho Marx would have watched together in their smoking jackets".[215][216]LegacySpongeBob hot air balloonSpongeBob balloon at the Hot air balloon festival in León, Guanajuato, Mexico in November 2010SpongeBob SquarePants wax statueSpongeBob SquarePants wax statue, in National Wax Museum Plus, in Dublin, IrelandIn July 2009, Madame Tussauds wax museum in New York launched a wax sculpture of SpongeBob in celebration of the series' 10th anniversary. SpongeBob became the first animated character sculpted entirely out of wax.[217][218][219][220]The character has also become a trend in Egypt at Cairo's Tahrir Square.[221] After the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, SpongeBob became a fashion phenomenon, appearing on various merchandise items from hijabs to boxer shorts.[222][223] The phenomenon led to the creation of the Tumblr project called "SpongeBob on the Nile". The project was founded by American students Andrew Leber and Elisabeth Jaquette and attempts to document every appearance of SpongeBob in Egypt.[224] Sherief Elkeshta cited the phenomenon in an essay about the incoherent state of politics in Egypt in an independent monthly paper titled Midan Masr. He wrote, "Why isn't he [SpongeBob] at least holding a Molotov cocktail? Or raising a fist?"[225] The phenomenon has even spread to Libya, where a Libyan rebel in SpongeBob dress was photographed celebrating the revolution.[226] Although The Guardian and Vice have asserted that the trend has little to no political significance,[221][222] "joke" presidential campaigns have been undertaken for SpongeBob in Egypt and Syria.[222][224]A clip was posted to YouTube in February 2013 that features soldiers in the Russian army and navy singing the SpongeBob SquarePants theme song as they march.[227][228] According to the website that uploaded the video, this is one of the "most popular marching songs" in the Russian military.[227] The video garnered nearly 50,000 views within its first week.[228]Following Hillenburg's death in November 2018, more than 1.2 million fans signed a petition for the National Football League to have the song "Sweet Victory" from the season 2 episode "Band Geeks" performed in his honor at the Super Bowl LIII halftime show. Atlanta's Mercedes-Benz Stadium's Twitter account, the venue of the show, tweeted a GIF of SpongeBob dancing in "Band Geeks" in December. Maroon 5 who were performing at the game, included a brief clip of SpongeBob in a preview video, leading fans to believe the song would be performed. While the song's opening was ultimately included, it served as a transition into artist Travis Scott's set, which left many fans disappointed.[229][230] In response to fans' disappointment at not hearing the complete "Sweet Victory" song during the halftime show at the Super Bowl LIII, the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League showed a clip of the full "Sweet Victory" song during a game at the American Airlines Center. In the clip, the characters' band uniforms are recolored green after the Stars.[231][232]Several species of organism have been named in reference to SpongeBob. In May 2011, a new species of mushroom, Spongiforma squarepantsii, was described and named after the series' title character.[233] In 2019, a species of sea sponge, Clathria hillenburgi, was named in honor of Hillenburg, also referencing his creation of SpongeBob SquarePants.[234] In 2020, a species of abyssal sea star, Astrolirus patricki, was described and named after Patrick Star; individuals of this species were found to be closely associated with hexactinellid sponges, and it was thus named after Patrick as a reference to the character's friendship with SpongeBob.[235]In honor of Stephen Hillenburg, a non-profit fan project, titled The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Rehydrated, was released online on May 1, 2022. It consists of a recreation of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie reanimated by 300 people with re-recorded music and dialogue. Amid the YouTube premiere, the video was taken down by Paramount Global due to copyright laws. As a result, the hashtag #JusticeForSpongeBob became trending on Twitter against Paramount's action. The video was restored the following day.[236][237]CriticismControversiesSexualityIn 2005, an online video that showed clips from SpongeBob SquarePants and other children's shows set to the Sister Sledge song "We Are Family" to promote diversity and tolerance was attacked by an evangelical group in the United States. They saw SpongeBob being used to "advocate homosexuality".[238][239] James Dobson of Focus on the Family accused the video of promoting homosexuality because it was sponsored by a pro-tolerance group.[239] The incident prompted the question whether SpongeBob is gay. Although the character has enjoyed popularity with gay viewers, series creator Stephen Hillenburg had already denied SpongeBob is gay three years earlier, clarifying at the time he considered the character to be "somewhat asexual".[240] After Dobson's comments, Hillenburg reasserted his position, stating that sexual preference does not play a part in what they are "trying to do" with the series.[241][242] Tom Kenny and other production members were distraught that the issue had arisen.[44] Dobson later said his comments were taken out of context and his original complaints were not with SpongeBob, the video, or any of the characters in the video, but rather with the organization that sponsored the video, the We Are Family Foundation. Dobson said they posted pro-gay material on their website, but later removed it.[243] After the controversy, John H. Thomas, the United Church of Christ's general minister and president, said they would welcome SpongeBob into their ministry. He said: "Jesus didn't turn people away. Neither do we."[244]Queer theorist Jeffery P. Dennis, author of the journal article "Queertoons", argued that SpongeBob and Sandy are not romantically in love, but added he believed SpongeBob and Patrick "are paired with arguably erotic intensity".[245] Martin Goodman of Animation World Magazine called Dennis' comments regarding SpongeBob and Patrick "interesting".[246][d] Ukrainian website Family Under the Protection of the Holy Virgin, which has been described as a "fringe Catholic" group by The Wall Street Journal, criticized SpongeBob SquarePants for its alleged "promotion of homosexuality".[248] The group sought to have the series banned, along with several other popular children's properties. The National Expert Commission of Ukraine on the Protection of Public Morality took up the matter for review in August 2012.[248] Questions of SpongeBob's sexuality resurfaced in 2020 after Nickelodeon's official Twitter account posted an image of the character, in rainbow colors with text celebrating the LGBTQ+ community and its allies during Pride Month. Although the post did not make any assertions about SpongeBob's sexual orientation, numerous users responded on social media, claiming they already had their suspicions that he might be gay or reasserting Hillenburg's description of asexuality.[249]In April 2009, Burger King released a SpongeBob-themed advertisement featuring a parody of Sir Mix-a-Lot's song "Baby Got Back". The Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood protested the ad for being sexist and inappropriately sexual, especially considering SpongeBob's fan base includes young children.[250][251][252][253][254] In official statements released by Burger King and Nickelodeon, both companies claimed the campaign was aimed at parents.[253][254]Other"The children who watched the cartoon were operating at half the capacity compared to other children."—Angeline S. Lillard, University of Virginia[255]A 2011 study conducted at the University of Virginia, published in the journal Pediatrics, suggested that allowing preschool-aged audiences to watch the series caused short-term disruptions in mental function and attention span because of frequent shot changes, compared to control groups watching Caillou and drawing pictures.[256][257] A Nickelodeon executive responded in an interview the series was not intended for an audience of that age and that the study used "questionable methodology and could not possibly provide the basis for any valid findings that parents could trust."[258][259]Several of the series' episodes have also been the subject of controversy. In a report titled "Wolves in Sheep's Clothing", which documents the increase in potentially violent, profane, and sexual content in children's programming, the Parents Television Council, a watchdog media group, claimed the season 2 SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Sailor Mouth" was an implicit attempt to promote and satirize use of profanity among children.[260] "SpongeBob's Last Stand" (season 7) and "Selling Out" (season 4) have been criticized for promoting environmentalism and left-wing politics because of their negative portrayal of big business.[261] "SpongeBob, You're Fired" (season 9) caused widespread controversy and sparked a political debate over its portrayal of unemployment;[261] after Fox News and the New York Post commented on the episode, Media Matters for America accused the two organizations of using the episode to "attack the social safety net."[262] This statement was echoed by Al Sharpton, who claimed conservatives' "new hero" to be "a sponge who lives in a pineapple under the sea."[263] In 2014, the education minister of Kazakhstan, Zabira Orazalieva, deemed the show too violent for children, labeling the titular character a "self-absorbed hooligan"[264] who "regularly inflicts violence on others in his community and seems to enjoy what he does."[265][266]In 2019, University of Washington professor Holly M. Barker stated that the show promotes "violent and racist" colonialism, since Bikini Bottom is named after Bikini Atoll, a place where natives were resettled by the US government for nuclear testing. Barker also pointed out that cultural appropriation of Pacific culture in the show. Because of such content, children have "become acculturated to an ideology that includes the U.S. character SpongeBob residing on another people’s homeland", according to Barker.[267] ViacomCBS eventually pulled the episode "Mid-Life Crustacean" (season 3), first aired in 2003, out of circulation in March 2021, presumably due to its ending in which SpongeBob, Patrick, and Mr. Krabs partake in a panty raid. "We determined some story elements were not kid-appropriate", a Nickelodeon representative stated. A later episode, "Kwarantined Krab" (season 12), was also made unavailable for release, over its similarities to the COVID-19 pandemic.[268]Allegations of declining qualityAmbox current red Americas.svgThis section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2018)Various media outlets including MSN, The A.V. Club, and Vulture have reported that SpongeBob's popularity declined following the release of the 2004 film and Hillenburg's departure as showrunner.[269][270][271] In 2012, MSN cited a post on Encyclopedia SpongeBobia, a Fandom-hosted wiki, which said that many fans felt the series had "jumped the shark" following the release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie and that online fansites were becoming "deserted."[269]As of 2011, episodes produced since the first film have been variously categorized by DVD Talk and DVD Verdict as "tedious;"[272] "boring" and "dreck;"[273] a "depressing plateau of mediocrity;"[274] and "laugh-skimpy."[275] In 2018, Vulture noted the most popular online memes of the series usually focused on episodes from the first three seasons.[271] That same year, The A.V. Club wrote that as the series went on, "[it] leaned hard into kid-friendly physical humor and gross out moments that appealed to no one in particular".[270]Nickelodeon faced criticism from fans and former staff like Paul Tibbitt when the network greenlit spinoffs (see below) after the death of Hillenburg, who had previously expressed hesitation in deriving from the parent series. "The show is about SpongeBob, he's the core element, and it's about how he relates to the other characters," Hillenburg told Television Business International. "Patrick by himself might be a bit too much. So I don't see any spin-offs."[276]Other mediaMain article: SpongeBob SquarePants (franchise)Spin-offsKamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under YearsMain article: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under YearsOn February 14, 2019, it was announced that a SpongeBob SquarePants spin-off is in development.[140] On June 4, it was announced the spinoff will be titled Kamp Koral. The plot will focus on a 10-year-old SpongeBob and his friends at the titular camp located in the Kelp Forest, where they spend the summer catching jellyfish, building campfires, and swimming in Lake Yuckymuck.[277][278] It serves as a tie-in to the animated film The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run.[278] It was confirmed production of the series began in June 2019.[140][277]Nickelodeon animation head Ramsey Naito said of the series, "SpongeBob has an incredible universe to expand upon and the greenlight for Kamp Koral is a testament to the strength and longevity of these characters known and loved by generations of fans around the world." Like SpongeBob SquarePants, the series is co-executive produced by Marc Ceccarelli, Jennie Monica, and Vincent Waller. Kamp Koral is produced using computer animation rather than the digital ink and paint animation used for SpongeBob SquarePants.[278]On February 19, 2020, it was announced that the series had an official title of Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years, and would be premiering in July 2020.[279] On July 30, 2020, it was announced that the series would be released on CBS All Access (now Paramount+), the ViacomCBS streaming service, in early 2021.[280][281] On January 28, 2021, it was announced that the series would premiere on March 4, 2021.[282]The Patrick Star ShowMain article: The Patrick Star ShowOn August 10, 2020, it was reported that a Patrick Star talk show titled The Patrick Star Show was in development with a 13-episode order. Additionally, it was reported that the show would be similar to other talk shows such as The Larry Sanders Show and Comedy Bang! Bang![283][284] The series premiered on Nickelodeon on July 9, 2021,[285] with the series set to be available on Paramount+ later on.[286]StreamingOriginally, SpongeBob SquarePants was streaming on Netflix. However, the series was removed from the United States in 2013 due to their deal with Viacom not being renewed.[287] The series was also available to stream on Hulu starting in 2012 until being removed in 2016.[288] The series later streamed on Amazon Prime Video in 2013 after the Netflix deal ended.[289] As part of the rebranding plan of Paramount+, the series joined along with other ViacomCBS shows on July 30, 2020.[280][281]Currently, the first 6 seasons are available to be streamed on Prime Video and the first 12 seasons through Paramount+.[290] The series is available to stream on Netflix in Canada.[291]Home videoSpongeBob SquarePants DVD releasesSeason DVD release dateRegion 1 Region 2 Region 41 October 28, 2003[292] November 7, 2005[293] November 30, 2006[294]2 October 19, 2004[295] October 23, 2006[296] November 30, 2006[297]3 September 27, 2005[298] December 3, 2007[299] November 8, 2007[300]4 September 12, 2006[301] November 3, 2008[302] November 7, 2008[303]January 9, 2007[304]5 September 4, 2007[305] November 16, 2009[306] December 3, 2009[307]November 18, 2008[308]6 December 8, 2009[309] November 29, 2010[310] December 2, 2010[311]December 7, 2010[312]7 December 6, 2011[313] September 17, 2012[314] September 12, 2012[315][316]8 March 12, 2013[317] October 28, 2013[318] October 30, 2013[319]9 October 10, 2017[320] TBA October 7, 2020[321]10 October 15, 2019[322] TBA October 7, 2020[323]11 March 31, 2020[324][325] TBA October 7, 2020[326]12 January 12, 2021[327][328] TBA TBA13 TBA TBA TBAComic booksMain article: SpongeBob ComicsThe 32-page bimonthly comic book series, SpongeBob Comics, was announced in November 2010[329] and debuted the following February.[330] Before this, SpongeBob SquarePants comics had been published in Nickelodeon Magazine,[329][331][332] and episodes of the television series had been adapted by Cine-Manga,[329][333] but SpongeBob Comics was the first American comic book series devoted solely to SpongeBob SquarePants.[329][331][332] It also served as SpongeBob SquarePants creator Stephen Hillenburg's debut as a comic book author.[330][331][332] The series was published by Hillenburg's production company, United Plankton Pictures, and distributed by Bongo Comics Group.[329][331][332] Hillenburg described the stories from the comic books as "original and always true to the humor, characters, and universe of the SpongeBob SquarePants series." Leading up to the release of the series, Hillenburg said, "I'm hoping that fans will enjoy finally having a SpongeBob comic book from me."[331][332]Chris Duffy, the former senior editor of Nickelodeon Magazine, serves as managing editor of SpongeBob Comics.[331][332] Hillenburg and Duffy met with various cartoonists—including James Kochalka, Hilary Barta, Graham Annable, Gregg Schigiel, and Jacob Chabot—to contribute to each issues.[331][332] Retired horror comics writer and artist Stephen R. Bissette returned to write a special Halloween issue in 2012, with Tony Millionaire and Al Jaffee.[334] In an interview with Tom Spurgeon, Bissette said, "I've even broken my retirement to do one work-for-hire gig [for SpongeBob Comics] so I could share everything about that kind of current job."[335]In the United Kingdom, Titan Magazines published comics based on SpongeBob SquarePants every four weeks from February 3, 2005,[336] through November 28, 2013.[337] Titan Magazines also teamed up with Lego to release a limited edition SpongeBob-themed comic.[338]FilmsMain article: SpongeBob SquarePants (film series)Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies produced The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, an animated film adaptation of the series released on November 19, 2004.[339] The film was directed by Hillenburg, and written by long-time series writers Derek Drymon, Tim Hill, Kent Osborne, Aaron Springer, Paul Tibbitt, and Hillenburg. He and Julia Pistor produced the film, while Gregor Narholz composed the film's score.[340][341][342] The film is about Plankton's evil plan to steal King Neptune's crown and send it to Shell City. SpongeBob and Patrick must retrieve it and save Mr. Krabs' life from Neptune's raft and their home, Bikini Bottom, from Plankton's plan. It features guest appearances by Jeffrey Tambor as King Neptune, Scarlett Johansson as the King's daughter Mindy, Alec Baldwin as Dennis, and David Hasselhoff as himself,[343] and received a positive critical reception,[344][345] It grossed over $140 million worldwide.[346] Three television films were released: SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis in 2007, SpongeBob's Truth or Square in 2009, and SpongeBob's Big Birthday Blowout in 2019.A sequel to the 2004 film, The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, was released in theaters on February 6, 2015.[347] The series' main cast members reprised their roles.[348] The underwater parts are animated traditionally in the manner of the series—the live-action parts use CGI animation with the SpongeBob characters.[349][350] The film has a budget similar to the previous film and cost less than $100 million to produce.[351][352][353]On April 30, 2015, Viacom announced a third film was in development.[354] In April 2018, Tim Hill was named as director, and the film's original title, It's a Wonderful Sponge, was revealed. Paramount originally scheduled a release date of July 17, 2020, later moving it earlier to May 22, 2020.[355] In October 2018, it was announced the movie will be an origin story of how SpongeBob came to Bikini Bottom and how he got his square pants. Around the same time, it was announced that Hans Zimmer will compose the music. The first poster along with a title change to Sponge on the Run was revealed on November 12, 2019,[356] with the first trailer releasing on November 14.[357] The film was later delayed to July 31, 2020 (and later August 7, 2020) due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[358][155] The film's worldwide theatrical release was later cancelled in June 2020 and it was announced that it would be released in Canadian theaters on August 14, 2020, followed by a release on premium video on demand before heading to Paramount+ in early 2021.[359][360] On January 28, 2021, it was announced that the film would be released on the service on March 4, 2021.[282]Future filmsIn November 2019, a "music-based" Squidward project was reported to be in development for Netflix.[361][362] In early March 2020, ViacomCBS announced that it would be producing two spin-off films based on the series for the streaming service.[363]On August 24, 2021, Brian Robbins, CEO of Nickelodeon, has stated that a new SpongeBob film is "in the works."[364] On February 15, 2022, it was announced that three character spinoff films were in the works for Paramount+, as well as a theatrical SpongeBob film. The first character spinoff film is set to be released in 2023.[365]MusicCollections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albums SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights (2001), SpongeBob's Greatest Hits (2009), and The Yellow Album (2005). The first two charted on the US Billboard 200, reaching number 171 and 122, respectively.[366][367]Several songs have been recorded for the purpose of a single or album release, and have not been featured on the show. The song "My Tidy Whities" written by Tom Kenny and Andy Paley was released only on the album The Best Day Ever (2006). Kenny's inspiration for the song was "underwear humor,"[368] saying: "Underwear humor is always a surefire laugh-getter with kids ... Just seeing a character that odd wearing really prosaic, normal, Kmart, three-to-a-pack underwear is a funny drawing ... We thought it was funny to make a really lush, beautiful love song to his underwear."[368]A soundtrack album The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie – Music from the Movie and More..., featuring the film's score was released along with the feature-length film in November 2004. Various artists including the Flaming Lips,[369] Wilco,[370] Ween,[371] Motörhead,[372] the Shins,[373] and Avril Lavigne[374] contributed to the soundtrack that reached number 76 on the US Billboard 200.[375]Theme park ridesPhotograph of the entrance and lift hill of the SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge ride at the Mall of America.Entrance and lift hill of SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge ride at the Mall of AmericaThe SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D film and ride opened at several locations including Six Flags Over Texas, Flamingo Land Resort, and the Shedd Aquarium.[376] The ride features water squirts, real bubbles, and other sensory enhancements. In 2012, Nickelodeon teamed up again with SimEx-Iwerks Entertainment and Super 78 to produce SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D: The Great Jelly Rescue.[377] The attraction opened in early 2013 at the Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration.[378] It was also installed at the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando in Orlando, Florida.[379][380][381] The seven-minute film follows SpongeBob, Patrick, and Sandy rescuing the jellyfish of Jellyfish Fields from Plankton's evil clutches.[378] On May 23, 2015, an interactive 3D show titled SpongeBob SubPants Adventure opened in Texas at Moody Gardens.[382] The show was replaced with a generic "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" re-theming in 2019.[383]A variety of SpongeBob SquarePants-related attractions are currently located within Nickelodeon themed-areas at Movie Park Germany, Pleasure Beach Blackpool, Sea World, American Dream Meadowlands, and Mall of America, which includes the SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge euro-fighter roller coaster.Video gamesMain article: SpongeBob SquarePants video gamesNumerous video games based on the series have been produced. Some of the early games include: Legend of the Lost Spatula (2001)[384] and SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom (2003). In 2013, Nickelodeon published and distributed SpongeBob Moves In!, a freemium city-building game app developed by Kung Fu Factory for iOS and Android.[385][386][387][388] On June 5, 2019, THQ Nordic announced SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom – Rehydrated, a full remake of the console versions of the original 2003 game.[389][390][391] The game was released 1 year later on June 23, 2020[392][393] and includes cut content from the original game.[394] On May 28, 2020, Apple Arcade released a game called Spongebob Squarepants: Patty Pursuit.[395] In 2021, EA Sports introduced a SpongeBob-themed level to the Yard section of its Madden NFL 21 video game.[396]On September 17, 2021, THQ Nordic announced SpongeBob Squarepants: The Cosmic Shake, a new original game based on the franchise.[397]SpongeBob SquareShortsNickelodeon launched the first global SpongeBob SquarePants-themed short film competition, SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes, in 2013.[398][399] The contest encouraged fans and filmmakers around the world to create original short films inspired by SpongeBob for a chance to win a prize and a trip for four people to a screening event in Hollywood. The contest opened on May 6 and ran through June 28, 2013.[400][401] On July 19, 2013, Nickelodeon announced the competition's finalists.[402][403][404] On August 13, 2013, the under 18 years of age category was won by David of the United States for his The Krabby Commercial, while the Finally Home short by Nicole of South Africa won the 18 and over category.[405]TheaterMain article: SpongeBob SquarePants (musical)SpongeBob SquarePants was adapted as a stage musical in 2016 by director Tina Landau. SpongeBob SquarePants, The Broadway Musical premiered in Chicago in 2016 and opened on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on December 4, 2017.[406] The musical opened to critical acclaim,[407] and tied for most-nominated production at the 2018 72nd Tony Awards with twelve Tony nominations.[408]SpongeBob in internet cultureOnline memes relating to SpongeBob SquarePants have achieved widespread popularity on the Internet, so much so that Vox's Aja Romano declared in 2019 that "Spongebob memes came to rule internet culture."[409] A subreddit devoted to memes based on the animated series has, as of May 2019, accumulated over 1.7 million subscribers, a figure exponentially higher than subreddits devoted to the series itself.[409]Matt Schimkowitz, a senior editor for Know Your Meme, told Time that a combination of factors make SpongeBob memes so popular. He speculated that nostalgia for the past, alongside the cartoon's young audience, contributed to the SpongeBob Squarepants's outsized presence in Internet meme culture. Schimkowitz further added that memes derived from the series are exceptionally good at expressing emotions.[410]Michael Gold of The New York Times concurred. The writer opined that because of the show's "high episode count" and that it was "so ubiquitous at the beginning of the 21st century," SpongeBob SquarePants became "easy meme fodder."[411]Nickelodeon and members of the SpongeBob cast have expressed approval for the trend. Tom Kenny told Time that he found SpongeBob memes relatable and good-natured. Kenny said that while the show's characters can be considered complex, they are also simple, creating a wealth of content for meme creators to work with.[citation needed] Nickelodeon has manufactured a line of toys based on some of the show's most recognizable meme formats,[409] and has even included references to well-known memes in video games.[412]Among the show's most popular memes are the mocking SpongeBob meme, referring to an image macro from the episode, "Little Yellow Book," [413] a screenshot of a surprised Patrick Star from the SpongeBob SquarePants Movie,[414] an image of Spongebob appearing exhausted in the episode, "Nature Pants,"[415] and a particularly disheveled illustration of Squidward from "Squid's Day Off."[416]MerchandiseFurther information: List of SpongeBob SquarePants merchandisePhotograph of a SpongeBob SquarePants figure set on a beachA set of SpongeBob SquarePants figures modeled after the main charactersThe popularity of SpongeBob SquarePants inspired merchandise from T-shirts to posters.[72] In 2009, it was reported that the franchise had generated an estimated $8 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon.[417] The series is also the most distributed property of Paramount Media Networks.[371] SpongeBob is viewed in 170 countries speaking 24 languages, and has become "a killer merchandising app".[418] The title character and his friends have been used as a theme for special editions of well-known family board games, including Monopoly,[419] Life,[420] and Operation,[421] as well as a SpongeBob SquarePants edition of Ants in the Pants,[422] and Yahtzee.[423]In 2001, Nickelodeon signed a marketing deal with Target Corporation and Burger King, expanding its merchandising.[159] The popularity of SpongeBob has translated well into sales. In 2002, SpongeBob SquarePants dolls sold at a rate of 75,000 per week—faster than Tickle Me Elmo dolls were selling at the time.[424] SpongeBob has gained popularity in Japan, specifically with Japanese women. Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom purposefully targeted marketing at women there. Skeptics initially doubted that SpongeBob could be popular in Japan, as the character's design is very different from already popular designs for Hello Kitty and Pikachu.[425] Ratings and merchandise sales showed SpongeBob SquarePants has caught on with parents and with college audiences.[24] In a 2013 promotion, college-oriented website Music.com gave away 80,000 SpongeBob T-shirts, four times more than during a similar promotion for Comedy Central's South Park.[24]Kids' meal tie-ins have been released in fast food restaurants in many parts of the world, including Burger King in Europe and North America, as well as Wendy's in North America, and Hungry Jack's in Australia. A McDonald's Happy Meal tie-in with SpongeBob-themed Happy Meal boxes and toys was released in Europe and other international markets in the summer of 2007.[426] In Australia, the advertisement for the McDonald's SpongeBob Happy Meal won the Pester Power Award because the ads enticed young children to want its food because of the free toy.[427] As a tie-in beverage for the DVD release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, 7-Eleven released the limited edition Under-the-Sea Pineapple Slurpee in March 2004.[428] Pirate's Booty released limited edition SpongeBob SquarePants Pirate's Booty snacks in 2013.[429][430]In 2007, high-end SpongeBob-themed electronics were introduced by Imation Electronics Products under the Npower brand, including MP3 players, digital cameras, a DVD player, and a flatscreen television.[431] Pictures of SpongeBob SquarePants began to appear on the labels of 8 ounce cans of Green Giant cut green beans and packages of frozen Green Giant green beans and butter sauce in 2007, which featured free stickers. This was part of an initiative to encourage kids to eat their vegetables.[432] The Simmons Jewelry Co. released a $75,000 diamond pendant as part of a SpongeBob collection.[219][433] In New Zealand, the UK-based Beechdean Group unveiled the SpongeBob SquarePants Vanilla Ice Cream character product as part of a license deal with Nickelodeon.[434] NZ Drinks launched the SpongeBob SquarePants bottled water.[435]Build-A-Bear Workshop introduced the new SpongeBob SquarePants collection in stores and online in North America on May 17, 2013.[436][437][438] Shoppers can dress their SpongeBob and Patrick plush in a variety of clothing and accessories. Sandy Cheeks and Gary the Snail are also available as pre-stuffed minis.[439] Build-A-Bear Workshop stores nationwide celebrated the arrival of SpongeBob with a series of special events from May 17 through May 19.[440]On July 13, 2013, Toyota, with Nickelodeon, unveiled a SpongeBob-inspired Toyota Highlander.[441] The 2014 Toyota Highlander was launched on SpongeBob Day at the San Diego Padres v. Giants game.[442][443][444] The SpongeBob Toyota Highlander visited seven U.S. locations during its release, including the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando in Florida.[445]In April 2019, Nickelodeon released a series of toys adapted from various SpongeBob Internet memes. These included "Handsome Squidward", "Imaginaaation SpongeBob", "Mocking SpongeBob", "SpongeGar", and "Surprised Patrick". Shortly after the release of the line, most of the toys sold out on Amazon.com.[446][447]Notes Despite Hillenburg's death in 2018, he continues to receive an executive producer credit. Episode 175, "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!", was first broadcast on CBS.[3] In 2015, Tom Ken Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434820140 2023-01-05 15:51:44 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434820140 You know when SIUUU Cristiano" redirects here. For other people named Cristiano, see Cristiano (given name) and Cristiano (surname).In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is dos Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro.Cristiano RonaldoCristiano Ronaldo 2018.jpgRonaldo with Portugal at the 2018 World CupPersonal informationFull name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro[1]Date of birth 5 February 1985 (age 37)[1]Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal[1]Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)[note 1]Position(s) ForwardClub informationCurrent team Al NassrNumber 7Youth career1992–1995 Andorinha1995–1997 Nacional1997–2002 Sporting CPSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2002–2003 Sporting CP B 2 (0)2002–2003 Sporting CP 25 (3)2003–2009 Manchester United 196 (84)2009–2018 Real Madrid 292 (311)2018–2021 Juventus 98 (81)2021–2022 Manchester United 40 (19)2023– Al Nassr 0 (0)International career‡2001 Portugal U15 9 (7)2001–2002 Portugal U17 7 (5)2003 Portugal U20 5 (1)2002–2003 Portugal U21 10 (3)2004 Portugal U23 3 (2)2003– Portugal 196 (118)HonoursSignatureCristiano Ronaldo signature*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17:40, 22 November 2022 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 17:02, 10 December 2022 (UTC)A man in a red shirt looks to his right. This article is part of a series aboutCristiano RonaldoPortuguese professional footballerInternational goalsCareer achievementsRivalry with Lionel MessiEponyms and public artEstádio da MadeiraCristiano Ronaldo International AirportGalaxy CR7Museu CR7FilmsCristiano Ronaldo: The World at His FeetRonaldoRelated peoplevteCristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁɔˈnaɫdu]; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Saudi Professional League club Al Nassr and captains the Portugal national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has won five Ballon d'Or awards[note 3] and four European Golden Shoes, the most by a European player. He has won 32 trophies in his career, including seven league titles, five UEFA Champions Leagues, the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League. Ronaldo holds the records for most appearances (183), goals (140), and assists (42) in the Champions League, goals in the European Championship (14), international goals (118), and joint-most international appearances (196). He is one of the few players to have made over 1,100 professional career appearances, and has scored over 800 official senior career goals for club and country. He is the only player to score in five FIFA World Cup tournaments.Ronaldo began his senior career with Sporting CP, before signing with Manchester United in 2003, winning the FA Cup in his first season. He would also go on to win three consecutive Premier League titles, the Champions League and the FIFA Club World Cup; at age 23, he won his first Ballon d'Or. Ronaldo was the subject of the then-most expensive association football transfer when he signed for Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth €94 million (£80 million). He became a key contributor and formed an attacking trio with Karim Benzema and Gareth Bale which was integral to the team winning four Champions League wins from 2014 to 2018, including La Décima. During this period, he won back-to-back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014, and again in 2016 and 2017, and was runner-up three times behind Lionel Messi, his perceived career rival. He also became the club's all-time top goalscorer and the all-time top scorer in the Champions League, and finished as the competition's top scorer for six consecutive seasons between 2012 and 2018. With Real, Ronaldo won two La Liga titles, two Copa del Rey, four Champions Leagues, three UEFA Super Cup and three Club World Cups. In 2018, he signed for Juventus in a transfer worth an initial €100 million (£88 million), the most expensive transfer for an Italian club and for a player over 30 years old. He won two Serie A titles, two Supercoppa Italiana trophies and a Coppa Italia, became the inaugural Serie A Most Valuable Player and the first footballer to finish as top scorer in the English, Spanish and Italian leagues, before returning to Manchester United in 2021. He left in 2022, after his contract with the club was terminated. In 2023, Ronaldo signed for Al Nassr.Ronaldo made his international debut for Portugal in 2003 at the age of 18 and has since earned over 190 caps, making him Portugal's most-capped player. With more than 100 goals at international level, he is also the nation's all-time top goalscorer. Ronaldo has played in and scored at 11 major tournaments; he scored his first international goal at Euro 2004, where he helped Portugal reach the final. He assumed captaincy of the national team in July 2008. In 2015, Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation. The following year, he led Portugal to their first major tournament title at Euro 2016, and received the Silver Boot as the second-highest goalscorer of the tournament. This achievement would see him receive his fourth Ballon d'Or. He also led them to a third-place finish at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, to victory in the inaugural UEFA Nations League in 2019, receiving the top scorer award in the finals, and later received the Golden Boot as top scorer of Euro 2020.One of the world's most marketable and famous athletes, Ronaldo was ranked the world's highest-paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 and the world's most famous athlete by ESPN from 2016 to 2019. Time included him on their list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2014. He is the first footballer and the third sportsman to earn US$1 billion in his career.Contents1 Early life2 Club career2.1 Sporting CP2.2 Manchester United2.2.1 2003–2007: Development and breakthrough2.2.2 2007–2008: Collective and individual success2.2.3 2008–2009: Ballon d'Or and continued success2.3 Real Madrid2.3.1 2009–2013: World record transfer and La Liga title2.3.2 2013–2015: Consecutive Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima2.3.3 2015–2017: All-time Madrid top scorer2.3.4 2017–2018: Fifth Ballon d'Or and fifth Champions League win2.4 Juventus2.4.1 2018–2020: Adjustment and consecutive Serie A titles2.4.2 2020–2021: 100 Juve goals, Capocannoniere, and departure2.5 Return to Manchester United2.5.1 2021–2022: 100 Premier League goals and team struggles2.5.2 2022: Final season and departure2.6 Al Nassr3 International career3.1 2001–2007: Youth level and senior debut3.2 2007–2012: Assuming the captaincy3.3 2012–2016: All-time Portugal top scorer and European champion3.4 2016–2018: Post-European Championship victory and World Cup3.5 2018–2020: Nations League title and 100 international goals3.6 2021–present: All-time international top goalscorer4 Player profile4.1 Style of play4.2 Image4.3 Goal celebrations4.4 Rivalry with Lionel Messi5 Outside football6 Personal life6.1 Family, children, and relationships6.2 Health6.3 Philanthropy6.4 Legal issues7 Career statistics7.1 Club7.2 International8 Honours9 See also10 Notes11 References11.1 Citations11.2 Works cited12 Further reading13 External linksEarly lifeCristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born on 5 February 1985 in the São Pedro parish of Funchal, the capital of the Portuguese island of Madeira, and grew up in the nearby parish of Santo António.[8][9] He is the fourth and youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Viveiros da Aveiro, a cook, and José Dinis Aveiro, a municipal gardener and part-time kit man.[10] His great-grandmother on his father's side, Isabel da Piedade, was from the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde.[11] He has one older brother, Hugo, and two older sisters, Elma and Liliana Cátia "Katia".[12] His mother revealed that she wanted to abort him due to poverty, his father's alcoholism, and having too many children already, but her doctor refused to perform the procedure.[13][14] Ronaldo grew up in an impoverished Catholic Christian home, sharing a room with all his siblings.[15]As a child, Ronaldo played for Andorinha from 1992 to 1995,[16] where his father was the kit man,[10] and later spent two years with Nacional. In 1997, aged 12, he went on a three-day trial with Sporting CP, who signed him for a fee of £1,500.[17] He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete, near Lisbon, to join Sporting's youth academy.[17] By age 14, Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally and agreed with his mother to cease his education to focus entirely on football.[18] With a troubled life as a student[19] and living in Lisbon area away from his Madeiran family, he didn't complete schooling beyond the 6th grade.[20][21] While popular with other students at school, he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher, who he said had "disrespected" him.[18] One year later, he was diagnosed with tachycardia, a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football.[22] Ronaldo underwent heart surgery where a laser was used to cauterise multiple cardiac pathways into one, altering his resting heart rate.[23] He was discharged from the hospital hours after the procedure and resumed training a few days later.[24]Club careerSporting CPRonaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP's museumAt age 16, Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting's youth team by first-team manager László Bölöni, who was impressed with his dribbling.[25] He subsequently became the first player to play for the club's under-16, under-17 and under-18 teams, the B team and the first team, all within a single season.[17] A year later, on 29 September 2002, Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga, against Braga and on 7 October, he scored two goals against Moreirense in their 3–0 win.[26] Over the course of the 2002–03 season, his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta.[27] Manager Arsène Wenger, who was interested in signing Ronaldo, met with him at Arsenal's stadium in November to discuss a possible transfer.[28]Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson was determined to acquire Ronaldo on a permanent move urgently, after Sporting defeated United 3–1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in August 2003. Initially, United had planned to sign Ronaldo and loan him back to Sporting for a year.[29] Having been impressed by him, the United players urged Ferguson to sign him. After the game, Ferguson agreed to pay Sporting £12.24 million[29] for what he considered to be "one of the most exciting young players" he had ever seen.[30] A decade after his departure from the club, in April 2013, Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000th member.[31]Manchester United2003–2007: Development and breakthrough"There have been a few players described as 'the new George Best' over the years, but this is the first time it's been a compliment to me."—Former Manchester United player George Best hails the 18-year-old Cristiano Ronaldo in 2003.[32]Ronaldo's move to Manchester United was completed on 12 August 2003, too late for the 2003 FA Community Shield but in time for their game against Bolton Wanderers on the opening day of the 2003–04 season, and made him the first Portuguese player to sign for the club.[33] His transfer fee made him, at the time, the most expensive teenager in English football history.[34] Although he requested the number 28, his number at Sporting, he received the squad number 7 shirt, which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best, Eric Cantona and David Beckham.[35] Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo.[36] A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be Ferguson, of whom he later said: "He's been my father in sport, one of the most important and influential factors in my career."[37]Ronaldo playing for Manchester United against Chelsea in the 2005–06 Premier League seasonRonaldo made his debut as a substitute in a 4–0 home win over Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League on 16 August 2003, and received a standing ovation when he came on for Nicky Butt.[38] His performance earned praise from Best, who hailed it as "undoubtedly the most exciting debut" he had ever seen.[32] Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free-kick in a 3–0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November.[39] Three more league goals followed in the second half of the campaign,[40] the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season, a match in which he also received the first red card of his career.[41] Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United's 3–0 win over Millwall in the 2004 FA Cup Final, earning his first trophy.[42] BBC pundit Alan Hansen described him as the star of the final.[43] The British press had been critical of Ronaldo during the season for his "elaborate" step-overs in trying to beat opponents,[44] but teammate Gary Neville said he was "not a show pony, but the real thing", and predicted he would become a world-class player.[45]"He has got the tricks and party pieces, we know that, but they're not much good unless there is something at the end of it all. We still have to remember, of course, that the lad is only 19 years of age. Considering that, you have to say he has got massive talent. His feet are mesmerising at times, and if he can couple that with some consistently good crossing, the future looks frightening."—Former BBC pundit Alan Hansen commenting on Ronaldo after his first season.[43]Ronaldo scored United's 1,000th Premier League goal on 29 October 2004, their only goal in a 4–1 loss to Middlesbrough.[46] A few weeks later, he signed a new contract with the club that extended his previous deal by two years to 2010.[47] At the start of 2005, Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004–05 season, producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal.[48][49] He played the full 120 minutes of the 2005 FA Cup Final against Arsenal, which ended in a goalless draw; although Ronaldo scored his attempt in the penalty shoot-out, United lost 5–4.[50] Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football, the Football League Cup, after scoring the third goal in United's 4–0 final win over Wigan Athletic.[51]During his third season in England, Ronaldo was involved in several incidents. He had a one-match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a "one-fingered gesture" towards Benfica fans,[52] and was sent off in the Manchester derby (a 3–1 defeat) for kicking Manchester City's former United player Andy Cole.[53] Ronaldo clashed with a teammate, striker Ruud van Nistelrooy, who took offence at the winger's showboating style of play.[54] Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup, in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off,[55] Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer, lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident.[56] United denied the possibility of him leaving the club.[57]Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006–07 season,[58] it proved to be his breakout year, as he broke the 20-goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title. An important factor in this success was his one-to-one training by first-team coach René Meulensteen, who taught him to make himself more unpredictable, improve his teamwork, call for the ball and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known.[59] He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December, against Aston Villa (a win that put United on top of the league), Wigan and Reading.[60][61][62] Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December, becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours.[63]2007–2008: Collective and individual successRonaldo playing during the 2006–07 Premier League seasonAt the quarter-final stage of the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League, Ronaldo scored his first goals in his 30th match in the competition,[64] scoring twice in a 7–1 win over Roma.[65] He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan, which ended in a 3–2 win,[66] but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3–0 at the San Siro.[67] He also helped United reach the 2007 FA Cup Final, but the final against Chelsea ended in a 1–0 defeat.[68] Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May (his 50th goal for the club), as United won their first league title in four years.[69] As a result of his performances, he amassed a host of personal awards for the season. He won the Professional Footballers' Association's Player's Player, Fans' Player and Young Player of the Year awards, as well as the Football Writers' Association's Footballer of the Year award,[70][71] becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours.[72] His wages were raised to £120,000 a week as part of a five-year contract extension.[73] Ronaldo was named runner-up to Kaká for the 2007 Ballon d'Or,[74] and came third, behind Kaká and Lionel Messi, in the running for the 2007 FIFA World Player of the Year award.[75]Ronaldo scored his first hat-trick for United in a 6–0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008, which put United top of the league table.[76] On 19 March, he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton and scored both goals in a 2–0 win.[77] His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign, surpassing George Best's total of 32 goals in the 1967–68 season, setting the club's new single-season record by a midfielder.[78] His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot,[79] as well as the European Golden Shoe, which made him the first winger to win the latter award.[80] He additionally received the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season.[81][82] In the knockout stage of the Champions League, Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon to help United advance to the quarter-finals 2–1 on aggregate;[83] while playing as a striker, he scored with a header in the 3–0 aggregate win over Roma.[84] United reached the final against Chelsea in Moscow, where, despite his opening goal being negated by an equaliser and his penalty kick being saved in the shoot-out,[85] United emerged victorious.[86] As the Champions League top scorer, Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year.[87]Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007–08 season, his most prolific campaign during his time in England. He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season, an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him.[88] As rumours circulated of Ronaldo's interest in moving to Real Madrid, United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid's alleged pursuit of their player, but they declined to take action.[89] FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club, describing the situation as "modern slavery".[90] Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter,[91] he remained at United for another year.[92]2008–2009: Ballon d'Or and continued successRonaldo in 2009 with Manchester United playing in a Premier League game against LiverpoolAhead of the 2008–09 season, on 7 July, Ronaldo underwent ankle surgery,[93] which kept him out of action for 10 weeks.[94] Following his return, he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5–0 win against Stoke City on 15 November,[95] which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time.[96] At the close of 2008, Ronaldo helped United win the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan,[97] assisting the final-winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process.[98] With his 2008 Ballon d'Or and 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year, Ronaldo became United's first Ballon d'Or winner since Best in 1968,[99] and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year.[100]His match-winning goal in the second leg against Porto, a 40-yard strike, earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award, presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year;[101] he later called it the best goal he had ever scored.[102] United advanced to the final in Rome,[103] where he made little impact in United's 2–0 defeat to Barcelona.[104] Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies, as United claimed their third successive league title and a Football League Cup.[105][106] He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions, 16 goals fewer than the previous season, in four more appearances.[107] His final goal for United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford.[108]Real MadridAs his usual number 7 was unavailable, Ronaldo wore number 9 during his debut season at Madrid. After Raúl departed the club, Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010–11 season.Ahead of the 2009–10 season, Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time of £80 million (€94 million).[109] His contract, which ran until 2015, was worth €11 million per year and contained a €1 billion buy-out clause.[110] At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu, surpassing the 25-year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli.[111] Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 (the number Ronaldo wore at United), Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt,[112] which was presented to him by former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano.[113]2009–2013: World record transfer and La Liga titleRonaldo made his La Liga debut against Deportivo La Coruña on 29 August, scoring a penalty in a 3–2 home win.[114] He scored in each of his first four league games, the first Madrid player to do so.[115] His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich.[116] His strong start to the season was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty, which kept him sidelined for seven weeks.[117][118] A week after his return, he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería.[119] Midway through the season, Ronaldo finished second in the 2009 Ballon d'Or and the 2009 FIFA World Player of the Year awards, behind Messi. He finished the season with 33 goals in all competitions, including a hat-trick in a 4–1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010, his first in La Liga,[120][121] and became Real Madrid's highest goalscorer that season. Although Ronaldo helped amass a club record 96 points in the league, he did not win a trophy in his first season.[122][123]Following Raúl's departure, Ronaldo was given the number 7 shirt for Madrid before the 2010–11 season.[124] His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or-winning form was epitomised when, for the first time in his career, he scored four goals in a single match during a 6–1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October.[125] Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat-tricks against Athletic Bilbao, Levante, Villarreal and Málaga.[126][127][128] Despite his performances, he did not make the top three in the inaugural 2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or.[129] During a historic series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011, Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions. Though he failed to score in either leg of the Champions League semi-finals as Madrid were eliminated, he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match-winning goal in the 103rd minute of the 2011 Copa del Rey Final, winning his first trophy in Spain.[130][131] His two goals in the last match of the season against Almería made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals.[132] In addition to the Pichichi Trophy, Ronaldo won the European Golden Shoe for a second time, becoming the first player to win the award in different leagues.[133]Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain.During the following season, Ronaldo achieved a new personal best of 60 goals in all competitions.[134] He finished as runner-up to Messi for the 2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or, after scoring hat-tricks against Real Zaragoza, Rayo Vallecano, Málaga, Osasuna and Sevilla, the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season's midway point.[135][136][137] Ronaldo found greater team success in the league, helping Madrid win their first league title in four years with a record 100 points. Following a hat-trick against Levante as Madrid further increased their lead over Barcelona,[138] he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5–1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012, a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons, breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás.[139] Another hat-trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals, equalling his record of the previous season.[140] His final league goal of the season, against Mallorca, took his total to 46 goals, four short of the new record set by Messi,[141] though he became the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single La Liga season.[142]Ronaldo began the 2012–13 season by lifting the 2012 Supercopa de España, his third trophy in Spain. With a goal in each leg, he helped Madrid win the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4–4 aggregate draw against Barcelona.[143] Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a "professional issue" within the club, prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid,[144] his goalscoring rate did not suffer. After netting a hat-trick, including two penalties, against Deportivo, he scored his first hat-trick in the Champions League in a 4–1 win over Ajax.[145] Four days later, he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2–2 draw at Camp Nou.[146] His performances again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or, behind four-time winner Messi.[147]2013–2015: Consecutive Ballon d'Or wins and La DécimaFollowing the 2012–13 winter break, Ronaldo captained Madrid for the first time in an official match, scoring twice to lift 10-man Madrid to a 4–3 win over Sociedad on 6 January.[148] He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clasico on 30 January, a match which also marked his 500th club appearance.[149] Three days prior, he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat-trick against Getafe.[150] He scored his 200th goal for Madrid on 8 May in a 6–2 win against Málaga, reaching the landmark in 197 games.[151] He helped Madrid reach the 2013 Copa del Rey Final by scoring twice in El Clásico, which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored,[152] a club record.[143] In the final, he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2–1 extra time defeat to Atlético, but was shown a red card for violent conduct.[153] In the first knockout round of the Champions League, Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time. After scoring the equaliser in a 1–1 draw at home,[154] he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win on his first return to Old Trafford.[155] He did not celebrate scoring against his former club as a mark of respect.[156] After scoring three goals against Galatasaray in the quarters, he scored Madrid's only goal in the 4–1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund in the semi-finals and Real were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year despite a 2–0 win in the second leg.[157]Ronaldo scored a record 17 UEFA Champions League goals during the 2013–14 season en route to La Décima.At the start of the 2013–14 season, Ronaldo signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018, with a salary of €17 million net, making him briefly the highest-paid player in football.[158] He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale, whose world record transfer fee of €100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior.[159] Together with striker Karim Benzema, they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed "BBC", an acronym of Bale, Benzema and Cristiano, and a play on the name of the British public service broadcaster, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).[160] By late November, Ronaldo had scored 32 goals from 22 matches for both club and country, including hat-tricks against Galatasaray, Sevilla, Real Sociedad, Northern Ireland, and Sweden.[161][162][163] He ended 2013 with 69 goals in 59 appearances, his highest year-end goal tally.[164] He received the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or, an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, for the first time in his career.[165]Concurrently with his individual achievements, Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date, as he helped Madrid win La Décima, their tenth European Cup. His goal in a 3–0 home win over Dortmund (his 100th Champions League match) took his total for the season to 14 goals, equalling the record Messi had set two years before.[166] After hitting a brace in a 4–0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena,[167] he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4–1 final win over Atlético, becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams.[168] His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems, which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign. Ronaldo played the final against medical advice, later commenting: "In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks".[169] As the competition's top goalscorer for the third time, with a record 17 goals,[170] he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe.[171]In the Copa del Rey, Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring two penalties against Atlético at the Vicente Calderón,[172] the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90-minute football match.[173] His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final, where Madrid defeated Barcelona 2–1 to claim the trophy.[174] Ronaldo scored 31 goals in 30 league games, which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe, receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez.[175] Among his haul was his 400th career goal, in 653 appearances for club and country, which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio, who had died two days before.[176] A last-minute, back-heeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May (his 50th goal in all competitions) was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional,[177] which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga.[178]During the 2014–15 season Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions.During the 2014–15 season, Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals, starting with both goals in Madrid's 2–0 win over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup.[179] He subsequently achieved his best-ever goalscoring start to a league campaign, with 15 goals in the first eight rounds.[180] His record 23rd La Liga hat-trick, scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December, made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in La Liga, reaching the milestone in 178th matches.[180][181] After winning the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup,[182] Ronaldo received the 2014 Ballon d'Or,[183] joining Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini and Marco van Basten as a three-time recipient.[184] Madrid finished in second place in La Liga and exited at the semi-final stage in the Champions League.[185] In the latter competition, Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2–0 win against Schalke 04.[186] He scored both of his side's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus, where Madrid were eliminated 3–2 on aggregate.[187] With 10 goals, he finished as top scorer for a third consecutive season, alongside Messi and Neymar.[188] On 5 April, he scored five goals in a game for the first time in his career, including an eight-minute hat-trick, in a 9–1 rout of Granada.[189] His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2–0 win against Rayo Vallecano.[190] Subsequent hat-tricks against Sevilla, Espanyol and Getafe took his number of hat-tricks for Madrid to 31, surpassing Di Stéfano's club record of 28.[179] He finished the season with 48 goals, winning a second consecutive Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time.[179]2015–2017: All-time Madrid top scorerAt the start of his seventh season at Madrid, the 2015–16 campaign, Ronaldo became the club's all-time top scorer, first in the league and then in all competitions. His five-goal haul in a 6–0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games, surpassing the club's previous record holder, Raúl.[191] A month later, on 17 October, he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3–0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals.[note 4] Ronaldo also became the all-time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat-trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk, having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals.[193] Two goals against Malmö FF in a 2–0 away win on 30 September saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for club and country.[194] He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition's group stage, setting the record at 11 goals, including another four-goal haul against Malmö.[195]By March 2016, Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition's second-highest goalscorer.Ronaldo's four goals in a 7–1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 took his total to 252 goals in La Liga, becoming the competition's second-highest scorer in history behind Messi.[196] He scored a hat-trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals.[197] The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals, making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season and the fifth overall.[198] Suffering apparent fitness issues, Ronaldo gave a poorly-received performance in the final against Atlético, in a repeat of the 2014 final, though his penalty in the subsequent shoot-out secured Madrid's 11th victory.[199] For the sixth successive year, he ended the season having scored over 50 goals across all competitions.[199] For his efforts during the season, he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time.[200]Ronaldo missed Madrid's first three matches of the 2016–17 season, including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla, as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the Euro 2016 final.[201] On 15 September, he did not celebrate his late free kick equaliser against Sporting CP in the Champions League, with Ronaldo stating post match that "they made me who I am".[202] On 7 November, his contract was updated for the second time and extended by three years to 2021.[203] On 19 November, he scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 away win against Atlético, making him the all-time top scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals.[204] On 15 December, Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2–0 win over Club América in the semi-finals of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup.[205] He then scored a hat-trick in the 4–2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final.[206] Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named player of the tournament.[207] He won the 2016 Ballon d'Or, his fourth, and the inaugural 2016 The Best FIFA Men's Player, a revival of the former FIFA World Player of the Year, largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016.[208]Ronaldo with Cristina Cifuentes, President of the Community of Madrid, during the 2016 Champions League title celebrations in MadridIn the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals against Bayern in April, Ronaldo scored both goals in a 2–1 away win which saw him make history by becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition.[209] In the second leg of the quarter-finals, Ronaldo scored a 'perfect' hat-trick and reached his 100th Champions League goal, becoming the first player to do so as Madrid again defeated Bayern 4–2 after extra-time.[210] On 2 May, Ronaldo scored another hat-trick as Madrid defeated Atlético 3–0 in the Champions League semi-final first leg. On 17 May, Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all-time top scorer in the top five European leagues, scoring twice against Celta de Vigo.[211] He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012.[212] In the Champions League Final, Ronaldo scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Juventus to take him to 12 goals for the season, making him the competition's top goalscorer for the fifth straight season (sixth overall), as well as the first player to score in three finals in the Champions League era; the second goal was the 600th of his senior career.[213] Madrid also became the first team to win back-to-back finals in the Champions League era.[214]2017–2018: Fifth Ballon d'Or and fifth Champions League winAt the start of the 2017–18 season, Ronaldo scored Madrid's second goal in the 80th minute of a 3–1 win over Barcelona in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España at Camp Nou; however, he was sent off two minutes later and missed the second leg.[215] On 23 October, his performances throughout 2017 saw him awarded The Best FIFA Men's Player award for the second consecutive year.[216] On 6 December, he became the first player to score in all six Champions League group stage matches with a curling strike at home to Dortmund.[217] A day later, Ronaldo won the 2017 Ballon d'Or, receiving his fifth-time award on the Eiffel Tower in Paris.[218] On 16 December, he scored a free kick winner, as Madrid won their second Club World Cup in a row by beating Grêmio in the final.[219] On 3 March 2018, he scored two goals in a 3–1 home win over Getafe, his first being his 300th La Liga goal in his 286th appearance, making him the fastest player to reach this landmark and only the second player to do so after Messi.[220] On 18 March, he reached his 50th career hat-trick, scoring four goals in a 6–3 win against Girona.[221]Ronaldo in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final, his final game for Real MadridOn 3 April, Ronaldo scored the first two goals in a 3–0 away win against Juventus in the quarter-finals of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, with his second goal being an acrobatic bicycle kick. Described as a "PlayStation goal" by Juventus defender Andrea Barzagli, with Ronaldo's foot approximately 7 ft 7 in (2.31 m) off the ground, it garnered him a standing ovation from the opposing fans in the stadium as well as a plethora of plaudits from peers, pundits and coaches.[222] On 11 April, he scored in the second leg at home to Juventus, a 98th-minute injury time penalty in a 3–1 defeat, meaning Madrid advanced 4–3 on aggregate.[223] It was his tenth goal against Juventus, a Champions League record against a single club.[224] In the final on 26 May, Madrid defeated Liverpool 3–1, winning Ronaldo his fifth Champions League title, the first player to do so.[225] He finished as the top scorer of the tournament for the sixth consecutive season with 15 goals.[226] After the final, Ronaldo referred to his time with Madrid in the past tense, sparking speculation that he could leave the club.[227]JuventusDespite months of negotiation to sign a new Real Madrid contract,[228] on 10 July 2018, Ronaldo signed a four-year contract with Italian club Juventus after completing a €100 million transfer, which included an additional €12 million in other fees and solidarity contributions to Ronaldo's youth clubs.[229] The transfer was the highest ever for a player over 30 years old,[230] and the highest paid by an Italian club.[231] Upon signing, Ronaldo cited his need for a new challenge as his rationale for departing Madrid,[232] but later attributed the transfer to the lack of support he felt was shown by club president Florentino Pérez.[233]2018–2020: Adjustment and consecutive Serie A titlesOn 18 August, Ronaldo made his debut in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona.[234] On 16 September, Ronaldo scored his first two goals for Juventus in his fourth appearance in a 2–1 home win over Sassuolo in Serie A; his second was the 400th league goal of his career.[235] On 19 September, in his first Champions League match for Juventus, against Valencia, he was sent off in the 29th minute for "violent conduct", his first red card in 154 tournament appearances.[236] Ronaldo became the first player in history to win 100 Champions League matches, setting up Mario Mandžukić's winner in a 1–0 home win over Valencia, which sealed Juventus's passage to the knock-out stages of the competition.[237] In December, he scored his tenth league goal of the season, from the penalty spot, netting the final goal in a 3–0 away win over Fiorentina.[238] After placing second in both the UEFA Men's Player of the Year and The Best FIFA Men's Player for the first time in three years, behind Luka Modrić, Ronaldo performances in 2018 also saw him voted runner-up for the 2018 Ballon d'Or, finishing once again behind his former teammate.[239] Ronaldo won his first trophy with the club on 16 January 2019, the 2018 Supercoppa Italiana, after he scored the only goal from a header against AC Milan.[240]On 10 February, Ronaldo scored in a 3–0 win over Sassuolo, the ninth consecutive away game in which he had scored in the league, equalling Giuseppe Signori's single season Serie A record of most consecutive away games with at least one goal.[241] On 12 March, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 home win against Atlético in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16, helping Juventus overcome a two-goal deficit to reach the quarter-finals.[242] The following month, he scored his 125th goal in the competition, opening the scoring in a 1–1 away draw in the quarter-final first leg against Ajax on 10 April.[243] In the second leg in Turin on 16 April, he scored the opening goal, but Juventus eventually lost the match 2–1 and were eliminated from the competition.[244] On 20 April, Ronaldo played in the scudetto clinching game against Fiorentina, as Juventus won their eighth successive title after a 2–1 home win, thereby becoming the first player to win league titles in England, Spain and Italy.[245] On 27 April, he scored his 600th club goal, the equaliser in a 1–1 away draw against Derby d'Italia rivals Inter Milan.[246] Ending his first Serie A campaign with 21 goals and 8 assists, Ronaldo won the inaugural Serie A award for Most Valuable Player.[247]Ronaldo playing for Juventus against Torino during the 2019–20 seasonRonaldo scored his first goal of the 2019–20 season in a 4–3 home league win over Napoli on 31 August 2019.[248] On 23 September, he came in 3rd place for the Best FIFA Men's Player Award.[249] On 1 October, he reached several milestones in Juventus's 3–0 Champions League group stage win over Bayer Leverkusen: he scored in a 14th consecutive season, equalling Raúl and Messi's record; he broke Iker Casillas' record for most Champions League wins of all time, and equalled Raúl's record of scoring against 33 different opponents.[250] On 6 November in a 2–1 away win against Lokomotiv Moscow, he equalled Paolo Maldini as the second-most capped player in UEFA club competitions with 174 appearances.[251] On 18 December, Ronaldo leapt to a height of 8 ft 5 in (2.57 m), higher than the crossbar, to head the winning goal in a 2–1 away win against Sampdoria.[252] He scored his first Serie A hat-trick on 6 January 2020, in a 4–0 home win against Cagliari. His 56th career hat-trick, he became only the second player after Alexis Sánchez to score hat-tricks in the Premier League, La Liga and Serie A.[253] On 2 February, he scored twice from the penalty spot in a 3–0 home win over Fiorentina, equalling David Trezeguet's club record of scoring in nine consecutive league games,[254] and broke the record six days later by scoring in his tenth consecutive league game, a 2–1 away defeat to Hellas Verona.[255] On 22 February, Ronaldo scored for a record-equalling 11th consecutive league game, alongside Gabriel Batistuta and Fabio Quagliarella, in what was his 1,000th senior professional game, a 2–1 away win against SPAL.[256]On 22 June, he scored a penalty in a 2–0 away win over Bologna, overtaking Rui Costa to become the highest scoring Portuguese player in Serie A history.[257] On 4 July, he scored his 25th league goal from a free kick in a 4–1 home win over rivals Torino, becoming the first Juventus player to achieve this milestone since Omar Sívori in 1961; the goal was also his first from a free kick with the club after 43 attempts.[258] On 20 July, Ronaldo scored twice in a 2–1 home win over Lazio; his first goal was his 50th in Serie A. He became the second-fastest player to reach this landmark, after Gunnar Nordahl, and the first player in history to reach 50 goals in the Premier League, La Liga and Serie A. With his brace, he also reached 30 league goals for the season, becoming just the third player (after Felice Borel in 1934 and John Hansen in 1952) in Juventus's history to reach that milestone in a season.[259][260] Moreover, he became the oldest player, at the age of 35 years and 166 days, to score over 30 goals in one of the five top European leagues since Ronnie Rooke with Arsenal in 1948.[261] On 26 July, Ronaldo scored the opening goal in a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria as Juventus were crowned Serie A champions for a ninth consecutive time.[262] He finished his second league campaign with 31 goals, making him the second-highest goalscorer in the league behind only European Golden Shoe winner Ciro Immobile, with 36 goals.[263][264] On 7 August, Ronaldo scored a brace in a 2–1 home win against Lyon in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16, which saw him finish the season with 37 goals in all competitions; the tally allowed him to break Borel's club record of 36 goals in a single season.[265] Despite the win, the tie finished 2–2 on aggregate and Juventus were eliminated from the competition on the away goals rule.[266]2020–2021: 100 Juve goals, Capocannoniere, and departureOn 20 September 2020, Ronaldo scored in Juventus's opening league match of the season, a 3–0 home win over Sampdoria.[267] On 1 November, having taken nearly three weeks to recover from COVID-19, he returned to action against Spezia; he came off the bench in the second half and scored within the first three minutes, before scoring a second goal from the penalty spot in an eventual 4–1 away win.[268] On 2 December, he scored a goal against Dynamo Kyiv in a Champions League group stage match, his 750th senior career goal.[269] Ronaldo played his 100th match in all competitions for Juventus on 13 December, scoring two penalties in a 3–1 away win over Genoa in the league to bring his goal tally to 79.[270] On 20 January 2021, Juventus won the 2020 Supercoppa Italiana after a 2–0 win against Napoli, with Ronaldo scoring the opening goal.[271] On 2 March, he scored a goal in a 3–0 win over Spezia in his 600th league match, to become the first player to score at least 20 goals in 12 consecutive seasons in the top five leagues of Europe.[272] On 14 March, he scored his 57th career hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over Cagliari.[273] On 12 May, Ronaldo scored a goal in a 3–1 away win over Sassuolo to reach his 100th goal for Juventus in all competitions on his 131st appearance, becoming the fastest Juventus player to achieve the feat.[274] With Juventus's victory in the 2021 Coppa Italia Final on 19 May, Ronaldo became the first player in history to win every major domestic trophy in England, Spain and Italy.[275] Ronaldo ended the season with 29 league goals, winning the Capocannoniere award for highest goalscorer and becoming the first footballer to finish as top scorer in the English, Spanish and Italian leagues.[276]On 22 August, Ronaldo started the first game of the new season on the bench, coming on as a substitute for Álvaro Morata in a 2–2 draw against Udinese, scoring a goal that was ruled out by VAR.[277] Though manager Massimiliano Allegri confirmed it was his decision due to Ronaldo's fitness, it came amid reports Ronaldo would depart the club before the closure of the transfer window,[278] and Ronaldo would tell Allegri he had "no intention" of remaining a Juventus player.[279] On 26 August, Ronaldo and his agent Jorge Mendes reached a verbal agreement with Manchester City over personal terms,[280] but the club pulled out of the deal the following day due to the overall cost of the transfer.[281] On the same day, it was confirmed that City's rivals Manchester United, Ronaldo's former club, were in advanced talks to sign him,[282][283] while former manager Alex Ferguson and several ex-teammates had been in contact to persuade him to re-sign for United.[284][285]Return to Manchester United2021–2022: 100 Premier League goals and team strugglesOn 27 August 2021, Manchester United announced they had reached an agreement with Juventus to re-sign Ronaldo, subject to agreement of personal terms, visa and medical.[286] The transfer was for an initial £12.85 million, with a two-year contract plus an optional year, and was confirmed on 31 August.[287] Ronaldo was given the number 7 shirt after Edinson Cavani agreed to switch to 21.[288] The first 24 hours of Ronaldo's shirt sales was reported to have broken the all-time record following a transfer, overtaking Messi after his move to Paris Saint-Germain.[289]Ronaldo in a Premier League match against Newcastle in September 2021, his first game back at Manchester UnitedOn 11 September, Ronaldo made his second debut at Old Trafford, scoring the opening two goals in a 4–1 league victory against Newcastle United.[290] On 29 September, he scored a last-minute winner in United's 2–1 victory at home to Villarreal in the Champions League, and overtook Iker Casillas as the player with the most appearances in the competition.[291] In the next Champions League fixture on 20 October, Ronaldo again scored a last minute winner, helping United overturn a two-goal deficit in a 3–2 home victory against Atalanta,[292] and scored both goals, including a last minute equalizer, in the reverse fixture against Atalanta on 2 November.[293] On 23 November, Ronaldo became the first player to score in five consecutive matches of a Champions League campaign for an English club, after opening United's 2–0 victory away against Villarreal, with his six goals being crucial to United's qualifying for the round of 16 as group winners.[294] On 2 December, Ronaldo netted two goals in a 3–2 home league win against Arsenal, which saw him surpass 800 career goals.[295]The following month, after enduring a fractured relationship with his teammates and interim manager Ralf Rangnick, his performances and his team's declined during the season, with Ronaldo equalling his worst goalscoring run since 2010 during his time with Real Madrid, being two months without scoring a goal,[296] before scoring his first goal in the new year, opening United's 2–0 win home against Brighton & Hove Albion on 15 February 2022.[297] Following a hamstring injury, which saw him miss the Manchester derby against Manchester City, Ronaldo made his return from injury on 12 March, scoring a hat-trick in a 3–2 victory against Tottenham Hotspur, which saw him pass Josef Bican's record for goals scored in professional football with 807 career goals,[298] although the Football Association of the Czech Republic claimed that Bican had scored 821 career goals.[299] On 16 April, Ronaldo scored his 50th club hat-trick in a 3–2 win over Norwich City.[300] On 23 April, he scored his 100th Premier League goal in a 3–1 defeat to Arsenal.[301] After scoring in the following matches against Chelsea and Brentford, he was named the Premier League Player of the Month for April.[302]He finished the season with 24 goals in all competitions, 18 of those goals being in the Premier League, making him the third-highest goalscorer in the league behind Golden Boot winners Mohamed Salah and Son Heung-min, being named in the Premier League Team of the Year and the winner of United's Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year award, given to the club's best player from the previous season;[303][304] however, with United finishing in a disappointing sixth place and qualifying for the UEFA Europa League, Ronaldo went trophyless for the first time since 2010.[305]2022: Final season and departureAfter growing dissatisfaction with the direction of United on and off the field, Ronaldo missed the club's pre-season tour of Thailand and Australia due to family reasons, amid reports of his desire to leave to join a club competing in the Champions League, despite incoming manager Erik ten Hag insisting that he was not for sale and was part of the club's plans.[306] His agent Jorge Mendes began negotiating with various clubs for a transfer on loan or on a free transfer, including Bayern Munich, Paris Saint-Germain and Chelsea, with the latter club's new owner Todd Boehly being keen on a possible transfer.[307] However, due to his age, overall cost of a transfer and high wages demands, multiple European clubs rejected the opportunity to sign him, including Chelsea after their manager Thomas Tuchel did not approve his signing.[308]Ronaldo in a Premier League match against Brighton & Hove Albion in August 2022Having failed to secure a transfer, Ronaldo lost his place in the starting lineup to Marcus Rashford and Anthony Martial, only featuring in Europa League matches. He scored his first goal in the competition aged 37, converting a penalty to make it 2–0 against Sheriff Tiraspol on 15 September.[309] On 2 October, Ronaldo was an unused substitute in United's 6–3 loss to Manchester City, with ten Hag saying that he refused to bring him on out of "respect for his big career".[310] On 9 October, Ronaldo came on as a substitute and scored his 700th career club goal in a 2–1 win against Everton.[311] Ten days later, Ronaldo refused to be brought on as a substitute during a home game against Tottenham and left the ground before the full-time whistle;[312][313] Ten Hag punished him by dropping him from the squad for an upcoming fixture with Chelsea, and made him train separately from the first team.[314][315] Following discussions with the manager, Ronaldo returned to training and started in United's home win over Sheriff on 27 October, scoring the third goal and ensuring United's qualification to the Europa League knockout stage.[316] Ten Hag named Ronaldo as captain for a 3–1 defeat to Aston Villa on 6 November, saying that Ronaldo was "an important part of the squad, we are happy with him and now he has to take even more of the leader role".[317] Ronaldo then missed United's following matches before the World Cup break, with Ten Hag saying that Ronaldo was ill.[318]On 14 November, an interview with Piers Morgan was published, where Ronaldo said that he felt "betrayed" by Ten Hag and senior executives who wanted Ronaldo to leave the club, and accused the club of doubting him regarding the illness of his daughter that led him to miss pre-season, adding that he did not respect ten Hag "because he doesn't show respect for me", leading him to be disappointed with the communication of the club.[319] Ronaldo claimed that ten Hag deliberately provoked him by first leaving him on the bench against City, and then wanting to bring him on in the final moments against Tottenham, but added that he regretted his decision to leave early.[319] He also questioned the appointment of Rangnick the previous season as he was a "sporting director and not even a coach".[319][320] On the club itself, Ronaldo stated there was "no evolution" since the departure of former manager Alex Ferguson in 2013, despite expecting changes in "technology, infrastructure".[319][320] Ronaldo claimed that the Glazer family "did not care about the club" as he never spoke with them, and described United as a "marketing club".[319][320] Following the interview, which aired in two-parts on 16 and 17 November, United began seeking legal action over whether Ronaldo had breached his contract,[321] and were looking to terminate his contract.[322] On 22 November, Ronaldo's contract was terminated by mutual agreement with immediate effect.[323]Al NassrOn 30 December 2022, Saudi club Al Nassr reached an agreement for Ronaldo to join the club effective 1 January 2023, signing a contract until 2025.[324][325] As reported by Fabrizio Romano of The Guardian, Ronaldo received the highest football salary in history, worth €200 million per year;[326][327] this included an annual guaranteed football salary of €90 million, with commercial and sponsorship deals included bringing his total annual salary to €200 million. He was also reportedly paid a signing-on bonus in the region of €100 million.[328] According to Romano, Ronaldo rejected a move to Sporting Kansas City to join Al Nassr.[329]International career2001–2007: Youth level and senior debutRonaldo began his international career with Portugal under-15 in 2001. During his international youth career, Ronaldo would represent the under-15, under-17, under-20, under-21 and under-23 national sides, amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall.[6]Aged 18, Ronaldo made his first senior appearance for Portugal in a 1–0 win over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003,[330] coming on as a half-time substitute for Luís Figo.[331] He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004, held in his home country, and scored his first international goal in a 2–1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece, his eighth appearance for Portugal.[331] After converting his penalty in a shoot-out against England in the quarter-finals,[332] he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2–1 win over the Netherlands.[333] He was featured in the team of the tournament, having provided two assists in addition to his two goals.[334]Ronaldo was Portugal's second-highest scorer in their qualification group for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals.[330] During the tournament, he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal's second match of the group stage.[335] At the age of 21 years and 132 days, Ronaldo became the youngest ever goalscorer for Portugal at a World Cup finals.[336] In Portugal's infamously dirty round of 16 match against the Netherlands, Ronaldo was forced off injured in the first half after a tackle from Dutch defender Khalid Boulahrouz.[331] Following Portugal's 1–0 win, Ronaldo accused Boulahrouz of intentionally trying to injure him, although he recovered in time to play in the next game.[337] In Portugal's quarter-final against England, Ronaldo's Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho. Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney's infraction,[338] the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining, after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal's bench following Rooney's dismissal.[331][339] Ronaldo went on to score the vital winning penalty during the shoot-out which sent Portugal into the semi-finals.[331] Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1–0 semi-final defeat to France.[340] FIFA's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament's Best Young Player award and handed it to Germany's Lukas Podolski, citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision.[331][341] Following the 2006 World Cup, Ronaldo would go on to represent Portugal in four qualifying games for Euro 2008, scoring two goals in the process.[342][343]2007–2012: Assuming the captaincyRonaldo, pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012, was made captain for Portugal in 2008.One day after his 22nd birthday, Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007,[344] as requested by Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) president Carlos Silva, who had died two days earlier.[345] Ahead of Euro 2008, he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time.[346] While he scored eight goals in the qualification,[347] the second-highest tally, he scored just one goal in the tournament, netting the second goal of their 3–1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic; in the same game, he also set-up Portugal's third goal in injury time, which was scored by Quaresma, and was named man of the match for his performance.[348][349] Portugal were eliminated in the quarter-finals with a 3–2 loss against eventual finalists Germany.[350]After Portugal's unsuccessful performance at Euro 2008, Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz, formerly the assistant manager at United.[351] Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad's permanent captain in July 2008.[352] Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup,[331] as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play-off victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina.[353] In the group stage of the World Cup, he was named man of the match in all three matches, against Ivory Coast, North Korea and Brazil.[354][355][356] His only goal of the tournament came in their 7–0 rout of North Korea, which marked his first international goal in 16 months.[357] Portugal's World Cup ended with a 1–0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16.[358]Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012, including two strikes against Bosnia and Herzegovina in the play-offs, to send Portugal into the tournament, where they were drawn in a "group of death".[359] In the last group stage game against the Netherlands, Ronaldo scored twice to secure a 2–1 win.[360] He scored a header in the quarter-final against the Czech Republic to give his team a 1–0 win.[361] In both games against the Netherlands and the Czech Republic he was named man of the match.[362][363] After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless, Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shoot-out.[364] Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth slot.[365] Ronaldo's own teammate, Nani, said that Ronaldo "demanded" to take the last penalty.[366] As the joint top scorer with three goals, alongside five other players, he was again included in the team of the tournament.[7]2012–2016: All-time Portugal top scorer and European championRonaldo evading Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in 2013During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup, Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals. A qualifying match on 17 October 2012, a 1–1 draw against Northern Ireland, earned him his 100th cap.[367] His first international hat-trick also came against Northern Ireland, when he scored three times in a 15-minute spell of a 4–2 qualifying win on 6 September 2013.[368] After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign, Ronaldo scored all four of the team's goals in the play-offs against Sweden, billed as a battle between Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimović, which ensured their place at the tournament.[369] His hat-trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals, equaling Pauleta's record.[370] Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5–1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country's all-time top scorer.[371]Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury,[372] potentially risking his career.[373] Ronaldo later commented: "If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable. But we don't."[374] Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness, being forced to abort practice twice,[375] Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany, although he was unable to prevent a 4–0 defeat.[376] After assisting an injury-time 2–2 equaliser against the United States,[377] he scored a late match-winning goal in a 2–1 win over Ghana.[378] His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups.[379] Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference.[378]Ronaldo leaps in the air in Portugal's Euro 2016 quarter-final match against PolandRonaldo scored five goals, including a hat-trick against Armenia, in the qualification for Euro 2016.[380] With the only goal in another win over Armenia on 14 November 2014, he reached 23 goals in the UEFA European Championship, including qualifying matches, to become the competition's all-time leading goalscorer.[381] At the start of the tournament, Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal's draws against Iceland and Austria, despite taking 20 shots on goal. In the latter match, he overtook Figo as Portugal's most capped player with his 128th international appearance, which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half.[382] With two goals in the last match of the group stage, a 3–3 draw against Hungary, Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships, having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament.[383][384] Although placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland, his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition's newly expanded format,[385] despite not winning any of their games.[331]In Portugal's first knockout match, Ronaldo's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia's goalkeeper Danijel Subašić into the path of Ricardo Quaresma, whose finish then secured a 1–0 win late in extra time.[331] After his team progressed past Poland on penalties, with Ronaldo scoring Portugal's opening penalty,[331] he became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals;[386] he scored the opener in a 2–0 win against Wales, equalling Michel Platini as the competition's all-time top scorer with nine goals.[387] In the final against hosts France, Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet, despite multiple treatments and attempts to play on,[331] he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma. During extra time, substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1–0 victory.[388] As team captain, Ronaldo lifted the trophy in celebration of his country's first triumph in a major tournament. He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second-highest goalscorer, with three goals and three assists, and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career.[389][390]2016–2018: Post-European Championship victory and World CupFollowing the Euro 2016 success, Ronaldo played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at age 32, opening a 2–3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros. With the goal, he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third-highest scoring European in international football.[391]In Portugal's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June, Ronaldo set up Quaresma's opening goal in a 2–2 draw.[392] Three days later, he scored in a 1–0 win over hosts Russia.[393] On 24 June, he scored from a penalty in a 4–0 win over New Zealand, which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition; with his 75th international goal, Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second-highest European international goalscorer of all time, behind only Ferenc Puskás.[394][395] He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal's group stage matches.[396] Ronaldo left the competition early; after Chile defeated Portugal 3–0 on penalties in the semi-finals, he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children,[397] and missed Portugal's third-place play-off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2–1 after extra time.[398]Ronaldo evades an Iran defender in the group stage of the 2018 World CupOn 31 August 2017, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 win in a 2018 World Cup qualifying match over the Faroe Islands, which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint-fifth-highest goalscorer in international football with 78 goals.[399] These goals brought his tally in the World Cup qualifiers to 14, equalling Predrag Mijatović's record for most goals in a single UEFA qualifying campaign, and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a European qualifying group, overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski. Ronaldo's hat-trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29, making him the highest scorer in UEFA qualifiers, ahead of Andriy Shevchenko, and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined with 32 goals, ahead of Miroslav Klose.[400] Ronaldo later added to this tally by scoring a goal against Andorra in a 2–0 win.[401]On 15 June 2018, Ronaldo became the oldest player to score a hat-trick in a FIFA World Cup match, helping Portugal secure a 3–3 draw against Spain (his third goal a 30-yard curling free kick with two minutes remaining) in their opening match. In doing so, he became the first Portuguese player to score a goal in four World Cups and one of four players of any nationality to do so.[402] On 20 June, Ronaldo scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Morocco, breaking Puskás' record as the highest European goalscorer of all time, with 85 international goals.[403] In the final group match against Iran on 25 June, Ronaldo missed a penalty in an eventual 1–1 draw which saw Portugal progress to the second round as group runners-up behind Spain.[404] On 30 June, Portugal were eliminated following a 2–1 defeat to Uruguay in the last 16.[405] For his performances in the tournament, Ronaldo was named in the World Cup Dream Team.[406]2018–2020: Nations League title and 100 international goalsAfter the World Cup, Ronaldo missed six international matches, including the entire league phase of the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League, but played for hosts Portugal in the inaugural Nations League Finals in June 2019. In the semi-finals on 5 June, he scored a hat-trick against Switzerland to reach the final. Upon scoring the opening goal, he became the first player to score in 10 consecutive international competitions, breaking the record he previously shared with Ghana's Asamoah Gyan.[407] In the final of the tournament four days later, Portugal defeated the Netherlands 1–0.[408]On 10 September 2019, Ronaldo scored four goals in a 5–1 away win over Lithuania in a Euro 2020 qualifying match;[409] in the process, he overtook Robbie Keane (23 goals) as the player with most goals in the UEFA European Championship qualifying, setting a new record with 25 goals.[410] He also set a new record for scoring against the most national teams, 40,[411] while also completing his eighth international hat-trick.[412] On 14 October, he scored his 700th senior career goal for club and country from the penalty spot, in his 974th senior career appearance, a 2–1 away loss to Ukraine in a Euro 2020 qualifier.[413] On 17 November, Ronaldo scored his 99th international goal in a 2–0 win over Luxembourg, leading Portugal to qualify for Euro 2020.[414] On 8 September 2020, Ronaldo scored his 100th and 101st international goals in a 2–0 away win over Sweden in a 2020–21 UEFA Nations League match, becoming only the second male player ever to achieve this milestone (after Ali Daei of Iran) and the first in Europe.[415][416] On 13 October, the FPF announced that Ronaldo tested positive for COVID-19 while being asymptomatic.[417] By 30 October, Ronaldo had recovered.[418]2021–present: All-time international top goalscorerThe Estádio Algarve (exterior pictured) where Ronaldo broke the international goalscoring record (surpassing the 109 goals of Iran's Ali Daei) in September 2021On 15 June 2021, Ronaldo scored twice in Portugal's first game of Euro 2020, a 3–0 win against Hungary in Budapest.[419] This took him to a total of 11 European Championship goals, two clear of Michel Platini, as the all-time top goalscorer in the competition's history.[420] He also became the first player to score at five Euros,[421] and in eleven consecutive tournaments. The brace made Ronaldo the oldest player to score two goals in a match in the competition,[422] and the oldest player to score for Portugal at a major tournament.[423] On 23 June, he scored two penalties in Portugal's 2–2 draw with France in their final group stage match, equalling Daei's record of 109 international goals.[424] On 27 June, Portugal were eliminated following a 1–0 loss against Belgium in the round of 16.[425] Ronaldo finished the tournament with five goals (tied with Czech Patrik Schick) and one assist, earning him the Golden Boot.[426]Ronaldo during a group stage game against Uruguay at the 2022 World CupOn 1 September, Ronaldo scored two headed goals, with his second coming seconds before the full-time whistle, in a 2–1 home win against the Republic of Ireland in a World Cup qualifier at the Estádio Algarve, which saw him pass Ali Daei to become the sole record holder by breaking the men's international scoring record with his 110th and 111th international goals.[427] On 9 October, he scored the opening goal in a 3–0 friendly win over Qatar at the Estádio Algarve; with his 181st international appearance, he also overtook Sergio Ramos's record for the most international caps received by a European player.[428] In the following match against Luxembourg on 12 October, also played at the Estádio Algarve, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 win for Portugal, and became the first player to score 10 hat-tricks in men's international football.[429]Ronaldo was named in Portugal's squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, making it his fifth World Cup. On 24 November, in Portugal's opening match against Ghana, Ronaldo scored a penalty kick and became the first male player to score in five different World Cups.[430] In the last group game against South Korea, Ronaldo received criticism from his own coach for his reaction at being substituted.[431] He was dropped from the starting line-up for Portugal's last 16 match against Switzerland, marking the first time since Euro 2008 that he had not started a game for Portugal in a major international tournament,[432] and the first time Portugal had started a knockout game without Ronaldo in the starting line-up at an international tournament since Euro 2000.[433] He came off the bench late on as Portugal won 6–1, their highest tally in a World Cup knockout game since the 1966 World Cup, with Ronaldo's replacement Gonçalo Ramos scoring a hat-trick.[434] Portugal employed the same strategy in the quarter-finals against Morocco, with Ronaldo once again coming off the bench; in the process, he equalled Bader Al-Mutawa's international appearance record, becoming the joint–most capped male footballer of all time, with 196 caps. Portugal lost 1–0, however, with Morocco becoming the first CAF nation ever to reach the World Cup semi-finals.[435][436]Player profileStyle of playA versatile attacker, Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch,[437] and, while ostensibly right-footed, is very strong with both feet.[438] Tactically, Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career. While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United, he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield, where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area. In this position, he was able to use his pace and acceleration, agility and technical skills to take on opponents in one-on-one situations. Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair, often displaying an array of tricks and feints,[439][440] such as the step overs and so-called 'chops' that became his trademark;[441] he has also been known to use the flip-flap.[442]Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010–11 La Liga game against Almería. At his peak, he was known for his exceptional speed and athleticism.[443]As Ronaldo matured, he underwent a major physical transformation, developing a muscular body type that allowed him to retain possession of the ball under pressure, and strong legs that enabled an outstanding jumping ability.[444] His strength and jumping ability, combined with his elevation, heading accuracy and height of 1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in), give him an edge in winning aerial duels. These attributes allow him to function as a target-man and make him an aerial goal threat in the penalty area; consequently, many of his goals have been headers.[445][446][447] Allied with his increased stamina and work-rate, his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks. He has also increasingly played a creative role for his team, often dropping deep to pick up the ball, participate in the build-up of plays and create chances for his teammates, courtesy of his vision and passing ability.[439][445]In his final seasons at United, Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role, functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward, or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion.[445] He developed into a prolific goalscorer, capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot, courtesy of his striking ability.[445] An accurate penalty kick taker,[448] he also became a set piece specialist, renowned for his powerful, bending free kicks.[449] When taking free kicks, Ronaldo is known for using the knuckleball technique, which was developed by Juninho Pernambucano.[450] He also adopts a trademark stance before striking the ball, which involves him standing with his legs far apart.[451] Regarding Ronaldo's unique style of taking free kicks, former Manchester United assistant manager Mike Phelan commented: "People used to put the ball down, walk away, run up and hit it. He brought in a more dynamic showmanship. He places the ball down, the concentration level is high, he takes his certain amount of steps back so that his standing foot is in the perfect place to hit the ball in the sweet spot. He is the ultimate showman. He has that slight arrogance. When he pulls those shorts up and shows his thighs, he is saying 'All eyes on me' and this is going in. He understands the marketing side of it. The way he struts up and places it; the world is watching him."[452]As Ronaldo entered his thirties he began to dribble less.[453]At Real Madrid, Ronaldo continued to play a more offensive role, while his creative and defensive duties became more limited, although not entirely diminished.[454] Initially deployed as a centre forward by managers Manuel Pellegrini and José Mourinho, he was later moved back onto the left wing, though in a free tactical role; this position allowed him to drift into the centre at will to get onto the end of crosses and score, or draw out defenders with his movement off the ball and leave space for teammates to exploit.[454][455][456] Madrid's counter-attacking style of play also allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player, as evidenced by his record-breaking goalscoring feats. While he mainly drew praise in the media for his prolific goalscoring, Ronaldo also demonstrated his ability as an effective creator in this role.[457][458][459] This unique role has been described by pundits as that of a "false", "attacking", or "goalscoring winger", as Ronaldo effectively almost functioned as a striker at times with his central runs into the penalty area, despite actually playing on the left flank.[455][460] From 2013 onwards, under manager Carlo Ancelotti, he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off-the-ball movement and general involvement, completing fewer dribbles and passes per game, and instead focusing on short-distance creating and goalscoring.[454][461][462] Since 2017, Ronaldo adapted his style of play yet again to become more of a free-roaming centre forward under manager Zinedine Zidane, a role in which he continued to excel and maintain a prolific goalscoring record; in this position, he earned praise in the media for his intelligent movement both on and off the ball, positional sense, link-up play and finishing, as well as his ability to lose or anticipate his markers, find space in the box and score from few touches or opportunities.[463][464][465]In his first season at Juventus, Ronaldo continued to play in a variety of different attacking roles under manager Massimiliano Allegri, depending on whom he was partnered with. While he had occupied an increasingly offensive role in his final years at Real Madrid, at times he functioned in a free role at Juventus, either as a lone striker or in his trademark role on the left wing, in a 4–2–3–1 or 4–3–3 formation, in which he often switched positions with Mario Mandžukić. In this role, he was also given licence to drop deep or even out wide onto the right flank to receive the ball, and be more involved in the build-up of plays; as such, aside from scoring goals himself, he began to take on opponents and create chances for other players with greater frequency than he had in his final seasons with Real Madrid. Off the ball, he was also capable of creating space for teammates with his movement and attacking runs into the box, or finishing off chances with his head or feet by getting onto the end of his teammates' crosses.[466][467] On occasion he also played in an attacking partnership alongside Mandžukić in a 4–3–1–2, 4–4–2, or 3–5–2 formation.[468][469][470] He continued to play a similar role in his second season with the club under manager Maurizio Sarri.[467]Image"In the six years we had him, you just saw his game grow all the time, and he was a fantastic player. Now you see the complete player. His decision-making, his maturity, his experience, plus all the great skills he has got, they all make him the complete player."—Former manager Alex Ferguson, January 2013[471]Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation, alongside Lionel Messi.[472] Winning his first Ballon d'Or in 2008 by a record-high vote count at age 23, over the next decade Ronaldo has often featured in debates concerning who is the greatest player in history.[473] Acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goal-scoring,[474] he is considered a decisive player who is also a game changer,[475] especially in important and high-pressured situations.[476]Fans of Real Madrid (left; Ronaldo's then current club) and Manchester United (right; Ronaldo's then former club as he joined United again in 2021) wearing Ronaldo's 7 shirt at the 2017 UEFA Super CupRonaldo is noted for his work ethic, elite body conditioning and dedication to improvement on the training pitch, as well being regarded as a natural leader.[477][478] On his longevity and "extraordinary commitment to physical preparation", Adam Bate of Sky Sports said: "Dedication is a huge part of staying at the top and Ronaldo's focus is perhaps unparalleled within the game."[453] While stating they were stylistically different players who shared an equal desire to score goals, former Brazil international Ronaldo praised Cristiano's approach to training, arguing that "there are so few players who take care of their body like he does. I trained because I had to, he does it because he loves it."[479] His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to be talked about alongside other greats such as Pelé and Diego Maradona once retiring.[480] He is credited, along with his compatriot, coach José Mourinho, with inspiring changing fortunes of Portuguese football in 2010s and 2020s.[481] At times, he has been criticised for simulating when tackled.[482] He was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson, teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player.[483] Jonathan Wilson of The Guardian opined that Ronaldo had made Juventus, who he joined aged 33 in 2018, weaker, due to "his relative immobility" in his mid-30s, even if his personal goal-scoring output remained high.[484]During his career, Ronaldo has also been described as having an "arrogant image" on the pitch,[485] with Ronaldo stating that he had become a "victim" because of how he was portrayed in the media.[486] He is often seen moaning, gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory,[485] with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance.[486] His managers, teammates and various journalists have said that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him.[487][488][489]Goal celebrationsScoring goals is the hardest part of the game. Some players don't even score in training! What more can you say about him? He's a genius!—Roy Keane, on Cristiano Ronaldo's prolific goal-scoring record.[490]Ronaldo has adopted several goal celebrations throughout his career, including one particular celebration which gained widespread coverage in the media, when he squatted and stared directly into a camera on the sidelines of the pitch with his hand on his chin.[491][492][493] After scoring a goal, he usually celebrates with a "storming jump" and "turn", before "landing in spread-eagled fashion"[492] into his "signature power stance",[493] while usually simultaneously exclaiming "Sí" (Spanish and Italian for "yes").[491][494] This trademark celebration has been dubbed the "Sii" in the media.[491][492][495]Rivalry with Lionel MessiMain article: Messi–Ronaldo rivalryRonaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in 2011Both Ronaldo and Lionel Messi have scored in multiple UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50-goal barrier in a single season. Sports journalists and pundits regularly weigh the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football or in the history of the game.[496] It has been compared to several sports rivalries, among them the Muhammad Ali–Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Borg–McEnroe rivalry in tennis and the Senna–Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing.[497][498] Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two,[499] Part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players, as Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff, while Messi is portrayed as a shy, humble character.[500][501][502]"It's part of my life now. People are bound to compare us. He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team, as I do, and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent."—Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi.[503]In a 2012 interview, Ronaldo commented on the rivalry, saying: "I think we push each other sometimes in the competition, this is why the competition is so high."[504] Alex Ferguson, Ronaldo's manager during his time at Manchester United, opined: "I don't think the rivalry against each other bothers them. I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best."[505] Messi himself denied any rivalry, saying that it was "only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I've never fought with Cristiano."[506] Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level, Ronaldo commented: "We don't have a relationship outside the world of football, just as we don't with a lot of other players." Ronaldo added that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together, stating: "We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit, because it's a good thing."[503] Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid, the two players faced each other at least twice every season in the world's biggest club game, El Clásico, which is among the world's most viewed annual sporting events.[507]In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013, when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo, Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo, claiming "one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other." Real Madrid demanded and promptly received a full apology. In response to Blatter's "commander" on the pitch comment, Ronaldo issued his own riposte with a mock-salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla.[508] In August 2019, Ronaldo and Messi were interviewed while sat next to each other prior to the announcement of the UEFA Men's Player of the Year, with Ronaldo stating: "I pushed him and he pushed me as well. So it's good to be part of the history of football."[509]Outside footballSee also: Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport and Museu CR7The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum, Museu CR7, in Funchal, Madeira. It was opened on 15 December 2013.As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United, Ronaldo has signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products, including sportswear, football boots; since November 2012, Ronaldo has worn the Nike Mercurial Vapor personalized CR7 edition,[510] soft drinks, clothing, automotive lubricants, financial services, electronics, and video games.[511][512][513][514] Ronaldo was featured as the cover star of EA Sports' FIFA video game FIFA 18 and was heavily involved in the game's promotion.[515] His "Sii" goal celebration features in the FIFA series, accompanied with his own voiceover.[491] He was also the face of Pro Evolution Soccer, appearing on the covers of the 2008, 2012 and 2013 editions of the game.[516]With earnings of €720 million (£615 million) from 2010 to 2019, Ronaldo was ranked second in Forbes list of The Highest-Paid Athletes Of The Decade, with only boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. earning more.[517] Forbes twice ranked Ronaldo first on its list of the world's highest-paid football players; his combined income from salaries, bonuses and endorsements was $73 million in 2013–14 and $79 million in 2014–15.[518][519] The latter earnings saw him listed behind only Mayweather on the magazine's list of The World's Highest-Paid Athletes.[520] In 2016, he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest-earning athletes, with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015–16.[521] He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016–17.[522] He is the first footballer and only the third sportsman to earn $1 billion in their career.[523] Ronaldo is one of the world's most marketable sportsmen: SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012[524] and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013, with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists.[524][525] Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014.[526] He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100, Time's annual list of the most influential people in the world.[527] ESPN named Ronaldo the world's most famous athlete in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019.[528][529][530][531]Statue of Ronaldo, in Madeira, resembles the pose he strikes before taking free kicks.[532]Ronaldo has established a strong online presence. The most popular sportsperson on social media, he counted over 500 million total followers across Facebook, Twitter and Instagram by February 2021, making him the first person to pass half a billion followers.[533] The most-followed person on Facebook (148 million), the most-followed on Instagram (310 million) and the most-followed sportsperson on Twitter (92 million), his sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his accounts between June 2016 to June 2017.[522] Ronaldo has released two mobile apps. In December 2011, he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano, created by developer RockLive,[534] and in December 2013, he launched Viva Ronaldo, a dedicated social networking website and app.[535] Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website, with Ronaldo's name first on the list.[536]Ronaldo has been the subject of several works. His autobiography, titled Moments, was published in December 2007.[537] His sponsor Castrol produced the television film Ronaldo: Tested to the Limit, in which he was physically and mentally tested in several areas; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film's release in September 2011.[499] Cristiano Ronaldo: The World at His Feet, a documentary narrated by actor Benedict Cumberbatch, was released via Vimeo in June 2014.[538] A documentary film directed by Anthony Wonke about his life and career, titled Ronaldo, was released on 9 November 2015.[539][540]Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa presents Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi a signed Ronaldo shirt in January 2017Demand for a replica Ronaldo shirt has been high throughout his career. In 2008, Ronaldo's number 7 Manchester United shirt was the best-selling Premier League sports product.[541] In 2015, Ronaldo's number 7 Real Madrid shirt was the second best-selling worldwide, after Messi's number 10 Barcelona shirt.[542] In 2018, within 24 hours of his number 7 Juventus shirt being released, over 520,000 had been sold, with $62.4 million generated in one day.[543]Ronaldo opened a fashion boutique under the name CR7 (his initials and shirt number) on the island of Madeira in 2006 and opened a second in Lisbon in 2008.[544] In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai, Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line, released in November 2013.[545] He expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes in July 2014.[546][547] In September 2015, Ronaldo released his own fragrance, "Legacy", in a partnership with Eden Parfums.[548]In 2007, C.D. Nacional renamed its youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol (Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus).[549] In December 2013, Ronaldo opened a museum, Museu CR7, in his hometown of Funchal, Madeira, to house trophies and memorabilia;[550] the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team União da Madeira.[551][552] At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014, President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry "to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally, contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations."[553] A bronze statue of Ronaldo, designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso, was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014.[554]Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira. The renaming ceremony took place in March 2017.In June 2010, during the build-up to the World Cup, Ronaldo became the fourth footballer (after Steven Gerrard, Pelé, and David Beckham) to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London.[555] Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013.[556] In June 2015, astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named Cosmos Redshift 7 (CR7) in tribute to Ronaldo.[557]On 23 July 2016, following Portugal's triumph at Euro 2016, Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed as Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport.[558] The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017, which included a bust of his head being presented.[559] The bust and the name change were controversial, with the lack of the bust's likeness to Ronaldo being ridiculed by comedians, including Saturday Night Live,[560] while the name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens, who even started a petition against the move, an action criticised by President of Madeira Miguel Albuquerque.[561][559] A year later, sports website Bleacher Report commissioned sculptor Emanuel Santos to create another bust;[562] however, this bust was never used and a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor, shown to the public on 15 June 2018.[563]Personal lifeFamily, children, and relationshipsRonaldo has had six children. He first became a father to a son, who was born on 17 June 2010 in the United States.[564] He has full custody of the child and has not publicly revealed the identity of the mother per an agreement with her.[565][566] In January 2015, Ronaldo's five-year relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk ended.[567]Ronaldo became a father to twins,[568] born on 8 June 2017 in the United States via surrogacy. He is currently in a relationship with Argentine-born Spanish model Georgina Rodríguez,[569] who gave birth to a daughter on 12 November 2017.[570] The couple expected their second pair of twins in 2022. The male twin died during childbirth while the female twin survived.[571][572]Ronaldo's father, José, died of an alcoholism-related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20.[573]HealthRonaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol,[574] and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008.[575] He also does not have any tattoos as he regularly donates blood and bone marrow.[576]PhilanthropyRonaldo pictured in 2010Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career. Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight-year-old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed. Following this, Ronaldo visited Aceh, Indonesia, to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction.[577][578] After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008, Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira.[574] In 2009, Ronaldo donated £100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer, so that they could build a cancer centre on the island.[579] In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood, Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran-based clubs Marítimo and Nacional.[580]In 2012, Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine-year-old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer.[581] In December 2012, Ronaldo joined FIFA's "11 for Health" programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction, HIV, malaria, and obesity.[582] In January 2013, Ronaldo became Save the Children's new Global Artist Ambassador, in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity.[583] In March 2013, Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia, an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation.[584]Ronaldo was named the world's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 after donating £5 million to the relief effort after the earthquake in Nepal which killed over 8,000 people.[585] In June 2016, Ronaldo donated the entirety of his €600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the competition.[585] In August, Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie, a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses.[586]Legal issuesIn July 2017, Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost €15 million in tax between 2011 and 2014, a claim he denied at the time.[587] In June 2018, Ronaldo was given a two-year suspended jail sentence and fined €18.8 million, later reduced to €16.8 million after reaching a deal with Spanish authorities. The sentence can be served under probation, without any jail time, so long as he does not re-offend.[588]Ronaldo and another man were investigated by the British Crown Prosecution Service after a 2005 rape allegation was brought forward by two women. Within days, the two women withdrew their allegation and Scotland Yard later issued a statement declaring there was not enough evidence for a prosecution.[589]In April 2017, it was reported that Ronaldo was being investigated by the Las Vegas Police Department for an allegation by a woman that he had raped her in 2009.[590][591] Documents, confirmed by Ronaldo's lawyers, state that Ronaldo paid a woman US$375,000 in a non-disclosure settlement.[590][592] Ronaldo and his lawyers issued a lengthy statement denying all accusations, describing them as an "intentional defamation campaign" with parts significantly "altered and/or completely fabricated",[593][594] a claim which Der Spiegel categorically denied.[595] In July 2019, Las Vegas prosecutors said they would not charge Ronaldo over allegations of rape; the statement added: "Based upon a review of information at this time, the allegations of sexual assault against Cristiano Ronaldo cannot be proven beyond a reasonable doubt."[596] The same woman, in September 2018, filed a civil lawsuit in Nevada accusing Ronaldo of rape.[597] The Daily Mirror, citing court documents, reported in 2021 that the woman sought £56 million in damages from Ronaldo.[598] In October 2021, federal magistrate judge Daniel Albregts recommended that the lawsuit be dismissed, citing that the woman's lawyer, Leslie Stovall, "acted in bad faith by asking for, receiving, and using Football Leaks documents to prosecute" the case, despite the documents containing "privileged communications" between Ronaldo and his lawyers. Additionally, Albregts stated that no evidence was found of Ronaldo's lawyers having "intimidated [the woman] or impeded law enforcement" during the 2010 settlement with her.[599] In June 2022, the woman's rape lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada, as district judge Jennifer A. Dorsey ruled that Stovall's repeated use of "cyber-hacked attorney-client privileged documents" were actions representing "abuses and flagrant circumvention of the proper litigation process".[597][600]Career statisticsClubAs of match played 6 November 2022[601][602][603]Appearances and goals by club, season and competitionClub Season League National cup League cup Continental[a] Other TotalDivision Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps GoalsSporting CP B[604][605] 2002–03 Segunda Divisão B 2 0 — — — — 2 0Sporting CP 2002–03 Primeira Liga 25 3 3 2 — 3[b] 0 0 0 31 5Manchester United 2003–04 Premier League 29 4 5 2 1 0 5 0 0 0 40 62004–05 Premier League 33 5 7 4 2 0 8 0 0 0 50 92005–06 Premier League 33 9 2 0 4 2 8 1 — 47 122006–07 Premier League 34 17 7 3 1 0 11 3 — 53 232007–08 Premier League 34 31 3 3 0 0 11 8 1[c] 0 49 422008–09 Premier League 33 18 2 1 4 2 12 4 2[d] 1 53 26Total 196 84 26 13 12 4 55 16 3 1 292 118Real Madrid 2009–10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 — 6 7 — 35 332010–11 La Liga 34 40[e] 8 7 — 12 6 — 54 532011–12 La Liga 38 46 5 3 — 10 10 2[f] 1 55 602012–13 La Liga 34 34 7 7 — 12 12 2[f] 2 55 552013–14 La Liga 30 31 6 3 — 11 17 — 47 512014–15 La Liga 35 48 2 1 — 12 10 5[g] 2 54 612015–16 La Liga 36 35 0 0 — 12 16 — 48 512016–17 La Liga 29 25 2 1 — 13 12 2[d] 4 46 422017–18 La Liga 27 26 0 0 — 13 15 4[h] 3 44 44Total 292 311 30 22 — 101 105 15 12 438 450Juventus 2018–19 Serie A 31 21 2 0 — 9 6 1[i] 1 43 282019–20 Serie A 33 31 4 2 — 8 4 1[i] 0 46 372020–21 Serie A 33 29 4 2 — 6 4 1[i] 1 44 362021–22 Serie A 1 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 1 0Total 98 81 10 4 — 23 14 3 2 134 101Manchester United 2021–22 Premier League 30 18 1 0 0 0 7 6 — 38 242022–23 Premier League 10 1 0 0 0 0 6[j] 2 — 16 3Total 40 19 1 0 0 0 13 8 — 54 27Al Nassr 2022–23 Saudi Pro League 0 0 0 0 — — 0 0 0 0Career total 653 498 70 41 12 4 195 143 21 15 951 701 All appearances in UEFA Champions League, unless otherwise noted Two appearances in UEFA Cup Appearance in FA Community Shield Appearance(s) in FIFA Club World Cup Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad. Marca, which awards the Pichichi Trophy, attribute it to Ronaldo, while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe.[606] Appearance(s) in Supercopa de España One appearance two goals in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances in Supercopa de España, two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, one appearance one goal in Supercopa de España, two appearances two goals in FIFA Club World Cup Appearance in Supercoppa Italiana Appearances in UEFA Europa LeagueInternationalFor a comprehensive listing of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo, see List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo.As of match played 10 December 2022[6][607]Appearances and goals by national team, year and competitionTeam Year Competitive Friendly TotalApps Goals Apps Goals Apps GoalsPortugal U15 2001 2[a] 1 7 6 9 7Portugal U17 2001 — 3 2 3 22002 4[b] 3 0 0 4 3Total 4 3 3 2 7 5Portugal U20 2003 — 5[c] 1 5 1Portugal U21 2002 0 0 1 1 1 12003 7[d] 2 2 0 9 2Total 7 2 3 1 10 3Portugal U23 2004 2[e] 1 1 1 3 2Portugal 2003 — 2 0 2 02004 11[f] 7 5 0 16 72005 7[g] 2 4 0 11 22006 10[h] 4 4 2 14 62007 9[i] 5 1 0 10 52008 5[j] 1 3 0 8 12009 5[k] 0 2 1 7 12010 6[l] 3 5 0 11 32011 6[m] 5 2 2 8 72012 9[n] 4 4 1 13 52013 6[o] 7 3 3 9 102014 5[p] 3 4 2 9 52015 4[q] 3 1 0 5 32016 10[r] 10 3 3 13 132017 10[s] 10 1 1 11 112018 4[t] 4 3 2 7 62019 10[u] 14 — 10 142020 4[v] 2 2 1 6 32021 11[w] 11 3 2 14 132022 12[x] 3 0 0 12 3Total 144 98 52 20 196 118Career total 159 105 71 31 230 136Notes Appearances in the 2001 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival. Two appearances and three goals in the 2002 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualification, two appearances in the 2002 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Appearances in the 2003 Toulon Tournament. Appearances in the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification. Appearances in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Six appearances and two goals in UEFA Euro 2004, five appearances and five goals in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification. Appearances in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification. Six appearances and one goal in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, four appearances and three goals in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying. Appearances in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying. Three appearances and one goal in UEFA Euro 2008, two appearances in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification. Appearances in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification. Four appearances and one goal in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, two appearances and two goals in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying. Appearances in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying. Five appearances and three goals in UEFA Euro 2012, four appearances and one goal in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification. Appearances in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification. Three appearances and one goal in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, two appearances and two goals in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. Appearances in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. Seven appearances and three goals in UEFA Euro 2016, three appearances and seven goals in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. Six appearances and eight goals in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, four appearances and two goals in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Appearances in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Eight appearances and eleven goals in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying, two appearances and three goals in the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals. Appearances in the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League. Seven appearances and six goals in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, four appearances and five goals in UEFA Euro 2020. Two appearances in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, five appearances and two goals in the 2022–23 UEFA Nations League, five appearances and one goal in the 2022 FIFA World Cup.HonoursFor a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo's achievements, see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo.Cristiano Ronaldo, with his third Ballon d'Or, receives adulation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015Sporting CP[608]Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2002Manchester United[609][610]Premier League: 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09FA Cup: 2003–04Football League Cup: 2005–06, 2008–09FA Community Shield: 2007UEFA Champions League: 2007–08FIFA Club World Cup: 2008Real Madrid[610]La Liga: 2011–12, 2016–17Copa del Rey: 2010–11, 2013–14Supercopa de España: 2012, 2017UEFA Champions League: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18UEFA Super Cup: 2014, 2017FIFA Club World Cup: 2014, 2016, 2017Juventus[602]Serie A: 2018–19, 2019–20Coppa Italia: 2020–21Supercoppa Italiana: 2018, 2020Portugal U20Toulon Tournament: 2003[611]PortugalUEFA European Championship: 2016[388]UEFA Nations League: 2018–19[612]IndividualFIFA Ballon d'Or/Ballon d'Or: 2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017[1][610]FIFA World Player of the Year: 2008[1]The Best FIFA Men's Player: 2016, 2017[1]The Best FIFA Special Award for Outstanding Career Achievement: 2021[613]European Golden Shoe: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15[1][610]FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2016UEFA European Championship Golden Boot: 2020Premier League Player of the Season: 2006–07, 2007–08[609]La Liga Best Player: 2013–14[178]Serie A Footballer of the Year: 2019,[614] 2020[615]Premier League Golden Boot: 2007–08[609]Pichichi Trophy: 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15Capocannoniere: 2020–21[276]FPF Portuguese Player of the Year: 2016,[616] 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022OrdersPRT Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de Vila Vicosa Cavaleiro ribbon.svg Medal of Merit, Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (Portuguese Royal Family)[617]PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Officer BAR.png Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry[1]POR Ordem do Merito Comendador BAR.svg Commander of the Order of Merit[618]Cordão Autonómico de Distinção[619]See alsoicon Association football portalflag Portugal portal Biography portalList of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearancesList of top international men's football goal scorers by countryList of men's footballers with 100 or more international capsList of men's footballers with 50 or more international goalsList of men's footballers with the most official appearancesList of men's footballers with 500 or more goalsNotes Varies between 1.85 and 1.89 by source. FIFA and Sports Illustrated give 1.85,[2][3] Luca Caioli [es; fi] 1.86,[4] Soccerway and Eurosport 1.87,[5] and the Portuguese Football Federation 1.89.[6] Although there was no third-place playoff, both losing semi-finalists (Germany and Portugal) were awarded bronze medals by UEFA.[7] The terminology for the award has varied. Ronaldo received three Ballons d'Or as awarded by France Football magazine (2008, 2016, 2017) and two FIFA Ballons d'Or (2013, 2014) as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 and 2017 Best FIFA Men's Player awards. Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all-time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015. The club's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th-minute goal in a 2–1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010, despite his free-kick having been deflected by Pepe.[192]ReferencesCitations "Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts". CNN. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021. 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ISBN 978-1-4091-5504-1.External linksCristiano Ronaldoat Wikipedia's sister projectsMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteData from WikidataManchester United official profileReal Madrid official profilePortuguese Football Federation profileCristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Edit this at WikidatavteAl Nassr – current squadPortugal squadsAwardsAuthority control Edit this at WikidataCategories: Cristiano Ronaldo1985 birthsLiving people2006 FIFA World Cup players2010 FIFA World Cup players2014 FIFA World Cup players2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players2018 FIFA World Cup players2022 FIFA World Cup playersAl Nassr FC playersAssociation football forwardsAssociation football wingersBallon d'Or winnersBBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year winnersCommanders of the Order of Merit (Portugal)FA Cup Final playersFIFA Century ClubFIFA World Player of the Year winnersFirst Division/Premier League top scorersFootballers at the 2004 Summer OlympicsGolden Globes (Portugal) winnersGrand Officers of the Order of Prince HenryJuventus F.C. playersLa Liga playersMadeiran footballersManchester United F.C. playersOlympic footballers of PortugalPichichi Trophy winnersPortugal international footballersPortugal under-21 international footballersPortugal youth international footballersPortuguese expatriate footballersExpatriate footballers in EnglandExpatriate footballers in ItalyExpatriate footballers in Saudi ArabiaExpatriate footballers in SpainPortuguese expatriate sportspeople in EnglandPortuguese expatriate sportspeople in ItalyPortuguese expatriate sportspeople in Saudi ArabiaPortuguese expatriate sportspeople in SpainPortuguese footballersPortuguese people of Cape Verdean descentPortuguese philanthropistsPremier League playersPrimeira Liga playersReal Madrid CF playersSegunda Divisão playersSerie A playersSporting CP footballersSporting CP B playersSportspeople from FunchalThe Best FIFA Men's Player winnersUEFA Champions League winning playersUEFA Champions League top scorersUEFA Euro 2004 playersUEFA Euro 2008 playersUEFA Euro 2012 playersUEFA Euro 2016 playersUEFA Euro 2020 playersUEFA European Championship-winning captainsUEFA European Championship-winning playersUEFA Men's Player of the Year Award winnersUEFA Nations League-winning captainsUEFA Nations League-winning playersWorld Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winnersNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch WikipediaMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonateContributeHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload fileToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemPrint/exportDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikiquoteLanguagesDeutschEspañolFrançais한국어ItalianoРусскийTagalogTiếng Việt中文149 moreEdit linksThis page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 17:05 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Cristiano" redirects here. For other people named Cristiano, see Cristiano (given name) and Cristiano (surname).In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is dos Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro.Cristiano RonaldoCristiano Ronaldo 2018.jpgRonaldo with Portugal at the 2018 World CupPersonal informationFull name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro[1]Date of birth 5 February 1985 (age 37)[1]Place of birth Funchal, Madeira, Portugal[1]Height 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)[note 1]Position(s) ForwardClub informationCurrent team Al NassrNumber 7Youth career1992–1995 Andorinha1995–1997 Nacional1997–2002 Sporting CPSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2002–2003 Sporting CP B 2 (0)2002–2003 Sporting CP 25 (3)2003–2009 Manchester United 196 (84)2009–2018 Real Madrid 292 (311)2018–2021 Juventus 98 (81)2021–2022 Manchester United 40 (19)2023– Al Nassr 0 (0)International career‡2001 Portugal U15 9 (7)2001–2002 Portugal U17 7 (5)2003 Portugal U20 5 (1)2002–2003 Portugal U21 10 (3)2004 Portugal U23 3 (2)2003– Portugal 196 (118)HonoursSignatureCristiano Ronaldo signature*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17:40, 22 November 2022 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 17:02, 10 December 2022 (UTC)A man in a red shirt looks to his right. This article is part of a series aboutCristiano RonaldoPortuguese professional footballerInternational goalsCareer achievementsRivalry with Lionel MessiEponyms and public artEstádio da MadeiraCristiano Ronaldo International AirportGalaxy CR7Museu CR7FilmsCristiano Ronaldo: The World at His FeetRonaldoRelated peoplevteCristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁɔˈnaɫdu]; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Saudi Professional League club Al Nassr and captains the Portugal national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has won five Ballon d'Or awards[note 3] and four European Golden Shoes, the most by a European player. He has won 32 trophies in his career, including seven league titles, five UEFA Champions Leagues, the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League. Ronaldo holds the records for most appearances (183), goals (140), and assists (42) in the Champions League, goals in the European Championship (14), international goals (118), and joint-most international appearances (196). He is one of the few players to have made over 1,100 professional career appearances, and has scored over 800 official senior career goals for club and country. He is the only player to score in five FIFA World Cup tournaments.Ronaldo began his senior career with Sporting CP, before signing with Manchester United in 2003, winning the FA Cup in his first season. He would also go on to win three consecutive Premier League titles, the Champions League and the FIFA Club World Cup; at age 23, he won his first Ballon d'Or. Ronaldo was the subject of the then-most expensive association football transfer when he signed for Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth €94 million (£80 million). He became a key contributor and formed an attacking trio with Karim Benzema and Gareth Bale which was integral to the team winning four Champions League wins from 2014 to 2018, including La Décima. During this period, he won back-to-back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014, and again in 2016 and 2017, and was runner-up three times behind Lionel Messi, his perceived career rival. He also became the club's all-time top goalscorer and the all-time top scorer in the Champions League, and finished as the competition's top scorer for six consecutive seasons between 2012 and 2018. With Real, Ronaldo won two La Liga titles, two Copa del Rey, four Champions Leagues, three UEFA Super Cup and three Club World Cups. In 2018, he signed for Juventus in a transfer worth an initial €100 million (£88 million), the most expensive transfer for an Italian club and for a player over 30 years old. He won two Serie A titles, two Supercoppa Italiana trophies and a Coppa Italia, became the inaugural Serie A Most Valuable Player and the first footballer to finish as top scorer in the English, Spanish and Italian leagues, before returning to Manchester United in 2021. He left in 2022, after his contract with the club was terminated. In 2023, Ronaldo signed for Al Nassr.Ronaldo made his international debut for Portugal in 2003 at the age of 18 and has since earned over 190 caps, making him Portugal's most-capped player. With more than 100 goals at international level, he is also the nation's all-time top goalscorer. Ronaldo has played in and scored at 11 major tournaments; he scored his first international goal at Euro 2004, where he helped Portugal reach the final. He assumed captaincy of the national team in July 2008. In 2015, Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation. The following year, he led Portugal to their first major tournament title at Euro 2016, and received the Silver Boot as the second-highest goalscorer of the tournament. This achievement would see him receive his fourth Ballon d'Or. He also led them to a third-place finish at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, to victory in the inaugural UEFA Nations League in 2019, receiving the top scorer award in the finals, and later received the Golden Boot as top scorer of Euro 2020.One of the world's most marketable and famous athletes, Ronaldo was ranked the world's highest-paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 and the world's most famous athlete by ESPN from 2016 to 2019. Time included him on their list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2014. He is the first footballer and the third sportsman to earn US$1 billion in his career.Contents1 Early life2 Club career2.1 Sporting CP2.2 Manchester United2.2.1 2003–2007: Development and breakthrough2.2.2 2007–2008: Collective and individual success2.2.3 2008–2009: Ballon d'Or and continued success2.3 Real Madrid2.3.1 2009–2013: World record transfer and La Liga title2.3.2 2013–2015: Consecutive Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima2.3.3 2015–2017: All-time Madrid top scorer2.3.4 2017–2018: Fifth Ballon d'Or and fifth Champions League win2.4 Juventus2.4.1 2018–2020: Adjustment and consecutive Serie A titles2.4.2 2020–2021: 100 Juve goals, Capocannoniere, and departure2.5 Return to Manchester United2.5.1 2021–2022: 100 Premier League goals and team struggles2.5.2 2022: Final season and departure2.6 Al Nassr3 International career3.1 2001–2007: Youth level and senior debut3.2 2007–2012: Assuming the captaincy3.3 2012–2016: All-time Portugal top scorer and European champion3.4 2016–2018: Post-European Championship victory and World Cup3.5 2018–2020: Nations League title and 100 international goals3.6 2021–present: All-time international top goalscorer4 Player profile4.1 Style of play4.2 Image4.3 Goal celebrations4.4 Rivalry with Lionel Messi5 Outside football6 Personal life6.1 Family, children, and relationships6.2 Health6.3 Philanthropy6.4 Legal issues7 Career statistics7.1 Club7.2 International8 Honours9 See also10 Notes11 References11.1 Citations11.2 Works cited12 Further reading13 External linksEarly lifeCristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born on 5 February 1985 in the São Pedro parish of Funchal, the capital of the Portuguese island of Madeira, and grew up in the nearby parish of Santo António.[8][9] He is the fourth and youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Viveiros da Aveiro, a cook, and José Dinis Aveiro, a municipal gardener and part-time kit man.[10] His great-grandmother on his father's side, Isabel da Piedade, was from the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde.[11] He has one older brother, Hugo, and two older sisters, Elma and Liliana Cátia "Katia".[12] His mother revealed that she wanted to abort him due to poverty, his father's alcoholism, and having too many children already, but her doctor refused to perform the procedure.[13][14] Ronaldo grew up in an impoverished Catholic Christian home, sharing a room with all his siblings.[15]As a child, Ronaldo played for Andorinha from 1992 to 1995,[16] where his father was the kit man,[10] and later spent two years with Nacional. In 1997, aged 12, he went on a three-day trial with Sporting CP, who signed him for a fee of £1,500.[17] He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete, near Lisbon, to join Sporting's youth academy.[17] By age 14, Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally and agreed with his mother to cease his education to focus entirely on football.[18] With a troubled life as a student[19] and living in Lisbon area away from his Madeiran family, he didn't complete schooling beyond the 6th grade.[20][21] While popular with other students at school, he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher, who he said had "disrespected" him.[18] One year later, he was diagnosed with tachycardia, a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football.[22] Ronaldo underwent heart surgery where a laser was used to cauterise multiple cardiac pathways into one, altering his resting heart rate.[23] He was discharged from the hospital hours after the procedure and resumed training a few days later.[24]Club careerSporting CPRonaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP's museumAt age 16, Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting's youth team by first-team manager László Bölöni, who was impressed with his dribbling.[25] He subsequently became the first player to play for the club's under-16, under-17 and under-18 teams, the B team and the first team, all within a single season.[17] A year later, on 29 September 2002, Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga, against Braga and on 7 October, he scored two goals against Moreirense in their 3–0 win.[26] Over the course of the 2002–03 season, his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta.[27] Manager Arsène Wenger, who was interested in signing Ronaldo, met with him at Arsenal's stadium in November to discuss a possible transfer.[28]Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson was determined to acquire Ronaldo on a permanent move urgently, after Sporting defeated United 3–1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in August 2003. Initially, United had planned to sign Ronaldo and loan him back to Sporting for a year.[29] Having been impressed by him, the United players urged Ferguson to sign him. After the game, Ferguson agreed to pay Sporting £12.24 million[29] for what he considered to be "one of the most exciting young players" he had ever seen.[30] A decade after his departure from the club, in April 2013, Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000th member.[31]Manchester United2003–2007: Development and breakthrough"There have been a few players described as 'the new George Best' over the years, but this is the first time it's been a compliment to me."—Former Manchester United player George Best hails the 18-year-old Cristiano Ronaldo in 2003.[32]Ronaldo's move to Manchester United was completed on 12 August 2003, too late for the 2003 FA Community Shield but in time for their game against Bolton Wanderers on the opening day of the 2003–04 season, and made him the first Portuguese player to sign for the club.[33] His transfer fee made him, at the time, the most expensive teenager in English football history.[34] Although he requested the number 28, his number at Sporting, he received the squad number 7 shirt, which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best, Eric Cantona and David Beckham.[35] Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo.[36] A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be Ferguson, of whom he later said: "He's been my father in sport, one of the most important and influential factors in my career."[37]Ronaldo playing for Manchester United against Chelsea in the 2005–06 Premier League seasonRonaldo made his debut as a substitute in a 4–0 home win over Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League on 16 August 2003, and received a standing ovation when he came on for Nicky Butt.[38] His performance earned praise from Best, who hailed it as "undoubtedly the most exciting debut" he had ever seen.[32] Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free-kick in a 3–0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November.[39] Three more league goals followed in the second half of the campaign,[40] the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season, a match in which he also received the first red card of his career.[41] Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United's 3–0 win over Millwall in the 2004 FA Cup Final, earning his first trophy.[42] BBC pundit Alan Hansen described him as the star of the final.[43] The British press had been critical of Ronaldo during the season for his "elaborate" step-overs in trying to beat opponents,[44] but teammate Gary Neville said he was "not a show pony, but the real thing", and predicted he would become a world-class player.[45]"He has got the tricks and party pieces, we know that, but they're not much good unless there is something at the end of it all. We still have to remember, of course, that the lad is only 19 years of age. Considering that, you have to say he has got massive talent. His feet are mesmerising at times, and if he can couple that with some consistently good crossing, the future looks frightening."—Former BBC pundit Alan Hansen commenting on Ronaldo after his first season.[43]Ronaldo scored United's 1,000th Premier League goal on 29 October 2004, their only goal in a 4–1 loss to Middlesbrough.[46] A few weeks later, he signed a new contract with the club that extended his previous deal by two years to 2010.[47] At the start of 2005, Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004–05 season, producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal.[48][49] He played the full 120 minutes of the 2005 FA Cup Final against Arsenal, which ended in a goalless draw; although Ronaldo scored his attempt in the penalty shoot-out, United lost 5–4.[50] Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football, the Football League Cup, after scoring the third goal in United's 4–0 final win over Wigan Athletic.[51]During his third season in England, Ronaldo was involved in several incidents. He had a one-match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a "one-fingered gesture" towards Benfica fans,[52] and was sent off in the Manchester derby (a 3–1 defeat) for kicking Manchester City's former United player Andy Cole.[53] Ronaldo clashed with a teammate, striker Ruud van Nistelrooy, who took offence at the winger's showboating style of play.[54] Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup, in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off,[55] Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer, lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident.[56] United denied the possibility of him leaving the club.[57]Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006–07 season,[58] it proved to be his breakout year, as he broke the 20-goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title. An important factor in this success was his one-to-one training by first-team coach René Meulensteen, who taught him to make himself more unpredictable, improve his teamwork, call for the ball and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known.[59] He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December, against Aston Villa (a win that put United on top of the league), Wigan and Reading.[60][61][62] Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December, becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours.[63]2007–2008: Collective and individual successRonaldo playing during the 2006–07 Premier League seasonAt the quarter-final stage of the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League, Ronaldo scored his first goals in his 30th match in the competition,[64] scoring twice in a 7–1 win over Roma.[65] He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan, which ended in a 3–2 win,[66] but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3–0 at the San Siro.[67] He also helped United reach the 2007 FA Cup Final, but the final against Chelsea ended in a 1–0 defeat.[68] Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May (his 50th goal for the club), as United won their first league title in four years.[69] As a result of his performances, he amassed a host of personal awards for the season. He won the Professional Footballers' Association's Player's Player, Fans' Player and Young Player of the Year awards, as well as the Football Writers' Association's Footballer of the Year award,[70][71] becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours.[72] His wages were raised to £120,000 a week as part of a five-year contract extension.[73] Ronaldo was named runner-up to Kaká for the 2007 Ballon d'Or,[74] and came third, behind Kaká and Lionel Messi, in the running for the 2007 FIFA World Player of the Year award.[75]Ronaldo scored his first hat-trick for United in a 6–0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008, which put United top of the league table.[76] On 19 March, he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton and scored both goals in a 2–0 win.[77] His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign, surpassing George Best's total of 32 goals in the 1967–68 season, setting the club's new single-season record by a midfielder.[78] His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot,[79] as well as the European Golden Shoe, which made him the first winger to win the latter award.[80] He additionally received the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season.[81][82] In the knockout stage of the Champions League, Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon to help United advance to the quarter-finals 2–1 on aggregate;[83] while playing as a striker, he scored with a header in the 3–0 aggregate win over Roma.[84] United reached the final against Chelsea in Moscow, where, despite his opening goal being negated by an equaliser and his penalty kick being saved in the shoot-out,[85] United emerged victorious.[86] As the Champions League top scorer, Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year.[87]Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007–08 season, his most prolific campaign during his time in England. He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season, an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him.[88] As rumours circulated of Ronaldo's interest in moving to Real Madrid, United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid's alleged pursuit of their player, but they declined to take action.[89] FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club, describing the situation as "modern slavery".[90] Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter,[91] he remained at United for another year.[92]2008–2009: Ballon d'Or and continued successRonaldo in 2009 with Manchester United playing in a Premier League game against LiverpoolAhead of the 2008–09 season, on 7 July, Ronaldo underwent ankle surgery,[93] which kept him out of action for 10 weeks.[94] Following his return, he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5–0 win against Stoke City on 15 November,[95] which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time.[96] At the close of 2008, Ronaldo helped United win the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan,[97] assisting the final-winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process.[98] With his 2008 Ballon d'Or and 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year, Ronaldo became United's first Ballon d'Or winner since Best in 1968,[99] and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year.[100]His match-winning goal in the second leg against Porto, a 40-yard strike, earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award, presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year;[101] he later called it the best goal he had ever scored.[102] United advanced to the final in Rome,[103] where he made little impact in United's 2–0 defeat to Barcelona.[104] Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies, as United claimed their third successive league title and a Football League Cup.[105][106] He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions, 16 goals fewer than the previous season, in four more appearances.[107] His final goal for United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford.[108]Real MadridAs his usual number 7 was unavailable, Ronaldo wore number 9 during his debut season at Madrid. After Raúl departed the club, Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010–11 season.Ahead of the 2009–10 season, Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time of £80 million (€94 million).[109] His contract, which ran until 2015, was worth €11 million per year and contained a €1 billion buy-out clause.[110] At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu, surpassing the 25-year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli.[111] Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 (the number Ronaldo wore at United), Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt,[112] which was presented to him by former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano.[113]2009–2013: World record transfer and La Liga titleRonaldo made his La Liga debut against Deportivo La Coruña on 29 August, scoring a penalty in a 3–2 home win.[114] He scored in each of his first four league games, the first Madrid player to do so.[115] His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich.[116] His strong start to the season was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty, which kept him sidelined for seven weeks.[117][118] A week after his return, he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería.[119] Midway through the season, Ronaldo finished second in the 2009 Ballon d'Or and the 2009 FIFA World Player of the Year awards, behind Messi. He finished the season with 33 goals in all competitions, including a hat-trick in a 4–1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010, his first in La Liga,[120][121] and became Real Madrid's highest goalscorer that season. Although Ronaldo helped amass a club record 96 points in the league, he did not win a trophy in his first season.[122][123]Following Raúl's departure, Ronaldo was given the number 7 shirt for Madrid before the 2010–11 season.[124] His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or-winning form was epitomised when, for the first time in his career, he scored four goals in a single match during a 6–1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October.[125] Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat-tricks against Athletic Bilbao, Levante, Villarreal and Málaga.[126][127][128] Despite his performances, he did not make the top three in the inaugural 2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or.[129] During a historic series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011, Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions. Though he failed to score in either leg of the Champions League semi-finals as Madrid were eliminated, he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match-winning goal in the 103rd minute of the 2011 Copa del Rey Final, winning his first trophy in Spain.[130][131] His two goals in the last match of the season against Almería made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals.[132] In addition to the Pichichi Trophy, Ronaldo won the European Golden Shoe for a second time, becoming the first player to win the award in different leagues.[133]Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain.During the following season, Ronaldo achieved a new personal best of 60 goals in all competitions.[134] He finished as runner-up to Messi for the 2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or, after scoring hat-tricks against Real Zaragoza, Rayo Vallecano, Málaga, Osasuna and Sevilla, the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season's midway point.[135][136][137] Ronaldo found greater team success in the league, helping Madrid win their first league title in four years with a record 100 points. Following a hat-trick against Levante as Madrid further increased their lead over Barcelona,[138] he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5–1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012, a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons, breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás.[139] Another hat-trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals, equalling his record of the previous season.[140] His final league goal of the season, against Mallorca, took his total to 46 goals, four short of the new record set by Messi,[141] though he became the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single La Liga season.[142]Ronaldo began the 2012–13 season by lifting the 2012 Supercopa de España, his third trophy in Spain. With a goal in each leg, he helped Madrid win the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4–4 aggregate draw against Barcelona.[143] Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a "professional issue" within the club, prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid,[144] his goalscoring rate did not suffer. After netting a hat-trick, including two penalties, against Deportivo, he scored his first hat-trick in the Champions League in a 4–1 win over Ajax.[145] Four days later, he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2–2 draw at Camp Nou.[146] His performances again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or, behind four-time winner Messi.[147]2013–2015: Consecutive Ballon d'Or wins and La DécimaFollowing the 2012–13 winter break, Ronaldo captained Madrid for the first time in an official match, scoring twice to lift 10-man Madrid to a 4–3 win over Sociedad on 6 January.[148] He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clasico on 30 January, a match which also marked his 500th club appearance.[149] Three days prior, he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat-trick against Getafe.[150] He scored his 200th goal for Madrid on 8 May in a 6–2 win against Málaga, reaching the landmark in 197 games.[151] He helped Madrid reach the 2013 Copa del Rey Final by scoring twice in El Clásico, which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored,[152] a club record.[143] In the final, he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2–1 extra time defeat to Atlético, but was shown a red card for violent conduct.[153] In the first knockout round of the Champions League, Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time. After scoring the equaliser in a 1–1 draw at home,[154] he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win on his first return to Old Trafford.[155] He did not celebrate scoring against his former club as a mark of respect.[156] After scoring three goals against Galatasaray in the quarters, he scored Madrid's only goal in the 4–1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund in the semi-finals and Real were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year despite a 2–0 win in the second leg.[157]Ronaldo scored a record 17 UEFA Champions League goals during the 2013–14 season en route to La Décima.At the start of the 2013–14 season, Ronaldo signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018, with a salary of €17 million net, making him briefly the highest-paid player in football.[158] He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale, whose world record transfer fee of €100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior.[159] Together with striker Karim Benzema, they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed "BBC", an acronym of Bale, Benzema and Cristiano, and a play on the name of the British public service broadcaster, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).[160] By late November, Ronaldo had scored 32 goals from 22 matches for both club and country, including hat-tricks against Galatasaray, Sevilla, Real Sociedad, Northern Ireland, and Sweden.[161][162][163] He ended 2013 with 69 goals in 59 appearances, his highest year-end goal tally.[164] He received the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or, an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, for the first time in his career.[165]Concurrently with his individual achievements, Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date, as he helped Madrid win La Décima, their tenth European Cup. His goal in a 3–0 home win over Dortmund (his 100th Champions League match) took his total for the season to 14 goals, equalling the record Messi had set two years before.[166] After hitting a brace in a 4–0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena,[167] he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4–1 final win over Atlético, becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams.[168] His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems, which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign. Ronaldo played the final against medical advice, later commenting: "In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks".[169] As the competition's top goalscorer for the third time, with a record 17 goals,[170] he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe.[171]In the Copa del Rey, Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring two penalties against Atlético at the Vicente Calderón,[172] the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90-minute football match.[173] His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final, where Madrid defeated Barcelona 2–1 to claim the trophy.[174] Ronaldo scored 31 goals in 30 league games, which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe, receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez.[175] Among his haul was his 400th career goal, in 653 appearances for club and country, which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio, who had died two days before.[176] A last-minute, back-heeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May (his 50th goal in all competitions) was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional,[177] which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga.[178]During the 2014–15 season Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions.During the 2014–15 season, Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals, starting with both goals in Madrid's 2–0 win over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup.[179] He subsequently achieved his best-ever goalscoring start to a league campaign, with 15 goals in the first eight rounds.[180] His record 23rd La Liga hat-trick, scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December, made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in La Liga, reaching the milestone in 178th matches.[180][181] After winning the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup,[182] Ronaldo received the 2014 Ballon d'Or,[183] joining Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini and Marco van Basten as a three-time recipient.[184] Madrid finished in second place in La Liga and exited at the semi-final stage in the Champions League.[185] In the latter competition, Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2–0 win against Schalke 04.[186] He scored both of his side's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus, where Madrid were eliminated 3–2 on aggregate.[187] With 10 goals, he finished as top scorer for a third consecutive season, alongside Messi and Neymar.[188] On 5 April, he scored five goals in a game for the first time in his career, including an eight-minute hat-trick, in a 9–1 rout of Granada.[189] His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2–0 win against Rayo Vallecano.[190] Subsequent hat-tricks against Sevilla, Espanyol and Getafe took his number of hat-tricks for Madrid to 31, surpassing Di Stéfano's club record of 28.[179] He finished the season with 48 goals, winning a second consecutive Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time.[179]2015–2017: All-time Madrid top scorerAt the start of his seventh season at Madrid, the 2015–16 campaign, Ronaldo became the club's all-time top scorer, first in the league and then in all competitions. His five-goal haul in a 6–0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games, surpassing the club's previous record holder, Raúl.[191] A month later, on 17 October, he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3–0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals.[note 4] Ronaldo also became the all-time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat-trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk, having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals.[193] Two goals against Malmö FF in a 2–0 away win on 30 September saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for club and country.[194] He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition's group stage, setting the record at 11 goals, including another four-goal haul against Malmö.[195]By March 2016, Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition's second-highest goalscorer.Ronaldo's four goals in a 7–1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 took his total to 252 goals in La Liga, becoming the competition's second-highest scorer in history behind Messi.[196] He scored a hat-trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals.[197] The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals, making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season and the fifth overall.[198] Suffering apparent fitness issues, Ronaldo gave a poorly-received performance in the final against Atlético, in a repeat of the 2014 final, though his penalty in the subsequent shoot-out secured Madrid's 11th victory.[199] For the sixth successive year, he ended the season having scored over 50 goals across all competitions.[199] For his efforts during the season, he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time.[200]Ronaldo missed Madrid's first three matches of the 2016–17 season, including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla, as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the Euro 2016 final.[201] On 15 September, he did not celebrate his late free kick equaliser against Sporting CP in the Champions League, with Ronaldo stating post match that "they made me who I am".[202] On 7 November, his contract was updated for the second time and extended by three years to 2021.[203] On 19 November, he scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 away win against Atlético, making him the all-time top scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals.[204] On 15 December, Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2–0 win over Club América in the semi-finals of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup.[205] He then scored a hat-trick in the 4–2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final.[206] Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named player of the tournament.[207] He won the 2016 Ballon d'Or, his fourth, and the inaugural 2016 The Best FIFA Men's Player, a revival of the former FIFA World Player of the Year, largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016.[208]Ronaldo with Cristina Cifuentes, President of the Community of Madrid, during the 2016 Champions League title celebrations in MadridIn the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals against Bayern in April, Ronaldo scored both goals in a 2–1 away win which saw him make history by becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition.[209] In the second leg of the quarter-finals, Ronaldo scored a 'perfect' hat-trick and reached his 100th Champions League goal, becoming the first player to do so as Madrid again defeated Bayern 4–2 after extra-time.[210] On 2 May, Ronaldo scored another hat-trick as Madrid defeated Atlético 3–0 in the Champions League semi-final first leg. On 17 May, Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all-time top scorer in the top five European leagues, scoring twice against Celta de Vigo.[211] He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012.[212] In the Champions League Final, Ronaldo scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Juventus to take him to 12 goals for the season, making him the competition's top goalscorer for the fifth straight season (sixth overall), as well as the first player to score in three finals in the Champions League era; the second goal was the 600th of his senior career.[213] Madrid also became the first team to win back-to-back finals in the Champions League era.[214]2017–2018: Fifth Ballon d'Or and fifth Champions League winAt the start of the 2017–18 season, Ronaldo scored Madrid's second goal in the 80th minute of a 3–1 win over Barcelona in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España at Camp Nou; however, he was sent off two minutes later and missed the second leg.[215] On 23 October, his performances throughout 2017 saw him awarded The Best FIFA Men's Player award for the second consecutive year.[216] On 6 December, he became the first player to score in all six Champions League group stage matches with a curling strike at home to Dortmund.[217] A day later, Ronaldo won the 2017 Ballon d'Or, receiving his fifth-time award on the Eiffel Tower in Paris.[218] On 16 December, he scored a free kick winner, as Madrid won their second Club World Cup in a row by beating Grêmio in the final.[219] On 3 March 2018, he scored two goals in a 3–1 home win over Getafe, his first being his 300th La Liga goal in his 286th appearance, making him the fastest player to reach this landmark and only the second player to do so after Messi.[220] On 18 March, he reached his 50th career hat-trick, scoring four goals in a 6–3 win against Girona.[221]Ronaldo in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final, his final game for Real MadridOn 3 April, Ronaldo scored the first two goals in a 3–0 away win against Juventus in the quarter-finals of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, with his second goal being an acrobatic bicycle kick. Described as a "PlayStation goal" by Juventus defender Andrea Barzagli, with Ronaldo's foot approximately 7 ft 7 in (2.31 m) off the ground, it garnered him a standing ovation from the opposing fans in the stadium as well as a plethora of plaudits from peers, pundits and coaches.[222] On 11 April, he scored in the second leg at home to Juventus, a 98th-minute injury time penalty in a 3–1 defeat, meaning Madrid advanced 4–3 on aggregate.[223] It was his tenth goal against Juventus, a Champions League record against a single club.[224] In the final on 26 May, Madrid defeated Liverpool 3–1, winning Ronaldo his fifth Champions League title, the first player to do so.[225] He finished as the top scorer of the tournament for the sixth consecutive season with 15 goals.[226] After the final, Ronaldo referred to his time with Madrid in the past tense, sparking speculation that he could leave the club.[227]JuventusDespite months of negotiation to sign a new Real Madrid contract,[228] on 10 July 2018, Ronaldo signed a four-year contract with Italian club Juventus after completing a €100 million transfer, which included an additional €12 million in other fees and solidarity contributions to Ronaldo's youth clubs.[229] The transfer was the highest ever for a player over 30 years old,[230] and the highest paid by an Italian club.[231] Upon signing, Ronaldo cited his need for a new challenge as his rationale for departing Madrid,[232] but later attributed the transfer to the lack of support he felt was shown by club president Florentino Pérez.[233]2018–2020: Adjustment and consecutive Serie A titlesOn 18 August, Ronaldo made his debut in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona.[234] On 16 September, Ronaldo scored his first two goals for Juventus in his fourth appearance in a 2–1 home win over Sassuolo in Serie A; his second was the 400th league goal of his career.[235] On 19 September, in his first Champions League match for Juventus, against Valencia, he was sent off in the 29th minute for "violent conduct", his first red card in 154 tournament appearances.[236] Ronaldo became the first player in history to win 100 Champions League matches, setting up Mario Mandžukić's winner in a 1–0 home win over Valencia, which sealed Juventus's passage to the knock-out stages of the competition.[237] In December, he scored his tenth league goal of the season, from the penalty spot, netting the final goal in a 3–0 away win over Fiorentina.[238] After placing second in both the UEFA Men's Player of the Year and The Best FIFA Men's Player for the first time in three years, behind Luka Modrić, Ronaldo performances in 2018 also saw him voted runner-up for the 2018 Ballon d'Or, finishing once again behind his former teammate.[239] Ronaldo won his first trophy with the club on 16 January 2019, the 2018 Supercoppa Italiana, after he scored the only goal from a header against AC Milan.[240]On 10 February, Ronaldo scored in a 3–0 win over Sassuolo, the ninth consecutive away game in which he had scored in the league, equalling Giuseppe Signori's single season Serie A record of most consecutive away games with at least one goal.[241] On 12 March, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 home win against Atlético in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16, helping Juventus overcome a two-goal deficit to reach the quarter-finals.[242] The following month, he scored his 125th goal in the competition, opening the scoring in a 1–1 away draw in the quarter-final first leg against Ajax on 10 April.[243] In the second leg in Turin on 16 April, he scored the opening goal, but Juventus eventually lost the match 2–1 and were eliminated from the competition.[244] On 20 April, Ronaldo played in the scudetto clinching game against Fiorentina, as Juventus won their eighth successive title after a 2–1 home win, thereby becoming the first player to win league titles in England, Spain and Italy.[245] On 27 April, he scored his 600th club goal, the equaliser in a 1–1 away draw against Derby d'Italia rivals Inter Milan.[246] Ending his first Serie A campaign with 21 goals and 8 assists, Ronaldo won the inaugural Serie A award for Most Valuable Player.[247]Ronaldo playing for Juventus against Torino during the 2019–20 seasonRonaldo scored his first goal of the 2019–20 season in a 4–3 home league win over Napoli on 31 August 2019.[248] On 23 September, he came in 3rd place for the Best FIFA Men's Player Award.[249] On 1 October, he reached several milestones in Juventus's 3–0 Champions League group stage win over Bayer Leverkusen: he scored in a 14th consecutive season, equalling Raúl and Messi's record; he broke Iker Casillas' record for most Champions League wins of all time, and equalled Raúl's record of scoring against 33 different opponents.[250] On 6 November in a 2–1 away win against Lokomotiv Moscow, he equalled Paolo Maldini as the second-most capped player in UEFA club competitions with 174 appearances.[251] On 18 December, Ronaldo leapt to a height of 8 ft 5 in (2.57 m), higher than the crossbar, to head the winning goal in a 2–1 away win against Sampdoria.[252] He scored his first Serie A hat-trick on 6 January 2020, in a 4–0 home win against Cagliari. His 56th career hat-trick, he became only the second player after Alexis Sánchez to score hat-tricks in the Premier League, La Liga and Serie A.[253] On 2 February, he scored twice from the penalty spot in a 3–0 home win over Fiorentina, equalling David Trezeguet's club record of scoring in nine consecutive league games,[254] and broke the record six days later by scoring in his tenth consecutive league game, a 2–1 away defeat to Hellas Verona.[255] On 22 February, Ronaldo scored for a record-equalling 11th consecutive league game, alongside Gabriel Batistuta and Fabio Quagliarella, in what was his 1,000th senior professional game, a 2–1 away win against SPAL.[256]On 22 June, he scored a penalty in a 2–0 away win over Bologna, overtaking Rui Costa to become the highest scoring Portuguese player in Serie A history.[257] On 4 July, he scored his 25th league goal from a free kick in a 4–1 home win over rivals Torino, becoming the first Juventus player to achieve this milestone since Omar Sívori in 1961; the goal was also his first from a free kick with the club after 43 attempts.[258] On 20 July, Ronaldo scored twice in a 2–1 home win over Lazio; his first goal was his 50th in Serie A. He became the second-fastest player to reach this landmark, after Gunnar Nordahl, and the first player in history to reach 50 goals in the Premier League, La Liga and Serie A. With his brace, he also reached 30 league goals for the season, becoming just the third player (after Felice Borel in 1934 and John Hansen in 1952) in Juventus's history to reach that milestone in a season.[259][260] Moreover, he became the oldest player, at the age of 35 years and 166 days, to score over 30 goals in one of the five top European leagues since Ronnie Rooke with Arsenal in 1948.[261] On 26 July, Ronaldo scored the opening goal in a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria as Juventus were crowned Serie A champions for a ninth consecutive time.[262] He finished his second league campaign with 31 goals, making him the second-highest goalscorer in the league behind only European Golden Shoe winner Ciro Immobile, with 36 goals.[263][264] On 7 August, Ronaldo scored a brace in a 2–1 home win against Lyon in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16, which saw him finish the season with 37 goals in all competitions; the tally allowed him to break Borel's club record of 36 goals in a single season.[265] Despite the win, the tie finished 2–2 on aggregate and Juventus were eliminated from the competition on the away goals rule.[266]2020–2021: 100 Juve goals, Capocannoniere, and departureOn 20 September 2020, Ronaldo scored in Juventus's opening league match of the season, a 3–0 home win over Sampdoria.[267] On 1 November, having taken nearly three weeks to recover from COVID-19, he returned to action against Spezia; he came off the bench in the second half and scored within the first three minutes, before scoring a second goal from the penalty spot in an eventual 4–1 away win.[268] On 2 December, he scored a goal against Dynamo Kyiv in a Champions League group stage match, his 750th senior career goal.[269] Ronaldo played his 100th match in all competitions for Juventus on 13 December, scoring two penalties in a 3–1 away win over Genoa in the league to bring his goal tally to 79.[270] On 20 January 2021, Juventus won the 2020 Supercoppa Italiana after a 2–0 win against Napoli, with Ronaldo scoring the opening goal.[271] On 2 March, he scored a goal in a 3–0 win over Spezia in his 600th league match, to become the first player to score at least 20 goals in 12 consecutive seasons in the top five leagues of Europe.[272] On 14 March, he scored his 57th career hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over Cagliari.[273] On 12 May, Ronaldo scored a goal in a 3–1 away win over Sassuolo to reach his 100th goal for Juventus in all competitions on his 131st appearance, becoming the fastest Juventus player to achieve the feat.[274] With Juventus's victory in the 2021 Coppa Italia Final on 19 May, Ronaldo became the first player in history to win every major domestic trophy in England, Spain and Italy.[275] Ronaldo ended the season with 29 league goals, winning the Capocannoniere award for highest goalscorer and becoming the first footballer to finish as top scorer in the English, Spanish and Italian leagues.[276]On 22 August, Ronaldo started the first game of the new season on the bench, coming on as a substitute for Álvaro Morata in a 2–2 draw against Udinese, scoring a goal that was ruled out by VAR.[277] Though manager Massimiliano Allegri confirmed it was his decision due to Ronaldo's fitness, it came amid reports Ronaldo would depart the club before the closure of the transfer window,[278] and Ronaldo would tell Allegri he had "no intention" of remaining a Juventus player.[279] On 26 August, Ronaldo and his agent Jorge Mendes reached a verbal agreement with Manchester City over personal terms,[280] but the club pulled out of the deal the following day due to the overall cost of the transfer.[281] On the same day, it was confirmed that City's rivals Manchester United, Ronaldo's former club, were in advanced talks to sign him,[282][283] while former manager Alex Ferguson and several ex-teammates had been in contact to persuade him to re-sign for United.[284][285]Return to Manchester United2021–2022: 100 Premier League goals and team strugglesOn 27 August 2021, Manchester United announced they had reached an agreement with Juventus to re-sign Ronaldo, subject to agreement of personal terms, visa and medical.[286] The transfer was for an initial £12.85 million, with a two-year contract plus an optional year, and was confirmed on 31 August.[287] Ronaldo was given the number 7 shirt after Edinson Cavani agreed to switch to 21.[288] The first 24 hours of Ronaldo's shirt sales was reported to have broken the all-time record following a transfer, overtaking Messi after his move to Paris Saint-Germain.[289]Ronaldo in a Premier League match against Newcastle in September 2021, his first game back at Manchester UnitedOn 11 September, Ronaldo made his second debut at Old Trafford, scoring the opening two goals in a 4–1 league victory against Newcastle United.[290] On 29 September, he scored a last-minute winner in United's 2–1 victory at home to Villarreal in the Champions League, and overtook Iker Casillas as the player with the most appearances in the competition.[291] In the next Champions League fixture on 20 October, Ronaldo again scored a last minute winner, helping United overturn a two-goal deficit in a 3–2 home victory against Atalanta,[292] and scored both goals, including a last minute equalizer, in the reverse fixture against Atalanta on 2 November.[293] On 23 November, Ronaldo became the first player to score in five consecutive matches of a Champions League campaign for an English club, after opening United's 2–0 victory away against Villarreal, with his six goals being crucial to United's qualifying for the round of 16 as group winners.[294] On 2 December, Ronaldo netted two goals in a 3–2 home league win against Arsenal, which saw him surpass 800 career goals.[295]The following month, after enduring a fractured relationship with his teammates and interim manager Ralf Rangnick, his performances and his team's declined during the season, with Ronaldo equalling his worst goalscoring run since 2010 during his time with Real Madrid, being two months without scoring a goal,[296] before scoring his first goal in the new year, opening United's 2–0 win home against Brighton & Hove Albion on 15 February 2022.[297] Following a hamstring injury, which saw him miss the Manchester derby against Manchester City, Ronaldo made his return from injury on 12 March, scoring a hat-trick in a 3–2 victory against Tottenham Hotspur, which saw him pass Josef Bican's record for goals scored in professional football with 807 career goals,[298] although the Football Association of the Czech Republic claimed that Bican had scored 821 career goals.[299] On 16 April, Ronaldo scored his 50th club hat-trick in a 3–2 win over Norwich City.[300] On 23 April, he scored his 100th Premier League goal in a 3–1 defeat to Arsenal.[301] After scoring in the following matches against Chelsea and Brentford, he was named the Premier League Player of the Month for April.[302]He finished the season with 24 goals in all competitions, 18 of those goals being in the Premier League, making him the third-highest goalscorer in the league behind Golden Boot winners Mohamed Salah and Son Heung-min, being named in the Premier League Team of the Year and the winner of United's Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year award, given to the club's best player from the previous season;[303][304] however, with United finishing in a disappointing sixth place and qualifying for the UEFA Europa League, Ronaldo went trophyless for the first time since 2010.[305]2022: Final season and departureAfter growing dissatisfaction with the direction of United on and off the field, Ronaldo missed the club's pre-season tour of Thailand and Australia due to family reasons, amid reports of his desire to leave to join a club competing in the Champions League, despite incoming manager Erik ten Hag insisting that he was not for sale and was part of the club's plans.[306] His agent Jorge Mendes began negotiating with various clubs for a transfer on loan or on a free transfer, including Bayern Munich, Paris Saint-Germain and Chelsea, with the latter club's new owner Todd Boehly being keen on a possible transfer.[307] However, due to his age, overall cost of a transfer and high wages demands, multiple European clubs rejected the opportunity to sign him, including Chelsea after their manager Thomas Tuchel did not approve his signing.[308]Ronaldo in a Premier League match against Brighton & Hove Albion in August 2022Having failed to secure a transfer, Ronaldo lost his place in the starting lineup to Marcus Rashford and Anthony Martial, only featuring in Europa League matches. He scored his first goal in the competition aged 37, converting a penalty to make it 2–0 against Sheriff Tiraspol on 15 September.[309] On 2 October, Ronaldo was an unused substitute in United's 6–3 loss to Manchester City, with ten Hag saying that he refused to bring him on out of "respect for his big career".[310] On 9 October, Ronaldo came on as a substitute and scored his 700th career club goal in a 2–1 win against Everton.[311] Ten days later, Ronaldo refused to be brought on as a substitute during a home game against Tottenham and left the ground before the full-time whistle;[312][313] Ten Hag punished him by dropping him from the squad for an upcoming fixture with Chelsea, and made him train separately from the first team.[314][315] Following discussions with the manager, Ronaldo returned to training and started in United's home win over Sheriff on 27 October, scoring the third goal and ensuring United's qualification to the Europa League knockout stage.[316] Ten Hag named Ronaldo as captain for a 3–1 defeat to Aston Villa on 6 November, saying that Ronaldo was "an important part of the squad, we are happy with him and now he has to take even more of the leader role".[317] Ronaldo then missed United's following matches before the World Cup break, with Ten Hag saying that Ronaldo was ill.[318]On 14 November, an interview with Piers Morgan was published, where Ronaldo said that he felt "betrayed" by Ten Hag and senior executives who wanted Ronaldo to leave the club, and accused the club of doubting him regarding the illness of his daughter that led him to miss pre-season, adding that he did not respect ten Hag "because he doesn't show respect for me", leading him to be disappointed with the communication of the club.[319] Ronaldo claimed that ten Hag deliberately provoked him by first leaving him on the bench against City, and then wanting to bring him on in the final moments against Tottenham, but added that he regretted his decision to leave early.[319] He also questioned the appointment of Rangnick the previous season as he was a "sporting director and not even a coach".[319][320] On the club itself, Ronaldo stated there was "no evolution" since the departure of former manager Alex Ferguson in 2013, despite expecting changes in "technology, infrastructure".[319][320] Ronaldo claimed that the Glazer family "did not care about the club" as he never spoke with them, and described United as a "marketing club".[319][320] Following the interview, which aired in two-parts on 16 and 17 November, United began seeking legal action over whether Ronaldo had breached his contract,[321] and were looking to terminate his contract.[322] On 22 November, Ronaldo's contract was terminated by mutual agreement with immediate effect.[323]Al NassrOn 30 December 2022, Saudi club Al Nassr reached an agreement for Ronaldo to join the club effective 1 January 2023, signing a contract until 2025.[324][325] As reported by Fabrizio Romano of The Guardian, Ronaldo received the highest football salary in history, worth €200 million per year;[326][327] this included an annual guaranteed football salary of €90 million, with commercial and sponsorship deals included bringing his total annual salary to €200 million. He was also reportedly paid a signing-on bonus in the region of €100 million.[328] According to Romano, Ronaldo rejected a move to Sporting Kansas City to join Al Nassr.[329]International career2001–2007: Youth level and senior debutRonaldo began his international career with Portugal under-15 in 2001. During his international youth career, Ronaldo would represent the under-15, under-17, under-20, under-21 and under-23 national sides, amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall.[6]Aged 18, Ronaldo made his first senior appearance for Portugal in a 1–0 win over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003,[330] coming on as a half-time substitute for Luís Figo.[331] He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004, held in his home country, and scored his first international goal in a 2–1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece, his eighth appearance for Portugal.[331] After converting his penalty in a shoot-out against England in the quarter-finals,[332] he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2–1 win over the Netherlands.[333] He was featured in the team of the tournament, having provided two assists in addition to his two goals.[334]Ronaldo was Portugal's second-highest scorer in their qualification group for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals.[330] During the tournament, he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal's second match of the group stage.[335] At the age of 21 years and 132 days, Ronaldo became the youngest ever goalscorer for Portugal at a World Cup finals.[336] In Portugal's infamously dirty round of 16 match against the Netherlands, Ronaldo was forced off injured in the first half after a tackle from Dutch defender Khalid Boulahrouz.[331] Following Portugal's 1–0 win, Ronaldo accused Boulahrouz of intentionally trying to injure him, although he recovered in time to play in the next game.[337] In Portugal's quarter-final against England, Ronaldo's Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho. Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney's infraction,[338] the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining, after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal's bench following Rooney's dismissal.[331][339] Ronaldo went on to score the vital winning penalty during the shoot-out which sent Portugal into the semi-finals.[331] Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1–0 semi-final defeat to France.[340] FIFA's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament's Best Young Player award and handed it to Germany's Lukas Podolski, citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision.[331][341] Following the 2006 World Cup, Ronaldo would go on to represent Portugal in four qualifying games for Euro 2008, scoring two goals in the process.[342][343]2007–2012: Assuming the captaincyRonaldo, pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012, was made captain for Portugal in 2008.One day after his 22nd birthday, Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007,[344] as requested by Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) president Carlos Silva, who had died two days earlier.[345] Ahead of Euro 2008, he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time.[346] While he scored eight goals in the qualification,[347] the second-highest tally, he scored just one goal in the tournament, netting the second goal of their 3–1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic; in the same game, he also set-up Portugal's third goal in injury time, which was scored by Quaresma, and was named man of the match for his performance.[348][349] Portugal were eliminated in the quarter-finals with a 3–2 loss against eventual finalists Germany.[350]After Portugal's unsuccessful performance at Euro 2008, Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz, formerly the assistant manager at United.[351] Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad's permanent captain in July 2008.[352] Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup,[331] as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play-off victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina.[353] In the group stage of the World Cup, he was named man of the match in all three matches, against Ivory Coast, North Korea and Brazil.[354][355][356] His only goal of the tournament came in their 7–0 rout of North Korea, which marked his first international goal in 16 months.[357] Portugal's World Cup ended with a 1–0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16.[358]Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012, including two strikes against Bosnia and Herzegovina in the play-offs, to send Portugal into the tournament, where they were drawn in a "group of death".[359] In the last group stage game against the Netherlands, Ronaldo scored twice to secure a 2–1 win.[360] He scored a header in the quarter-final against the Czech Republic to give his team a 1–0 win.[361] In both games against the Netherlands and the Czech Republic he was named man of the match.[362][363] After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless, Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shoot-out.[364] Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth slot.[365] Ronaldo's own teammate, Nani, said that Ronaldo "demanded" to take the last penalty.[366] As the joint top scorer with three goals, alongside five other players, he was again included in the team of the tournament.[7]2012–2016: All-time Portugal top scorer and European championRonaldo evading Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in 2013During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup, Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals. A qualifying match on 17 October 2012, a 1–1 draw against Northern Ireland, earned him his 100th cap.[367] His first international hat-trick also came against Northern Ireland, when he scored three times in a 15-minute spell of a 4–2 qualifying win on 6 September 2013.[368] After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign, Ronaldo scored all four of the team's goals in the play-offs against Sweden, billed as a battle between Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimović, which ensured their place at the tournament.[369] His hat-trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals, equaling Pauleta's record.[370] Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5–1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country's all-time top scorer.[371]Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury,[372] potentially risking his career.[373] Ronaldo later commented: "If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable. But we don't."[374] Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness, being forced to abort practice twice,[375] Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany, although he was unable to prevent a 4–0 defeat.[376] After assisting an injury-time 2–2 equaliser against the United States,[377] he scored a late match-winning goal in a 2–1 win over Ghana.[378] His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups.[379] Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference.[378]Ronaldo leaps in the air in Portugal's Euro 2016 quarter-final match against PolandRonaldo scored five goals, including a hat-trick against Armenia, in the qualification for Euro 2016.[380] With the only goal in another win over Armenia on 14 November 2014, he reached 23 goals in the UEFA European Championship, including qualifying matches, to become the competition's all-time leading goalscorer.[381] At the start of the tournament, Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal's draws against Iceland and Austria, despite taking 20 shots on goal. In the latter match, he overtook Figo as Portugal's most capped player with his 128th international appearance, which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half.[382] With two goals in the last match of the group stage, a 3–3 draw against Hungary, Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships, having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament.[383][384] Although placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland, his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition's newly expanded format,[385] despite not winning any of their games.[331]In Portugal's first knockout match, Ronaldo's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia's goalkeeper Danijel Subašić into the path of Ricardo Quaresma, whose finish then secured a 1–0 win late in extra time.[331] After his team progressed past Poland on penalties, with Ronaldo scoring Portugal's opening penalty,[331] he became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals;[386] he scored the opener in a 2–0 win against Wales, equalling Michel Platini as the competition's all-time top scorer with nine goals.[387] In the final against hosts France, Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet, despite multiple treatments and attempts to play on,[331] he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma. During extra time, substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1–0 victory.[388] As team captain, Ronaldo lifted the trophy in celebration of his country's first triumph in a major tournament. He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second-highest goalscorer, with three goals and three assists, and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career.[389][390]2016–2018: Post-European Championship victory and World CupFollowing the Euro 2016 success, Ronaldo played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at age 32, opening a 2–3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros. With the goal, he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third-highest scoring European in international football.[391]In Portugal's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June, Ronaldo set up Quaresma's opening goal in a 2–2 draw.[392] Three days later, he scored in a 1–0 win over hosts Russia.[393] On 24 June, he scored from a penalty in a 4–0 win over New Zealand, which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition; with his 75th international goal, Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second-highest European international goalscorer of all time, behind only Ferenc Puskás.[394][395] He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal's group stage matches.[396] Ronaldo left the competition early; after Chile defeated Portugal 3–0 on penalties in the semi-finals, he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children,[397] and missed Portugal's third-place play-off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2–1 after extra time.[398]Ronaldo evades an Iran defender in the group stage of the 2018 World CupOn 31 August 2017, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 win in a 2018 World Cup qualifying match over the Faroe Islands, which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint-fifth-highest goalscorer in international football with 78 goals.[399] These goals brought his tally in the World Cup qualifiers to 14, equalling Predrag Mijatović's record for most goals in a single UEFA qualifying campaign, and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a European qualifying group, overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski. Ronaldo's hat-trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29, making him the highest scorer in UEFA qualifiers, ahead of Andriy Shevchenko, and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined with 32 goals, ahead of Miroslav Klose.[400] Ronaldo later added to this tally by scoring a goal against Andorra in a 2–0 win.[401]On 15 June 2018, Ronaldo became the oldest player to score a hat-trick in a FIFA World Cup match, helping Portugal secure a 3–3 draw against Spain (his third goal a 30-yard curling free kick with two minutes remaining) in their opening match. In doing so, he became the first Portuguese player to score a goal in four World Cups and one of four players of any nationality to do so.[402] On 20 June, Ronaldo scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against Morocco, breaking Puskás' record as the highest European goalscorer of all time, with 85 international goals.[403] In the final group match against Iran on 25 June, Ronaldo missed a penalty in an eventual 1–1 draw which saw Portugal progress to the second round as group runners-up behind Spain.[404] On 30 June, Portugal were eliminated following a 2–1 defeat to Uruguay in the last 16.[405] For his performances in the tournament, Ronaldo was named in the World Cup Dream Team.[406]2018–2020: Nations League title and 100 international goalsAfter the World Cup, Ronaldo missed six international matches, including the entire league phase of the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League, but played for hosts Portugal in the inaugural Nations League Finals in June 2019. In the semi-finals on 5 June, he scored a hat-trick against Switzerland to reach the final. Upon scoring the opening goal, he became the first player to score in 10 consecutive international competitions, breaking the record he previously shared with Ghana's Asamoah Gyan.[407] In the final of the tournament four days later, Portugal defeated the Netherlands 1–0.[408]On 10 September 2019, Ronaldo scored four goals in a 5–1 away win over Lithuania in a Euro 2020 qualifying match;[409] in the process, he overtook Robbie Keane (23 goals) as the player with most goals in the UEFA European Championship qualifying, setting a new record with 25 goals.[410] He also set a new record for scoring against the most national teams, 40,[411] while also completing his eighth international hat-trick.[412] On 14 October, he scored his 700th senior career goal for club and country from the penalty spot, in his 974th senior career appearance, a 2–1 away loss to Ukraine in a Euro 2020 qualifier.[413] On 17 November, Ronaldo scored his 99th international goal in a 2–0 win over Luxembourg, leading Portugal to qualify for Euro 2020.[414] On 8 September 2020, Ronaldo scored his 100th and 101st international goals in a 2–0 away win over Sweden in a 2020–21 UEFA Nations League match, becoming only the second male player ever to achieve this milestone (after Ali Daei of Iran) and the first in Europe.[415][416] On 13 October, the FPF announced that Ronaldo tested positive for COVID-19 while being asymptomatic.[417] By 30 October, Ronaldo had recovered.[418]2021–present: All-time international top goalscorerThe Estádio Algarve (exterior pictured) where Ronaldo broke the international goalscoring record (surpassing the 109 goals of Iran's Ali Daei) in September 2021On 15 June 2021, Ronaldo scored twice in Portugal's first game of Euro 2020, a 3–0 win against Hungary in Budapest.[419] This took him to a total of 11 European Championship goals, two clear of Michel Platini, as the all-time top goalscorer in the competition's history.[420] He also became the first player to score at five Euros,[421] and in eleven consecutive tournaments. The brace made Ronaldo the oldest player to score two goals in a match in the competition,[422] and the oldest player to score for Portugal at a major tournament.[423] On 23 June, he scored two penalties in Portugal's 2–2 draw with France in their final group stage match, equalling Daei's record of 109 international goals.[424] On 27 June, Portugal were eliminated following a 1–0 loss against Belgium in the round of 16.[425] Ronaldo finished the tournament with five goals (tied with Czech Patrik Schick) and one assist, earning him the Golden Boot.[426]Ronaldo during a group stage game against Uruguay at the 2022 World CupOn 1 September, Ronaldo scored two headed goals, with his second coming seconds before the full-time whistle, in a 2–1 home win against the Republic of Ireland in a World Cup qualifier at the Estádio Algarve, which saw him pass Ali Daei to become the sole record holder by breaking the men's international scoring record with his 110th and 111th international goals.[427] On 9 October, he scored the opening goal in a 3–0 friendly win over Qatar at the Estádio Algarve; with his 181st international appearance, he also overtook Sergio Ramos's record for the most international caps received by a European player.[428] In the following match against Luxembourg on 12 October, also played at the Estádio Algarve, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 win for Portugal, and became the first player to score 10 hat-tricks in men's international football.[429]Ronaldo was named in Portugal's squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, making it his fifth World Cup. On 24 November, in Portugal's opening match against Ghana, Ronaldo scored a penalty kick and became the first male player to score in five different World Cups.[430] In the last group game against South Korea, Ronaldo received criticism from his own coach for his reaction at being substituted.[431] He was dropped from the starting line-up for Portugal's last 16 match against Switzerland, marking the first time since Euro 2008 that he had not started a game for Portugal in a major international tournament,[432] and the first time Portugal had started a knockout game without Ronaldo in the starting line-up at an international tournament since Euro 2000.[433] He came off the bench late on as Portugal won 6–1, their highest tally in a World Cup knockout game since the 1966 World Cup, with Ronaldo's replacement Gonçalo Ramos scoring a hat-trick.[434] Portugal employed the same strategy in the quarter-finals against Morocco, with Ronaldo once again coming off the bench; in the process, he equalled Bader Al-Mutawa's international appearance record, becoming the joint–most capped male footballer of all time, with 196 caps. Portugal lost 1–0, however, with Morocco becoming the first CAF nation ever to reach the World Cup semi-finals.[435][436]Player profileStyle of playA versatile attacker, Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch,[437] and, while ostensibly right-footed, is very strong with both feet.[438] Tactically, Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career. While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United, he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield, where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area. In this position, he was able to use his pace and acceleration, agility and technical skills to take on opponents in one-on-one situations. Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair, often displaying an array of tricks and feints,[439][440] such as the step overs and so-called 'chops' that became his trademark;[441] he has also been known to use the flip-flap.[442]Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010–11 La Liga game against Almería. At his peak, he was known for his exceptional speed and athleticism.[443]As Ronaldo matured, he underwent a major physical transformation, developing a muscular body type that allowed him to retain possession of the ball under pressure, and strong legs that enabled an outstanding jumping ability.[444] His strength and jumping ability, combined with his elevation, heading accuracy and height of 1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in), give him an edge in winning aerial duels. These attributes allow him to function as a target-man and make him an aerial goal threat in the penalty area; consequently, many of his goals have been headers.[445][446][447] Allied with his increased stamina and work-rate, his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks. He has also increasingly played a creative role for his team, often dropping deep to pick up the ball, participate in the build-up of plays and create chances for his teammates, courtesy of his vision and passing ability.[439][445]In his final seasons at United, Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role, functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward, or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion.[445] He developed into a prolific goalscorer, capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot, courtesy of his striking ability.[445] An accurate penalty kick taker,[448] he also became a set piece specialist, renowned for his powerful, bending free kicks.[449] When taking free kicks, Ronaldo is known for using the knuckleball technique, which was developed by Juninho Pernambucano.[450] He also adopts a trademark stance before striking the ball, which involves him standing with his legs far apart.[451] Regarding Ronaldo's unique style of taking free kicks, former Manchester United assistant manager Mike Phelan commented: "People used to put the ball down, walk away, run up and hit it. He brought in a more dynamic showmanship. He places the ball down, the concentration level is high, he takes his certain amount of steps back so that his standing foot is in the perfect place to hit the ball in the sweet spot. He is the ultimate showman. He has that slight arrogance. When he pulls those shorts up and shows his thighs, he is saying 'All eyes on me' and this is going in. He understands the marketing side of it. The way he struts up and places it; the world is watching him."[452]As Ronaldo entered his thirties he began to dribble less.[453]At Real Madrid, Ronaldo continued to play a more offensive role, while his creative and defensive duties became more limited, although not entirely diminished.[454] Initially deployed as a centre forward by managers Manuel Pellegrini and José Mourinho, he was later moved back onto the left wing, though in a free tactical role; this position allowed him to drift into the centre at will to get onto the end of crosses and score, or draw out defenders with his movement off the ball and leave space for teammates to exploit.[454][455][456] Madrid's counter-attacking style of play also allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player, as evidenced by his record-breaking goalscoring feats. While he mainly drew praise in the media for his prolific goalscoring, Ronaldo also demonstrated his ability as an effective creator in this role.[457][458][459] This unique role has been described by pundits as that of a "false", "attacking", or "goalscoring winger", as Ronaldo effectively almost functioned as a striker at times with his central runs into the penalty area, despite actually playing on the left flank.[455][460] From 2013 onwards, under manager Carlo Ancelotti, he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off-the-ball movement and general involvement, completing fewer dribbles and passes per game, and instead focusing on short-distance creating and goalscoring.[454][461][462] Since 2017, Ronaldo adapted his style of play yet again to become more of a free-roaming centre forward under manager Zinedine Zidane, a role in which he continued to excel and maintain a prolific goalscoring record; in this position, he earned praise in the media for his intelligent movement both on and off the ball, positional sense, link-up play and finishing, as well as his ability to lose or anticipate his markers, find space in the box and score from few touches or opportunities.[463][464][465]In his first season at Juventus, Ronaldo continued to play in a variety of different attacking roles under manager Massimiliano Allegri, depending on whom he was partnered with. While he had occupied an increasingly offensive role in his final years at Real Madrid, at times he functioned in a free role at Juventus, either as a lone striker or in his trademark role on the left wing, in a 4–2–3–1 or 4–3–3 formation, in which he often switched positions with Mario Mandžukić. In this role, he was also given licence to drop deep or even out wide onto the right flank to receive the ball, and be more involved in the build-up of plays; as such, aside from scoring goals himself, he began to take on opponents and create chances for other players with greater frequency than he had in his final seasons with Real Madrid. Off the ball, he was also capable of creating space for teammates with his movement and attacking runs into the box, or finishing off chances with his head or feet by getting onto the end of his teammates' crosses.[466][467] On occasion he also played in an attacking partnership alongside Mandžukić in a 4–3–1–2, 4–4–2, or 3–5–2 formation.[468][469][470] He continued to play a similar role in his second season with the club under manager Maurizio Sarri.[467]Image"In the six years we had him, you just saw his game grow all the time, and he was a fantastic player. Now you see the complete player. His decision-making, his maturity, his experience, plus all the great skills he has got, they all make him the complete player."—Former manager Alex Ferguson, January 2013[471]Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation, alongside Lionel Messi.[472] Winning his first Ballon d'Or in 2008 by a record-high vote count at age 23, over the next decade Ronaldo has often featured in debates concerning who is the greatest player in history.[473] Acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goal-scoring,[474] he is considered a decisive player who is also a game changer,[475] especially in important and high-pressured situations.[476]Fans of Real Madrid (left; Ronaldo's then current club) and Manchester United (right; Ronaldo's then former club as he joined United again in 2021) wearing Ronaldo's 7 shirt at the 2017 UEFA Super CupRonaldo is noted for his work ethic, elite body conditioning and dedication to improvement on the training pitch, as well being regarded as a natural leader.[477][478] On his longevity and "extraordinary commitment to physical preparation", Adam Bate of Sky Sports said: "Dedication is a huge part of staying at the top and Ronaldo's focus is perhaps unparalleled within the game."[453] While stating they were stylistically different players who shared an equal desire to score goals, former Brazil international Ronaldo praised Cristiano's approach to training, arguing that "there are so few players who take care of their body like he does. I trained because I had to, he does it because he loves it."[479] His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to be talked about alongside other greats such as Pelé and Diego Maradona once retiring.[480] He is credited, along with his compatriot, coach José Mourinho, with inspiring changing fortunes of Portuguese football in 2010s and 2020s.[481] At times, he has been criticised for simulating when tackled.[482] He was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson, teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player.[483] Jonathan Wilson of The Guardian opined that Ronaldo had made Juventus, who he joined aged 33 in 2018, weaker, due to "his relative immobility" in his mid-30s, even if his personal goal-scoring output remained high.[484]During his career, Ronaldo has also been described as having an "arrogant image" on the pitch,[485] with Ronaldo stating that he had become a "victim" because of how he was portrayed in the media.[486] He is often seen moaning, gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory,[485] with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance.[486] His managers, teammates and various journalists have said that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him.[487][488][489]Goal celebrationsScoring goals is the hardest part of the game. Some players don't even score in training! What more can you say about him? He's a genius!—Roy Keane, on Cristiano Ronaldo's prolific goal-scoring record.[490]Ronaldo has adopted several goal celebrations throughout his career, including one particular celebration which gained widespread coverage in the media, when he squatted and stared directly into a camera on the sidelines of the pitch with his hand on his chin.[491][492][493] After scoring a goal, he usually celebrates with a "storming jump" and "turn", before "landing in spread-eagled fashion"[492] into his "signature power stance",[493] while usually simultaneously exclaiming "Sí" (Spanish and Italian for "yes").[491][494] This trademark celebration has been dubbed the "Sii" in the media.[491][492][495]Rivalry with Lionel MessiMain article: Messi–Ronaldo rivalryRonaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in 2011Both Ronaldo and Lionel Messi have scored in multiple UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50-goal barrier in a single season. Sports journalists and pundits regularly weigh the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football or in the history of the game.[496] It has been compared to several sports rivalries, among them the Muhammad Ali–Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Borg–McEnroe rivalry in tennis and the Senna–Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing.[497][498] Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two,[499] Part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players, as Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff, while Messi is portrayed as a shy, humble character.[500][501][502]"It's part of my life now. People are bound to compare us. He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team, as I do, and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent."—Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi.[503]In a 2012 interview, Ronaldo commented on the rivalry, saying: "I think we push each other sometimes in the competition, this is why the competition is so high."[504] Alex Ferguson, Ronaldo's manager during his time at Manchester United, opined: "I don't think the rivalry against each other bothers them. I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best."[505] Messi himself denied any rivalry, saying that it was "only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I've never fought with Cristiano."[506] Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level, Ronaldo commented: "We don't have a relationship outside the world of football, just as we don't with a lot of other players." Ronaldo added that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together, stating: "We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit, because it's a good thing."[503] Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid, the two players faced each other at least twice every season in the world's biggest club game, El Clásico, which is among the world's most viewed annual sporting events.[507]In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013, when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo, Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo, claiming "one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other." Real Madrid demanded and promptly received a full apology. In response to Blatter's "commander" on the pitch comment, Ronaldo issued his own riposte with a mock-salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla.[508] In August 2019, Ronaldo and Messi were interviewed while sat next to each other prior to the announcement of the UEFA Men's Player of the Year, with Ronaldo stating: "I pushed him and he pushed me as well. So it's good to be part of the history of football."[509]Outside footballSee also: Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport and Museu CR7The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum, Museu CR7, in Funchal, Madeira. It was opened on 15 December 2013.As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United, Ronaldo has signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products, including sportswear, football boots; since November 2012, Ronaldo has worn the Nike Mercurial Vapor personalized CR7 edition,[510] soft drinks, clothing, automotive lubricants, financial services, electronics, and video games.[511][512][513][514] Ronaldo was featured as the cover star of EA Sports' FIFA video game FIFA 18 and was heavily involved in the game's promotion.[515] His "Sii" goal celebration features in the FIFA series, accompanied with his own voiceover.[491] He was also the face of Pro Evolution Soccer, appearing on the covers of the 2008, 2012 and 2013 editions of the game.[516]With earnings of €720 million (£615 million) from 2010 to 2019, Ronaldo was ranked second in Forbes list of The Highest-Paid Athletes Of The Decade, with only boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. earning more.[517] Forbes twice ranked Ronaldo first on its list of the world's highest-paid football players; his combined income from salaries, bonuses and endorsements was $73 million in 2013–14 and $79 million in 2014–15.[518][519] The latter earnings saw him listed behind only Mayweather on the magazine's list of The World's Highest-Paid Athletes.[520] In 2016, he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest-earning athletes, with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015–16.[521] He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016–17.[522] He is the first footballer and only the third sportsman to earn $1 billion in their career.[523] Ronaldo is one of the world's most marketable sportsmen: SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012[524] and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013, with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists.[524][525] Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014.[526] He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100, Time's annual list of the most influential people in the world.[527] ESPN named Ronaldo the world's most famous athlete in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019.[528][529][530][531]Statue of Ronaldo, in Madeira, resembles the pose he strikes before taking free kicks.[532]Ronaldo has established a strong online presence. The most popular sportsperson on social media, he counted over 500 million total followers across Facebook, Twitter and Instagram by February 2021, making him the first person to pass half a billion followers.[533] The most-followed person on Facebook (148 million), the most-followed on Instagram (310 million) and the most-followed sportsperson on Twitter (92 million), his sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his accounts between June 2016 to June 2017.[522] Ronaldo has released two mobile apps. In December 2011, he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano, created by developer RockLive,[534] and in December 2013, he launched Viva Ronaldo, a dedicated social networking website and app.[535] Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website, with Ronaldo's name first on the list.[536]Ronaldo has been the subject of several works. His autobiography, titled Moments, was published in December 2007.[537] His sponsor Castrol produced the television film Ronaldo: Tested to the Limit, in which he was physically and mentally tested in several areas; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film's release in September 2011.[499] Cristiano Ronaldo: The World at His Feet, a documentary narrated by actor Benedict Cumberbatch, was released via Vimeo in June 2014.[538] A documentary film directed by Anthony Wonke about his life and career, titled Ronaldo, was released on 9 November 2015.[539][540]Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa presents Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi a signed Ronaldo shirt in January 2017Demand for a replica Ronaldo shirt has been high throughout his career. In 2008, Ronaldo's number 7 Manchester United shirt was the best-selling Premier League sports product.[541] In 2015, Ronaldo's number 7 Real Madrid shirt was the second best-selling worldwide, after Messi's number 10 Barcelona shirt.[542] In 2018, within 24 hours of his number 7 Juventus shirt being released, over 520,000 had been sold, with $62.4 million generated in one day.[543]Ronaldo opened a fashion boutique under the name CR7 (his initials and shirt number) on the island of Madeira in 2006 and opened a second in Lisbon in 2008.[544] In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai, Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line, released in November 2013.[545] He expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes in July 2014.[546][547] In September 2015, Ronaldo released his own fragrance, "Legacy", in a partnership with Eden Parfums.[548]In 2007, C.D. Nacional renamed its youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol (Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus).[549] In December 2013, Ronaldo opened a museum, Museu CR7, in his hometown of Funchal, Madeira, to house trophies and memorabilia;[550] the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team União da Madeira.[551][552] At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014, President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry "to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally, contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations."[553] A bronze statue of Ronaldo, designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso, was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014.[554]Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira. The renaming ceremony took place in March 2017.In June 2010, during the build-up to the World Cup, Ronaldo became the fourth footballer (after Steven Gerrard, Pelé, and David Beckham) to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London.[555] Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013.[556] In June 2015, astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named Cosmos Redshift 7 (CR7) in tribute to Ronaldo.[557]On 23 July 2016, following Portugal's triumph at Euro 2016, Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed as Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport.[558] The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017, which included a bust of his head being presented.[559] The bust and the name change were controversial, with the lack of the bust's likeness to Ronaldo being ridiculed by comedians, including Saturday Night Live,[560] while the name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens, who even started a petition against the move, an action criticised by President of Madeira Miguel Albuquerque.[561][559] A year later, sports website Bleacher Report commissioned sculptor Emanuel Santos to create another bust;[562] however, this bust was never used and a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor, shown to the public on 15 June 2018.[563]Personal lifeFamily, children, and relationshipsRonaldo has had six children. He first became a father to a son, who was born on 17 June 2010 in the United States.[564] He has full custody of the child and has not publicly revealed the identity of the mother per an agreement with her.[565][566] In January 2015, Ronaldo's five-year relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk ended.[567]Ronaldo became a father to twins,[568] born on 8 June 2017 in the United States via surrogacy. He is currently in a relationship with Argentine-born Spanish model Georgina Rodríguez,[569] who gave birth to a daughter on 12 November 2017.[570] The couple expected their second pair of twins in 2022. The male twin died during childbirth while the female twin survived.[571][572]Ronaldo's father, José, died of an alcoholism-related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20.[573]HealthRonaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol,[574] and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008.[575] He also does not have any tattoos as he regularly donates blood and bone marrow.[576]PhilanthropyRonaldo pictured in 2010Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career. Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight-year-old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed. Following this, Ronaldo visited Aceh, Indonesia, to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction.[577][578] After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008, Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira.[574] In 2009, Ronaldo donated £100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer, so that they could build a cancer centre on the island.[579] In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood, Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran-based clubs Marítimo and Nacional.[580]In 2012, Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine-year-old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer.[581] In December 2012, Ronaldo joined FIFA's "11 for Health" programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction, HIV, malaria, and obesity.[582] In January 2013, Ronaldo became Save the Children's new Global Artist Ambassador, in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity.[583] In March 2013, Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia, an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation.[584]Ronaldo was named the world's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 after donating £5 million to the relief effort after the earthquake in Nepal which killed over 8,000 people.[585] In June 2016, Ronaldo donated the entirety of his €600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the competition.[585] In August, Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie, a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses.[586]Legal issuesIn July 2017, Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost €15 million in tax between 2011 and 2014, a claim he denied at the time.[587] In June 2018, Ronaldo was given a two-year suspended jail sentence and fined €18.8 million, later reduced to €16.8 million after reaching a deal with Spanish authorities. The sentence can be served under probation, without any jail time, so long as he does not re-offend.[588]Ronaldo and another man were investigated by the British Crown Prosecution Service after a 2005 rape allegation was brought forward by two women. Within days, the two women withdrew their allegation and Scotland Yard later issued a statement declaring there was not enough evidence for a prosecution.[589]In April 2017, it was reported that Ronaldo was being investigated by the Las Vegas Police Department for an allegation by a woman that he had raped her in 2009.[590][591] Documents, confirmed by Ronaldo's lawyers, state that Ronaldo paid a woman US$375,000 in a non-disclosure settlement.[590][592] Ronaldo and his lawyers issued a lengthy statement denying all accusations, describing them as an "intentional defamation campaign" with parts significantly "altered and/or completely fabricated",[593][594] a claim which Der Spiegel categorically denied.[595] In July 2019, Las Vegas prosecutors said they would not charge Ronaldo over allegations of rape; the statement added: "Based upon a review of information at this time, the allegations of sexual assault against Cristiano Ronaldo cannot be proven beyond a reasonable doubt."[596] The same woman, in September 2018, filed a civil lawsuit in Nevada accusing Ronaldo of rape.[597] The Daily Mirror, citing court documents, reported in 2021 that the woman sought £56 million in damages from Ronaldo.[598] In October 2021, federal magistrate judge Daniel Albregts recommended that the lawsuit be dismissed, citing that the woman's lawyer, Leslie Stovall, "acted in bad faith by asking for, receiving, and using Football Leaks documents to prosecute" the case, despite the documents containing "privileged communications" between Ronaldo and his lawyers. Additionally, Albregts stated that no evidence was found of Ronaldo's lawyers having "intimidated [the woman] or impeded law enforcement" during the 2010 settlement with her.[599] In June 2022, the woman's rape lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada, as district judge Jennifer A. Dorsey ruled that Stovall's repeated use of "cyber-hacked attorney-client privileged documents" were actions representing "abuses and flagrant circumvention of the proper litigation process".[597][600]Career statisticsClubAs of match played 6 November 2022[601][602][603]Appearances and goals by club, season and competitionClub Season League National cup League cup Continental[a] Other TotalDivision Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps GoalsSporting CP B[604][605] 2002–03 Segunda Divisão B 2 0 — — — — 2 0Sporting CP 2002–03 Primeira Liga 25 3 3 2 — 3[b] 0 0 0 31 5Manchester United 2003–04 Premier League 29 4 5 2 1 0 5 0 0 0 40 62004–05 Premier League 33 5 7 4 2 0 8 0 0 0 50 92005–06 Premier League 33 9 2 0 4 2 8 1 — 47 122006–07 Premier League 34 17 7 3 1 0 11 3 — 53 232007–08 Premier League 34 31 3 3 0 0 11 8 1[c] 0 49 422008–09 Premier League 33 18 2 1 4 2 12 4 2[d] 1 53 26Total 196 84 26 13 12 4 55 16 3 1 292 118Real Madrid 2009–10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 — 6 7 — 35 332010–11 La Liga 34 40[e] 8 7 — 12 6 — 54 532011–12 La Liga 38 46 5 3 — 10 10 2[f] 1 55 602012–13 La Liga 34 34 7 7 — 12 12 2[f] 2 55 552013–14 La Liga 30 31 6 3 — 11 17 — 47 512014–15 La Liga 35 48 2 1 — 12 10 5[g] 2 54 612015–16 La Liga 36 35 0 0 — 12 16 — 48 512016–17 La Liga 29 25 2 1 — 13 12 2[d] 4 46 422017–18 La Liga 27 26 0 0 — 13 15 4[h] 3 44 44Total 292 311 30 22 — 101 105 15 12 438 450Juventus 2018–19 Serie A 31 21 2 0 — 9 6 1[i] 1 43 282019–20 Serie A 33 31 4 2 — 8 4 1[i] 0 46 372020–21 Serie A 33 29 4 2 — 6 4 1[i] 1 44 362021–22 Serie A 1 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 1 0Total 98 81 10 4 — 23 14 3 2 134 101Manchester United 2021–22 Premier League 30 18 1 0 0 0 7 6 — 38 242022–23 Premier League 10 1 0 0 0 0 6[j] 2 — 16 3Total 40 19 1 0 0 0 13 8 — 54 27Al Nassr 2022–23 Saudi Pro League 0 0 0 0 — — 0 0 0 0Career total 653 498 70 41 12 4 195 143 21 15 951 701 All appearances in UEFA Champions League, unless otherwise noted Two appearances in UEFA Cup Appearance in FA Community Shield Appearance(s) in FIFA Club World Cup Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad. Marca, which awards the Pichichi Trophy, attribute it to Ronaldo, while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe.[606] Appearance(s) in Supercopa de España One appearance two goals in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances in Supercopa de España, two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, one appearance one goal in Supercopa de España, two appearances two goals in FIFA Club World Cup Appearance in Supercoppa Italiana Appearances in UEFA Europa LeagueInternationalFor a comprehensive listing of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo, see List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo.As of match played 10 December 2022[6][607]Appearances and goals by national team, year and competitionTeam Year Competitive Friendly TotalApps Goals Apps Goals Apps GoalsPortugal U15 2001 2[a] 1 7 6 9 7Portugal U17 2001 — 3 2 3 22002 4[b] 3 0 0 4 3Total 4 3 3 2 7 5Portugal U20 2003 — 5[c] 1 5 1Portugal U21 2002 0 0 1 1 1 12003 7[d] 2 2 0 9 2Total 7 2 3 1 10 3Portugal U23 2004 2[e] 1 1 1 3 2Portugal 2003 — 2 0 2 02004 11[f] 7 5 0 16 72005 7[g] 2 4 0 11 22006 10[h] 4 4 2 14 62007 9[i] 5 1 0 10 52008 5[j] 1 3 0 8 12009 5[k] 0 2 1 7 12010 6[l] 3 5 0 11 32011 6[m] 5 2 2 8 72012 9[n] 4 4 1 13 52013 6[o] 7 3 3 9 102014 5[p] 3 4 2 9 52015 4[q] 3 1 0 5 32016 10[r] 10 3 3 13 132017 10[s] 10 1 1 11 112018 4[t] 4 3 2 7 62019 10[u] 14 — 10 142020 4[v] 2 2 1 6 32021 11[w] 11 3 2 14 132022 12[x] 3 0 0 12 3Total 144 98 52 20 196 118Career total 159 105 71 31 230 136Notes Appearances in the 2001 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival. Two appearances and three goals in the 2002 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualification, two appearances in the 2002 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Appearances in the 2003 Toulon Tournament. Appearances in the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification. Appearances in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Six appearances and two goals in UEFA Euro 2004, five appearances and five goals in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification. Appearances in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification. Six appearances and one goal in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, four appearances and three goals in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying. Appearances in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying. Three appearances and one goal in UEFA Euro 2008, two appearances in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification. Appearances in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification. Four appearances and one goal in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, two appearances and two goals in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying. Appearances in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying. Five appearances and three goals in UEFA Euro 2012, four appearances and one goal in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification. Appearances in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification. Three appearances and one goal in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, two appearances and two goals in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. Appearances in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. Seven appearances and three goals in UEFA Euro 2016, three appearances and seven goals in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. Six appearances and eight goals in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, four appearances and two goals in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Appearances in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Eight appearances and eleven goals in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying, two appearances and three goals in the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals. Appearances in the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League. Seven appearances and six goals in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, four appearances and five goals in UEFA Euro 2020. Two appearances in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, five appearances and two goals in the 2022–23 UEFA Nations League, five appearances and one goal in the 2022 FIFA World Cup.HonoursFor a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo's achievements, see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo.Cristiano Ronaldo, with his third Ballon d'Or, receives adulation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015Sporting CP[608]Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2002Manchester United[609][610]Premier League: 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09FA Cup: 2003–04Football League Cup: 2005–06, 2008–09FA Community Shield: 2007UEFA Champions League: 2007–08FIFA Club World Cup: 2008Real Madrid[610]La Liga: 2011–12, 2016–17Copa del Rey: 2010–11, 2013–14Supercopa de España: 2012, 2017UEFA Champions League: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18UEFA Super Cup: 2014, 2017FIFA Club World Cup: 2014, 2016, 2017Juventus[602]Serie A: 2018–19, 2019–20Coppa Italia: 2020–21Supercoppa Italiana: 2018, 2020Portugal U20Toulon Tournament: 2003[611]PortugalUEFA European Championship: 2016[388]UEFA Nations League: 2018–19[612]IndividualFIFA Ballon d'Or/Ballon d'Or: 2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017[1][610]FIFA World Player of the Year: 2008[1]The Best FIFA Men's Player: 2016, 2017[1]The Best FIFA Special Award for Outstanding Career Achievement: 2021[613]European Golden Shoe: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15[1][610]FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2016UEFA European Championship Golden Boot: 2020Premier League Player of the Season: 2006–07, 2007–08[609]La Liga Best Player: 2013–14[178]Serie A Footballer of the Year: 2019,[614] 2020[615]Premier League Golden Boot: 2007–08[609]Pichichi Trophy: 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15Capocannoniere: 2020–21[276]FPF Portuguese Player of the Year: 2016,[616] 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022OrdersPRT Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de Vila Vicosa Cavaleiro ribbon.svg Medal of Merit, Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (Portuguese Royal Family)[617]PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Officer BAR.png Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry[1]POR Ordem do Merito Comendador BAR.svg Commander of the Order of Merit[618]Cordão Autonómico de Distinção[619]See alsoicon Association football portalflag Portugal portal Biography portalList of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearancesList of top international men's football goal scorers by countryList of men's footballers with 100 or more international capsList of men's footballers with 50 or more international goalsList of men's footballers with the most official appearancesList of men's footballers with 500 or more goalsNotes Varies between 1.85 and 1.89 by source. FIFA and Sports Illustrated give 1.85,[2][3] Luca Caioli [es; fi] 1.86,[4] Soccerway and Eurosport 1.87,[5] and the Portuguese Football Federation 1.89.[6] Although there was no third-place playoff, both losing semi-finalists (Germany and Portugal) were awarded bronze medals by UEFA.[7] The terminology for the award has varied. Ronaldo received three Ballons d'Or as awarded by France Football magazine (2008, 2016, 2017) and two FIFA Ballons d'Or (2013, 2014) as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 and 2017 Best FIFA Men's Player awards. Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all-time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015. The club's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th-minute goal in a 2–1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010, despite his free-kick having been deflected by Pepe.[192]ReferencesCitations "Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts". CNN. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021. 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ISBN 978-1-4091-5504-1.External linksCristiano Ronaldoat Wikipedia's sister projectsMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteData from WikidataManchester United official profileReal Madrid official profilePortuguese Football Federation profileCristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Edit this at WikidatavteAl Nassr – current squadPortugal squadsAwardsAuthority control Edit this at WikidataCategories: Cristiano Ronaldo1985 birthsLiving people2006 FIFA World Cup players2010 FIFA World Cup players2014 FIFA World Cup players2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players2018 FIFA World Cup players2022 FIFA World Cup playersAl Nassr FC playersAssociation football forwardsAssociation football wingersBallon d'Or winnersBBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year winnersCommanders of the Order of Merit (Portugal)FA Cup Final playersFIFA Century ClubFIFA World Player of the Year winnersFirst Division/Premier League top scorersFootballers at the 2004 Summer OlympicsGolden Globes (Portugal) winnersGrand Officers of the Order of Prince HenryJuventus F.C. playersLa Liga playersMadeiran footballersManchester United F.C. playersOlympic footballers of PortugalPichichi Trophy winnersPortugal international footballersPortugal under-21 international footballersPortugal youth international footballersPortuguese expatriate footballersExpatriate footballers in EnglandExpatriate footballers in ItalyExpatriate footballers in Saudi ArabiaExpatriate footballers in SpainPortuguese expatriate sportspeople in EnglandPortuguese expatriate sportspeople in ItalyPortuguese expatriate sportspeople in Saudi ArabiaPortuguese expatriate sportspeople in SpainPortuguese footballersPortuguese people of Cape Verdean descentPortuguese philanthropistsPremier League playersPrimeira Liga playersReal Madrid CF playersSegunda Divisão playersSerie A playersSporting CP footballersSporting CP B playersSportspeople from FunchalThe Best FIFA Men's Player winnersUEFA Champions League winning playersUEFA Champions League top scorersUEFA Euro 2004 playersUEFA Euro 2008 playersUEFA Euro 2012 playersUEFA Euro 2016 playersUEFA Euro 2020 playersUEFA European Championship-winning captainsUEFA European Championship-winning playersUEFA Men's Player of the Year Award winnersUEFA Nations League-winning captainsUEFA Nations League-winning playersWorld Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winnersNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch WikipediaMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonateContributeHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload fileToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemPrint/exportDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikiquoteLanguagesDeutschEspañolFrançais한국어ItalianoРусскийTagalogTiếng Việt中文149 moreEdit linksThis page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 17:05 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434824426 2023-01-05 15:55:37 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434824426 Cabras when Lionel Andrés Messi[note 1] (Spanish pronunciation: [ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈmesi] (listen); born 24 June 1987), also known as Leo Messi, is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and captains the Argentina national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record seven Ballon d'Or awards,[note 2] a record six European Golden Shoes, and in 2020 was named to the Ballon d'Or Dream Team. Until leaving the club in 2021, he had spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he won a club-record 35 trophies, including 10 La Liga titles, seven Copa del Rey titles and four UEFA Champions Leagues. With his country, he won the 2021 Copa América and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. A prolific goalscorer and creative playmaker, Messi holds the records for most goals in La Liga (474), most hat-tricks in La Liga (36) and the UEFA Champions League (8), and most assists in La Liga (192) and the Copa América (17). He has also the most international goals by a South American male (98). Messi has scored over 790 senior career goals for club and country, and has the most goals by a player for a single club (672).Born and raised in central Argentina, Messi relocated to Spain at the age of 13 to join Barcelona, for whom he made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004. He established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years, and in his first uninterrupted season in 2008–09 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football; that year, aged 22, Messi won his first Ballon d'Or. Three successful seasons followed, with Messi winning four consecutive Ballons d'Or, making him the first player to win the award four times. During the 2011–12 season, he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season, while establishing himself as Barcelona's all-time top scorer. The following two seasons, Messi finished second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo (his perceived career rival), before regaining his best form during the 2014–15 campaign, becoming the all-time top scorer in La Liga and leading Barcelona to a historic second treble, after which he was awarded a fifth Ballon d'Or in 2015. Messi assumed captaincy of Barcelona in 2018, and in 2019 he won a record sixth Ballon d'Or. Out of contract, he signed for Paris Saint-Germain in August 2021.An Argentine international, Messi holds the national record for appearances and is also the country's all-time leading goalscorer. At youth level, he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe, and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. His style of play as a diminutive, left-footed dribbler drew comparisons with his compatriot Diego Maradona, who described Messi as his successor. After his senior debut in August 2005, Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup in 2006, and reached the final of the 2007 Copa América, where he was named young player of the tournament. As the squad's captain from August 2011, he led Argentina to three consecutive finals: the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which he won the Golden Ball, and the 2015 and 2016 Copa América, winning the Golden Ball in the 2015 edition. After announcing his international retirement in 2016, he reversed his decision and led his country to qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, a third-place finish at the 2019 Copa América, and victory in the 2021 Copa América, while winning the Golden Ball and Golden Boot for the latter. This achievement would see him receive a record seventh Ballon d'Or in 2021. In 2022, he captained his country to win the 2022 FIFA World Cup, for which he won the Golden Ball for a record second time, and broke the record for most appearances in World Cup tournaments with 26 matches played.Messi has endorsed sportswear company Adidas since 2006. According to France Football, he was the world's highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014, and was ranked the world's highest-paid athlete by Forbes in 2019 and 2022. Messi was among Time's 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 and 2012. In February 2020, he was awarded the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, thus becoming the first footballer and the first team sport athlete to win the award. Later that year, Messi became the second footballer and second team-sport athlete to surpass $1 billion in career earnings.Contents1 Early life2 Club career2.1 Barcelona2.1.1 2003–2005: Rise to the first team2.1.2 2005–2008: Becoming a starting eleven player2.1.3 2008–09: First treble2.1.4 2009–10: First Ballon d'Or2.1.5 2010–2011: Fifth La Liga title and third Champions League2.1.6 2012: A record-breaking year2.1.7 2013–2014: Messidependencia2.1.8 2014–15: Second treble2.1.9 2015–16: Domestic success2.1.10 2016–17: Fourth Golden Boot2.1.11 2017–18: Domestic double and a record fifth Golden Boot2.1.12 2018–19: Captaincy, 10th La Liga title, and a record sixth Golden Boot2.1.13 2019–20: A record sixth Ballon d'Or2.1.14 August 2020: Desire to leave Barcelona2.1.15 2020–21: Final season at Barcelona and club record for most goals and titles2.2 Paris Saint-Germain2.2.1 2021–22: First season adjustments2.2.2 2022–23: Regaining form3 International career3.1 2004–2005: Success at youth level3.2 2005–2006: Senior and World Cup debuts3.3 2007–2008: Copa América final and Olympic gold3.4 2008–2011: Collective decline3.5 2011–2013: Assuming the captaincy3.6 2014–2015: World Cup and Copa América finals3.7 2016–2017: Third Copa América final, retirement, and return3.7.1 Return3.8 2018: World Cup3.9 2019–2020: Copa América third-place, suspension and Superclásico victory3.10 2021–2022: Copa América and World Cup triumphs4 Player profile4.1 Style of play4.2 Reception and comparisons to Diego Maradona4.3 Comparisons with Cristiano Ronaldo5 In popular culture6 Personal life6.1 Family and relationships6.2 Philanthropy6.3 Tax fraud7 Career statistics7.1 Club7.2 International8 Honours9 See also10 Notes11 References12 External linksEarly lifeMessi was born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario, Santa Fe,[11] the third of four children of Jorge Messi, a steel factory manager, and his wife Celia Cuccittini, who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop. On his father's side, he is of Italian and Spanish descent, the great-grandson of immigrants from the north-central Adriatic Marche region of Italy, and on his mother's side, he has primarily Italian ancestry.[6] Growing up in a tight-knit, football-loving family, "Leo" developed a passion for the sport from an early age, playing constantly with his older brothers, Rodrigo and Matías, and his cousins, Maximiliano and Emanuel Biancucchi, both of whom became professional footballers.[12] At the age of four he joined local club Grandoli, where he was coached by his father, though his earliest influence as a player came from his maternal grandmother, Celia, who accompanied him to training and matches.[13] He was greatly affected by her death, shortly before his eleventh birthday; since then, as a devout Roman Catholic, he has celebrated his goals by looking up and pointing to the sky in tribute to his grandmother.[14][15]"When you saw him you would think: this kid can't play ball. He's a dwarf, he's too fragile, too small. But immediately you'd realise that he was born different, that he was a phenomenon and that he was going to be something impressive."– Newell's Old Boys youth coach Adrián Coria shares his first impression of the 12-year-old Messi.[16]A lifelong supporter of Newell's Old Boys, Messi joined the Rosario club when he was six years old. During the six years he played for Newell's, he scored almost 500 goals as a member of "The Machine of '87", the near-unbeatable youth side named for the year of their birth, and regularly entertained crowds by performing ball tricks during half-time of the first team's home games.[17][18] However, his future as a professional player was threatened when, aged 10, he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency. As his father's health insurance covered only two years of growth hormone treatment, which cost at least $1,000 per month, Newell's agreed to contribute, but later reneged on their promise.[19] He was scouted by Buenos Aires club River Plate, whose playmaker, Pablo Aimar, he idolised, but they declined to pay for his treatment.[20][21] His goalscoring idol growing up was Ronaldo, with Messi calling him "the best forward I've ever seen".[22]Messi enrolled at Barcelona's youth academy, La Masia, aged 13.As the Messi family had relatives in Catalonia, they sought to arrange a trial with Barcelona in September 2000. First team director Charly Rexach immediately wanted to sign him, but the board of directors hesitated; at the time it was highly unusual for European clubs to sign foreign players of such a young age. On 14 December, an ultimatum was issued for Barcelona to prove their commitment, and Rexach, with no other paper at hand, offered a contract on a paper napkin.[20][23] In February 2001, the family relocated to Barcelona, where they moved into an apartment near the club's stadium, Camp Nou. During his first year in Spain, Messi rarely played with the Infantiles due to a transfer conflict with Newell's; as a foreigner, he could only be fielded in friendlies and the Catalan league. Without football, he struggled to integrate into the team; already reserved by nature, he was so quiet that his teammates initially believed he was mute. At home, he suffered from homesickness after his mother moved back to Rosario with his brothers and little sister, María Sol, while he stayed in Barcelona with his father.[17][23][24]After a year at Barcelona's youth academy, La Masia, Messi was finally enrolled in the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) in February 2002. Now playing in all competitions, he befriended his teammates, among whom were Cesc Fàbregas and Gerard Piqué.[25] After completing his growth hormone treatment aged 14,[26] Messi became an integral part of the "Baby Dream Team", Barcelona's greatest-ever youth side. During his first full season (2002–03), he was top scorer with 36 goals in 30 games for the Cadetes A, who won an unprecedented treble of the league and both the Spanish and Catalan cups.[25][27] The Copa Catalunya final, a 4–1 victory over Espanyol, became known in club lore as the partido de la máscara, the final of the mask. A week after suffering a broken cheekbone during a league match, Messi was allowed to start the game on the condition that he wear a plastic protector; soon hindered by the mask, he took it off and scored two goals in 10 minutes before his substitution.[28] At the close of the season, he received an offer to join Arsenal, his first from a foreign club, but while Fàbregas and Piqué soon left for England, he chose to remain in Barcelona.[23][29][30]Club careerBarcelona2003–2005: Rise to the first team"It seemed as if he had been playing with us all his life."– Barcelona's then assistant coach Henk ten Cate on Messi's first-team debut.[31]During the 2003–04 season, his fourth with Barcelona, Messi rapidly progressed through the club's ranks, debuting for a record five youth teams in a single campaign.[32] After being named player of the tournament in four international pre-season competitions with the Juveniles B, he played only one official match with the team before being promoted to the Juveniles A, where he scored 18 goals in 11 league games.[33][34] Messi was then one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break. French winger Ludovic Giuly explained how Messi caught the eye in a training session with Frank Rijkaard's first team: "He destroyed us all... They were kicking him all over the place to avoid being ridiculed by this kid, he just got up and kept on playing. He would dribble past four players and score a goal. Even the team's starting centre-backs were nervous. He was an alien."[35]At 16 years, four months, and 23 days old, Messi made his first team debut when he came on in the 75th minute during a friendly against José Mourinho's Porto on 16 November 2003.[23][36] His performance, creating two chances and a shot on goal, impressed the technical staff, and he subsequently began training daily with the club's reserve side, Barcelona B, as well as weekly with the first team.[37] After his first training session with the senior squad, Barça's new star player, Ronaldinho, told his teammates that he believed the 16-year-old would become an even better player than himself.[38] Ronaldinho soon befriended Messi, whom he called "little brother", which greatly eased his transition into the first team.[39][40]Messi playing against Málaga in 2005To gain further match experience, Messi joined Barcelona C in addition to the Juveniles A, playing his first game for the third team on 29 November. He helped save them from the relegation zone of the Tercera División, scoring five goals in ten games, including a hat-trick in eight minutes during a Copa del Rey match while man-marked by Sevilla's Sergio Ramos.[33][41] His progress was reflected in his first professional contract, signed on 4 February 2004, which lasted until 2012 and contained an initial buyout clause of €30 million. A month later, on 6 March, he made his debut for Barcelona B in the Segunda División B, and his buyout clause automatically increased to €80 million.[33][42] He played five games with the B team that season but did not score.[43] Physically he was weaker than his opponents, who were often much older and taller, and in training he worked on increasing his muscle mass and overall strength in order to be able to shake off defenders. Towards the end of the season, he returned to both youth teams, helping the Juveniles B win the league. He finished the campaign having scored for four of his five teams with a total of 36 goals in all official competitions.[33][41]During the 2004–05 season, Messi was a guaranteed starter for the B team, playing 17 games throughout the campaign and scoring on six occasions.[38][44] Since his debut the previous November, he had not been called up to the first team again, but in October 2004, the senior players asked manager Frank Rijkaard to promote him.[38] Since Ronaldinho already played on the left wing, Rijkaard moved Messi from his usual position onto the right flank (though initially against the player's wishes), allowing him to cut into the centre of the pitch and shoot with his dominant left foot.[45][46] Messi made his league debut during the next match on 16 October, against Espanyol, coming on in the 82nd minute.[23] At 17 years, three months, and 22 days old, he was at the time the youngest player to represent Barcelona in an official competition.[40] As a substitute player, he played 244 minutes in nine matches for the first team that season, including his debut in the UEFA Champions League against Shakhtar Donetsk.[44] He scored his first senior goal on 1 May 2005, against Albacete, from an assist by Ronaldinho, becoming – at that time – the youngest-ever scorer for the club.[45][47] Barcelona, in their second season under Rijkaard, won the league for the first time in six years.[48]2005–2008: Becoming a starting eleven player"In my entire life I have never seen a player of such quality and personality at such a young age, particularly wearing the 'heavy' shirt of one of the world's great clubs."– Fabio Capello praises the 18-year-old Messi following the Joan Gamper trophy in August 2005.[49]On 24 June, his 18th birthday, Messi signed his first contract as a senior team player. It made him a Barcelona player until 2010, two years less than his previous contract, but his buyout clause increased to €150 million.[42] His breakthrough came two months later, on 24 August, during the Joan Gamper Trophy, Barcelona's pre-season competition. A starter for the first time, he gave a well-received performance against Fabio Capello's Juventus, receiving an ovation from the Camp Nou.[49] While Capello requested to loan Messi, a bid to buy him came from Inter Milan, who were willing to pay his €150 million buyout clause and triple his wages.[50] According to then-president Joan Laporta, it was the only time the club faced a real risk of losing Messi, but he ultimately decided to stay.[51] On 16 September, his contract was updated for the second time in three months and extended to 2014.[42][52]Messi during a training session with Barcelona in 2006Due to issues regarding his legal status in the Royal Spanish Football Federation, Messi missed the start of La Liga, but on 26 September, he acquired Spanish citizenship and became eligible to play.[52][53] Wearing the number 19 shirt, he gradually established himself as the first-choice right winger, forming an attacking trio with Ronaldinho and striker Samuel Eto'o.[30][54][55] He was in the starting line-up in major matches like his first Clásico against rivals Real Madrid on 19 November, as well as Barcelona's away victory over Chelsea in the last 16 round of the Champions League,[56][54] which came on back of an intense period of rivalry between the clubs leading a resentful Messi to state, "We would rather play Arsenal, Manchester United or anyone else than be on the pitch with Chelsea."[57] After he had scored 8 goals in 25 games, including his first in the Champions League,[58] in a 5–0 win over Panathinaikos on 2 November 2005,[59] his season ended prematurely during the return leg against Chelsea on 7 March 2006, when he suffered a torn hamstring. Messi worked to regain fitness in time for the Champions League final, but on 17 May, the day of the final, he was eventually ruled out. He was so disappointed that he did not celebrate his team's victory over Arsenal in Paris, something he later came to regret.[48][54]While Barcelona began a gradual decline, the 19-year-old Messi established himself as one of the best players in the world during the 2006–07 campaign.[60][61] Already an idol to the culés, the club's supporters, he scored 17 goals in 36 games across all competitions.[61][62] However, he continued to be plagued by major injuries; a metatarsal fracture sustained on 12 November 2006 kept him out of action for three months.[63][64] He recovered in time for the last 16 round of the Champions League against Liverpool, but was effectively marked out of the game; Barcelona, the reigning champions, were out of the competition.[65] In the league, his goal contribution increased towards the end of the season; 11 of his 14 goals came from the last 13 games.[62] On 10 March 2007, he scored his first hat-trick in a Clásico, the first player to do so in 12 years, equalising after each goal by Real Madrid to end the match in a 3–3 draw in injury time.[66] His growing importance to the club was reflected in a new contract, signed that month, which greatly increased his wages.[67]Messi making his Maradona-esque run against Getafe in 2007Already frequently compared to compatriot Diego Maradona, Messi proved their similarity when he nearly replicated Maradona's two most famous goals in the span of seven weeks.[68] During a Copa del Rey semi-final against Getafe on 18 April, he scored a goal remarkably similar to Maradona's second goal in the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup, known as the Goal of the Century. Messi collected the ball on the right side near the halfway line, ran 60 metres (66 yd), and beat five defenders before scoring with an angled finish, just as Maradona had done.[20][69] A league match against Espanyol on 9 June saw him score by launching himself at the ball and guiding it past the goalkeeper with his hand in similar fashion to Maradona's Hand of God goal in the same World Cup match.[70] As Messi continued his individual rise, Barcelona faltered; the team failed to reach the Copa del Rey final after Messi was rested during the second leg against Getafe and lost the league to Real Madrid on head-to-head results.[71][72]After Ronaldinho lost form, Messi became Barça's new star player at only 20 years old, receiving the nickname "Messiah" from the Spanish media.[20][73][74] His efforts in 2007 also earned him award recognition; journalists voted him the third-best player of the year for the 2007 Ballon d'Or, behind Kaká and runner-up Cristiano Ronaldo, while international managers and national team captains voted him second for the FIFA World Player of the Year award, again behind Kaká.[75][76] Although he managed to score 16 goals during the 2007–08 campaign,[77] the second half of his season was again marred by injuries after he suffered a torn hamstring on 15 December.[78] He returned to score twice in their away victory against Celtic in the last 16 round of the Champions League, becoming the competition's top scorer at that point with six goals,[79] but reinjured himself during the return leg on 4 March 2008. Rijkaard had fielded him despite warning from the medical staff, leading captain Carles Puyol to criticise the Spanish media for pressuring Messi to play every match.[78] Barcelona finished the season without trophies, eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions, Manchester United, and placed third in the league.[80]2008–09: First trebleAfter two unsuccessful seasons, Barcelona were in need of an overhaul, leading to the departure of Rijkaard and Ronaldinho. Upon the latter's departure, Messi was given the number 10 shirt.[55] He signed a new contract in July with an annual salary of €7.8 million, becoming the club's highest-paid player.[81][82] Ahead of the new season, a major concern remained his frequent muscular injuries, which had left him side-lined for a total of eight months between 2006 and 2008. To combat the problem, the club implemented new training, nutrition, and lifestyle regimens, and assigned him a personal physiotherapist, who would travel with him during call-ups for the Argentina national team. As a result, Messi remained virtually injury-free during the next four years, allowing him to reach his full potential.[64][83] Despite his injuries early in the year, his performances in 2008 saw him again voted runner-up for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, both times behind Cristiano Ronaldo.[75][84]Messi aiming to shoot during the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final against Manchester UnitedIn his first uninterrupted campaign, the 2008–09 season, he scored 38 goals in 51 games, contributing alongside Eto'o and winger Thierry Henry to a total of 100 goals in all competitions, a record at the time for the club.[85][86] During his first season under Barcelona's new manager, former captain Pep Guardiola, Messi played mainly on the right wing, like he had under Rijkaard, though this time as a false winger with the freedom to cut inside and roam the centre. During the Clásico on 2 May 2009, however, he played for the first time as a false nine, positioned as a centre-forward but dropping deep into midfield to link up with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta. He set up his side's first goal and scored twice to end the match in an emphatic 6–2 victory, the team's greatest-ever score at Real Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium.[87][88] Returning to the wing, he played his first final since breaking into the first team on 13 May, scoring once and assisting a second goal as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 4–1 to win the Copa del Rey.[89] With 23 league goals from Messi that season, Barcelona became La Liga champions three days later and achieved its fifth double.[85][90]As the season's Champions League top scorer with nine goals, the youngest in the tournament's history,[91] Messi scored two goals and assisted two more to ensure a 4–0 quarter-final victory over Bayern Munich.[87] He returned as a false nine during the final on 27 May in Rome against Manchester United. Barcelona were crowned champions of Europe by winning the match 2–0, the second goal coming from a Messi header over goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar. Barcelona thus achieved the first treble in the history of Spanish football.[92] This success was reflected in a new contract, signed on 18 September, which committed Messi to the club through 2016 with a new buyout clause of €250 million, while his salary increased to €12 million.[81]2009–10: First Ballon d'OrHis team's prosperity continued into the second half of 2009, as Barcelona became the first club to achieve the sextuple, winning six top-tier trophies in a single year.[93] After victories in the Supercopa de España and UEFA Super Cup in August, Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup against Estudiantes de La Plata on 19 December, with Messi scoring the winning 2–1 goal with his chest.[94] At 22 years old, Messi won the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, both times by the biggest voting margin in each trophy's history.[75]"Messi is the best player in the world by some distance. He's [like] a PlayStation. He can take advantage of every mistake we make."– Arsène Wenger commends Messi for his four-goal display against Arsenal in April 2010.[95]The new year, however, started on a less positive note for Barcelona, as they were knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Sevilla in the Round of 16.[96] Unsatisfied with his position on the right wing – with the club's summer acquisition Zlatan Ibrahimović occupying the central forward role – Messi resumed playing as a false nine in early 2010, beginning with a Champions League last 16-round match against VfB Stuttgart. After a first-leg draw, Barcelona won the second leg 4–0 with two goals and an assist from Messi. At that point, he effectively became the tactical focal point of Guardiola's team, and his goalscoring rate increased.[97] Messi scored a total of 47 goals in all competitions that season, equaling Ronaldo's club record from the 1996–97 campaign.[98][99] He scored all of his side's four goals in the Champions League quarter-final against Arsenal on 6 April while becoming Barcelona's all-time top scorer in the competition.[100] Although Barcelona were eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions, Inter Milan, Messi finished the season as top scorer (with 8 goals) for the second consecutive year.[101] As the league's top scorer with 34 goals (again tying Ronaldo's record), he helped Barcelona win a second consecutive La Liga trophy with only a single defeat and earned his first European Golden Shoe.[99][102]2010–2011: Fifth La Liga title and third Champions LeagueMessi secured Barcelona's first trophy of the 2010–11 campaign, the Supercopa de España, by scoring a hat-trick in his side's second-leg 4–0 victory over Sevilla, after a first-leg defeat.[103] Assuming a playmaking role, he was again instrumental in a Clásico on 29 November 2010, the first with José Mourinho in charge of Real Madrid, as Barcelona defeated their rivals 5–0.[104] Messi helped the team achieve 16 consecutive league victories, a record in Spanish football, concluding with another hat-trick against Atlético Madrid on 5 February 2011.[105][106] His club performances in 2010 earned him the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or, an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, though his win was met with some criticism due to his lack of success with Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[75][107] Under the award's old format, he would have placed just outside the top three, owing his win to the votes from the international coaches and captains.[107]Towards the end of the season, Barcelona played four Clásicos in the span of 18 days. A league match on 16 April ended in a draw after a penalty from Messi. After Barcelona lost the Copa del Rey final four days later, Messi scored both goals in his side's 2–0 win in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals in Madrid, the second of which – a slaloming dribble past three Real players – was acclaimed as one of the best ever in the competition.[108] Although he did not score, he was again important in the second-leg draw that sent Barcelona through to the Champions League final,[109][110] where they faced Manchester United in a repeat of the final two years earlier. As the competition's top scorer for the third consecutive year, with 12 goals, Messi gave a man-of-the-match performance at Wembley on 28 May, scoring the match-winning goal of Barça's 3–1 victory.[111][112] Barcelona won a third consecutive La Liga title. In addition to his 31 goals, Messi was also the league's top assist provider with 18.[113][114] He finished the season with 53 goals in all competitions, becoming Barcelona's all-time single-season top scorer and the first player in Spanish football to reach the 50-goal benchmark.[113][115]Messi (centre) and his teammates celebrating winning the 2011 FIFA Club World CupAs Messi developed into a combination of a number 8 (a creator), a 9 (scorer), and a 10 (assistant),[116] he scored an unprecedented 73 goals and provided 29 assists in all club competitions during the 2011–12 season, producing a hat-trick or more on 10 occasions.[117][118][119] He began the campaign by helping Barcelona win both the Spanish and European Super Cups; in the Supercopa de España, he scored three times to achieve a 5–4 aggregate victory over Real Madrid, overtaking Raúl as the competition's all-time top scorer with eight goals.[120][121] At the close of the year, on 18 December, he scored twice in the FIFA Club World Cup final, a 4–0 victory over Santos, earning the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament, as he had done two years previously.[122] For his efforts in 2011, he again received the FIFA Ballon d'Or, becoming only the fourth player in history to win the Ballon d'Or three times, after Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini, and Marco van Basten.[123] Additionally, he won the inaugural UEFA Best Player in Europe Award, a revival of the old-style Ballon d'Or.[124] By then, Messi was already widely considered one of the best footballers in history, alongside players like Diego Maradona and Pelé.[24]2012: A record-breaking year"I feel sorry for those who want to compete for Messi's throne – it's impossible, this kid is unique."– Pep Guardiola after Messi became Barcelona's all-time top scorer at the age of 24 in March 2012[125]As Messi maintained his goalscoring form into the second half of the season, the year 2012 saw him break several longstanding records. On 7 March, two weeks after scoring four goals in a league fixture against Valencia, he scored five times in a Champions League last 16-round match against Bayer Leverkusen, an unprecedented achievement in the history of the competition.[126][127] In addition to being the joint top assist provider with five assists, this feat made him top scorer with 14 goals, tying José Altafini's record from the 1962–63 season, as well as becoming only the second player after Gerd Müller to be top scorer in four campaigns.[128][129] Two weeks later, on 20 March, Messi became the top goalscorer in Barcelona's history at 24 years old, overtaking the 57-year record of César Rodríguez's 232 goals with a hat-trick against Granada.[130]Messi pointing to the sky following his record five-goal display against Bayer Leverkusen in the last 16 of the UEFA Champions League in 2012Despite Messi's individual form, Barcelona's four-year cycle of success under Guardiola – one of the greatest eras in the club's history – drew to an end.[131] Although Barcelona won the Copa del Rey against Athletic Bilbao on 25 May, its 14th title of that period, the team lost the league to Real Madrid and was eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions, Chelsea, with Messi sending a crucial second-leg penalty kick against the crossbar.[132][133] In Barça's last home league match on 5 May, against Espanyol, Messi scored all four goals before approaching the bench to embrace Guardiola, who had announced his resignation as manager.[134] He finished the season as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for a second time, with 50 goals, a La Liga record, while his 73 goals in all competitions surpassed Gerd Müller's 67 goals in the 1972–73 Bundesliga season, making him the single-season top scorer in the history of European club football.[135][136]Under manager Tito Vilanova, who had first coached him aged 14 at La Masia, Messi helped the club achieve its best-ever start to a La Liga season during the second half of 2012, amassing 55 points by the competition's midway point, a record in Spanish football.[137] A double scored on 9 December against Real Betis saw Messi break two longstanding records: he surpassed César Rodríguez's record of 190 league goals, becoming Barcelona's all-time top scorer in La Liga, and Gerd Müller's record of most goals scored in a calendar year, overtaking his 85 goals scored in 1972 for Bayern Munich and West Germany.[138] Messi sent Müller a number 10 Barcelona shirt, signed "with respect and admiration", after breaking his 40-year record.[139] At the close of the year, Messi had scored a record 91 goals in all competitions for Barcelona and Argentina.[140] Although FIFA did not acknowledge the achievement, citing verifiability issues, he received the Guinness World Records title for most goals scored in a calendar year.[141][142] As the odds-on favourite, Messi again won the FIFA Ballon d'Or, becoming the only player in history to win the Ballon d'Or four times.[140][143]2013–2014: MessidependenciaBarcelona had virtually secured their La Liga title by the start of 2013, eventually equalling Real Madrid's 100-point record of the previous season. However, their performances deteriorated in the second half of the 2012–13 campaign, concurrently with Vilanova's absence due to ill health.[144] After losing successive Clásicos, including the Copa del Rey semi-finals, they were nearly eliminated in the first knockout round of the Champions League by AC Milan, but a revival of form in the second leg led to a 4–0 comeback, with two goals and an assist from Messi.[145] Now in his ninth senior season with Barcelona, Messi signed a new contract on 7 February, committing himself to the club through 2018, while his fixed wage rose to €13 million.[146][147] He wore the captain's armband for the first time a month later, on 17 March, in a league match against Rayo Vallecano; by then, he had become the team's tactical focal point to a degree that was arguably rivalled only by former Barcelona players Josep Samitier, László Kubala and Johan Cruyff.[148] Since his evolution into a false nine three years earlier, his input into the team's attack had increased; from 24% in their treble-winning campaign, his goal contribution rose to more than 40% that season.[149]"In Leo we are talking about the best player in the world and when things are not going well you have to use him. Even if he is half lame, his presence on the pitch is enough to lift us and our play in general."– Defender Gerard Piqué explains Barcelona's reliance on an unfit Messi against Paris Saint-Germain in April 2013.[150]After four largely injury-free seasons, the muscular injuries that had previously plagued Messi reoccurred. After he suffered a hamstring strain on 2 April, during the first quarter-final against Paris Saint-Germain, his appearances became sporadic. In the second leg against PSG, with an underperforming Barcelona down a goal, Messi came off the bench in the second half and within nine minutes helped create their game-tying goal, which allowed them to progress to the semi-finals. Still unfit, he proved ineffective during the first leg against Bayern Munich and was unable to play at all during the second, as Barcelona were defeated 7–0 on aggregate by the eventual champions.[151] These matches gave credence to the notion of Messidependencia, Barcelona's perceived tactical and psychological dependence on their star player.[151]Messi during a game against Almería in 2014Messi continued to struggle with injury throughout 2013, eventually parting ways with his long-time personal physiotherapist.[152] Further damage to his hamstring sustained on 12 May ended his goalscoring streak of 21 consecutive league games, a worldwide record; he had netted 33 goals during his run, including a four-goal display against Osasuna, while becoming the first player to score consecutively against all 19 opposition teams in La Liga.[153][154] With 60 goals in all competitions, including 46 goals in La Liga, he finished the campaign as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for the second consecutive year, becoming the first player in history to win the European Golden Shoe three times.[155][156] Following an irregular start to the new season under manager Gerardo Martino, formerly of his boyhood club Newell's Old Boys, Messi suffered his fifth injury of 2013 when he tore his hamstring on 10 November, leaving him sidelined for two months.[157][158] Despite his injuries, he was voted runner-up for the FIFA Ballon d'Or, relinquishing the award after a four-year monopoly to Cristiano Ronaldo.[159]During the second half of the 2013–14 season, doubts persisted over Messi's form, leading to a perception among the culés that he was reserving himself for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Statistically, his contribution of goals, shots, and passes had dropped significantly compared to previous seasons.[160][161] He still managed to break two longstanding records in a span of seven days: a hat-trick on 16 March against Osasuna saw him overtake Paulino Alcántara's 369 goals to become Barcelona's top goalscorer in all competitions including friendlies, while another hat-trick against Real Madrid on 23 March made him the all-time top scorer in El Clásico, ahead of the 18 goals scored by former Real Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano.[160][162] Messi finished the campaign with his worst output in five seasons, though he still managed to score 41 goals in all competitions.[161][163] For the first time in five years, Barcelona ended the season without a major trophy; they were defeated in the Copa del Rey final by Real Madrid and lost the league in the last game to Atlético Madrid, causing Messi to be booed by sections of fans at the Camp Nou.[164] After prolonged speculation over his future with the club, Messi signed a new contract on 19 May 2014, only a year after his last contractual update; his salary increased to €20 million, or €36 million before taxes, the highest wage in the sport.[165] It was reported that Vilanova played a key role in convincing Messi to stay[166] amid strong interest from Mourinho's Chelsea.[167]2014–15: Second trebleMessi celebrating his second goal against Granada in 2014Under new manager and former captain Luis Enrique, Messi experienced a largely injury-free start to the 2014–15 season, allowing him to break three more longstanding records towards the end of the year.[168] A hat-trick scored against Sevilla on 22 November made him the all-time top scorer in La Liga, as he surpassed the 59-year record of 251 league goals held by Telmo Zarra.[169] A third hat-trick, scored against city rivals Espanyol on 7 December, allowed him to surpass César Rodríguez as the all-time top scorer in the Derbi barceloní with 12 goals.[170] Messi again placed second in the FIFA Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo, largely owing to his second-place achievement with Argentina at the World Cup.[171]At the start of 2015, Barcelona were perceived to be headed for another disappointing end to the season, with renewed speculation in the media that Messi was leaving the club. A turning point came on 11 January during a 3–1 victory over Atlético Madrid, the first time Barça's attacking trident of Messi, Luis Suárez and Neymar, dubbed "MSN", each scored in a match, marking the beginning of a highly successful run.[172][173] After five years of playing in the centre of the pitch, Messi had returned to his old position on the right wing late the previous year, by his own suggestion according to Suárez, their striker.[173][174] From there, he regained his best form, while Suárez and Neymar ended the team's attacking dependency on their star player.[175][176] With 58 goals from Messi, the trio scored a total of 122 goals in all competitions that season, a record in Spanish football.[177]Messi dribbling past Juventus defender Patrice Evra during the 2015 UEFA Champions League FinalTowards the end of the campaign, Messi scored in a 1–0 away win over Atlético Madrid on 17 May, securing the La Liga title.[178] Among his 43 league goals that season was a hat-trick scored in 11 minutes against Rayo Vallecano on 8 March, the fastest of his senior career; it was his 32nd hat-trick overall for Barcelona, allowing him to overtake Telmo Zarra with the most hat-tricks in Spanish football.[179] As the season's top assist provider with 18 he surpassed Luís Figo with the most assists in La Liga;[note 3] he made his record 106th assist in a fixture against Levante on 15 February, in which he also scored a hat-trick.[180][181][182] Messi scored twice as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3–1 in the Copa del Rey final on 30 May, achieving the sixth double in their history. His opening goal was hailed as one of the greatest in his career; he collected the ball near the halfway line and beat four opposing players, before feinting the goalkeeper to score in a tight space by the near post.[183]In the Champions League, Messi scored twice and set up another in their 3–0 semi-final victory over Bayern Munich, now under the stewardship of Guardiola.[184] His second goal, which came only three minutes after his first, saw him chip the ball over goalkeeper Manuel Neuer after his dribble past Jérôme Boateng had made the defender drop to the ground; it went viral, becoming the year's most tweeted about sporting moment, and was named the best goal of the season by UEFA.[185][186] Despite a second-leg loss, Barcelona progressed to the final on 6 June in Berlin, where they defeated Juventus 3–1 to win their second treble, becoming the first team in history to do so.[187][188] Although Messi did not score, he participated in each of his side's goals, particularly the second as he forced a parried save from goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from which Suárez scored the match-winning goal on the rebound.[177] In addition to being the top assist provider with six assists, Messi finished the competition as the joint top scorer with ten goals, which earned him the distinction of being the first player ever to achieve the top scoring mark in five Champions League seasons.[189][190] For his efforts during the season, he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe award for a second time.[191]2015–16: Domestic successMessi holding off Sevilla's Éver Banega during the 2015 UEFA Super CupMessi opened the 2015–16 season by scoring twice from free kicks in Barcelona's 5–4 victory (after extra time) over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup.[192] On 16 September, he became the youngest player to make 100 appearances in the UEFA Champions League in a 1–1 away draw to Roma.[193] After a knee injury, he returned to the pitch on 21 November, making a substitute appearance in Barcelona's 4–0 away win over rivals Real Madrid in El Clásico.[194] Messi capped off the year by winning the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December, collecting his fifth club trophy of 2015 as Barcelona defeated River Plate 3–0 in Yokohama.[195] On 30 December, Messi scored on his 500th appearance for Barcelona, in a 4–0 home win over Real Betis.[196]On 11 January 2016, Messi won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for a record fifth time in his career.[197] On 3 February, he scored a hat-trick in Barcelona's 7–0 win against Valencia in the first leg of the Copa del Rey semi-final at the Camp Nou.[198] In a 6–1 home win against Celta Vigo in the league, Messi assisted Suárez from a penalty kick. Some saw it as "a touch of genius", while others criticised it as being disrespectful to the opponent. The Celta players never complained and their coach defended the penalty, stating, "Barca's forwards are very respectful." The penalty routine has been compared to that of Barça icon Johan Cruyff in 1982, who was battling lung cancer, leading many fans to indicate that the penalty was a tribute to him. Cruyff himself was "very happy" with the play, insisting "it was legal and entertaining".[199][200]On 17 February, Messi reached his 300th league goal in a 1–3 away win against Sporting de Gijón.[201] A few days later, he scored both goals in Barcelona's 0–2 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium, in the first leg of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League round of 16, with the second goal being Barcelona's 10,000th in official competitions.[202] On 17 April, Messi ended a five-match scoring drought with his 500th senior career goal for club and country in Barcelona's 2–1 home loss to Valencia.[203] Messi finished the 2015–16 season by setting up both goals in Barcelona's 2–0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final, at the Vicente Calderón Stadium, on 22 May 2016, as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season.[204] In total, Messi scored 41 goals as Barcelona's attacking trio managed a Spanish record of 131 goals throughout the season, breaking the record they had set the previous season.[205]2016–17: Fourth Golden Boot"[Messi] is indispensable, but the rest of us are dispensable. – No, the club is bigger than any manager, than any player... except Leo. That's the reality, and you have to accept it."– In an interview with Barcelona's official magazine, Javier Mascherano outlines Messi's importance to the team.[206]Messi opened the 2016–17 season by lifting the 2016 Supercopa de España as Barcelona's captain in the absence of the injured Andrés Iniesta;[207] he set-up Munir's goal in a 2–0 away win over Sevilla in the first leg on 14 August,[208] and subsequently scored in a 3–0 win in the return leg on 17 August.[209] Three days later, he scored two goals as Barcelona won 6–2 against Real Betis in the opening game of the 2016–17 La Liga season.[210] On 13 September, Messi scored his first hat-trick of the season in the opening game of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League campaign against Celtic in a 7–0 victory; this was also Messi's sixth hat-trick in the Champions League, the most by any player. A week later, Messi sustained a groin injury in a 1–1 draw against Atlético Madrid and was ruled out with injury for three weeks.[211] He marked his return with a goal, scoring three minutes after coming off the bench in a 4–0 home win over Deportivo de La Coruña, on 16 October.[212] Three days after this, he netted his thirty-seventh club hat-trick as Barcelona defeated Manchester City 4–0.[213] On 1 November, Messi scored his 54th Champions League group stage goal in Barcelona's 3–1 away loss to Manchester City, surpassing the previous record of 53 goals held by Raúl.[214]Messi prior to a friendly game with Al Ahli SC in Doha, Qatar in December 2016Messi finished the year with 51 goals, making him Europe's top scorer, one ahead of Zlatan Ibrahimović.[215] After placing second in the 2016 Ballon d'Or, on 9 January 2017 Messi also finished in second place – behind Cristiano Ronaldo once again – in the 2016 Best FIFA Men's Player Award.[216] On 11 January, Messi scored from a free-kick in Barcelona's 3–1 victory against Athletic Bilbao in the second leg of the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey, which enabled Barcelona to advance to the quarter-finals of the competition; with his 26th goal from a free-kick for Barcelona in all competitions, he equalled the club's all-time record, which had previously been set by Ronald Koeman.[217] In his next league match, on 14 January, Messi scored in a 5–0 win against Las Palmas; with this goal, he equalled Raúl's record for the most teams scored against in La Liga (35).[218]On 4 February 2017, Messi scored his 27th free-kick for Barcelona in a 3–0 home win over Athletic Bilbao in the league, overtaking Koeman as the club's all-time top-scorer from free-kicks.[219] On 23 April, Messi scored twice in a 3–2 away win over Real Madrid. His game-winning goal in stoppage time was his 500th for Barcelona.[220] His memorable celebration saw him taking off his Barcelona shirt and holding it up to incensed Real Madrid fans – with his name and number facing the crowd.[221] On 27 May, Messi scored a goal and set up another for Paco Alcácer in the 2017 Copa del Rey Final, helping Barcelona to a 3–1 victory over Alavés, and was named Man of the Match.[222] In total, Messi finished the 2016–17 season with 54 goals, while his 37 goals in La Liga saw him claim both the Pichichi and European Golden Boot Awards for the fourth time in his career.[223]2017–18: Domestic double and a record fifth Golden BootMessi opened the 2017–18 season by converting a penalty in Barcelona's 1–3 first leg home defeat to Real Madrid in Supercopa de España.[224] Thereby, Messi also extended his El Clásico goalscoring record with the goal being his 24th official and 25th overall.[225] On 9 September, Messi scored his first hat-trick of the 2017–18 league campaign, against Espanyol in Derbi barceloní, thus helping to secure a 5–0 home victory for Blaugrana over local rivals.[226] Messi netted twice against Gianluigi Buffon, on 12 September, as Barça defeated the last season's Italian champions Juventus 3–0 at home in the UEFA Champions League.[227] On 19 September, Messi found the net four times in a 6–1 trashing of Eibar at the Camp Nou in La Liga.[228] Three weeks later, on 1 October, Messi surpassed his former teammate Carles Puyol to become the third highest appearance maker in the club's history, as he helped Barça defeat Las Palmas 3–0 by assisting Sergio Busquets' opener and later adding two himself in his 594th official game for the club; the league game was played behind closed doors at the Camp Nou due to violence in Catalonia relating to an ongoing independence referendum.[229]On 18 October, in his 122nd European club appearance, Messi scored his 97th UEFA Champions League goal, and his 100th in all UEFA club competitions, in a 3–1 home victory over Olympiacos.[230] Messi became only the second player after Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this century milestone, but accomplished it in 21 fewer appearances than the Portuguese counterpart.[231] On 4 November, he made his 600th appearance for Barcelona in a 2–1 home win over Sevilla in La Liga.[232] Following the reception of his fourth Golden Boot, Messi signed a new deal with Barcelona on 25 November, keeping him with the club through the 2020–21 season. His buyout clause was set at €700 million.[233] On 7 January 2018, Messi made his 400th La Liga appearance with Barcelona in a 3–0 home win over Levante, marking the occasion with his 144th league assist and 365th league goal for the club, the latter of which saw him equal Gerd Müller's record for the most league goals scored for the same club in one of Europe's top five divisions.[234] A week later, he broke the record, scoring his 366th La Liga goal from a free kick in a 4–2 away win against Real Sociedad.[234]On 4 March, he scored his 600th senior career goal from a free kick in a 1–0 home win over Atlético Madrid, in La Liga.[235] On 14 March, Messi scored his 99th and 100th Champions League goals in a 3–0 home win over Chelsea, becoming only the second player after Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this landmark, in fewer appearances, at a younger age and having taken fewer shots than his Portuguese counterpart.[236] His opening goal, which came after only two minutes and eight seconds, was also the fastest of his career, as Barcelona advanced to the quarter-finals of the competition for the eleventh consecutive season.[237] On 7 April, he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 win over Leganés including his sixth goal scored from a free-kick for the season, matching the record set by former teammate Ronaldinho.[238] He once again finished the season as the top scorer in La Liga, with 34 goals, which also saw him win his fifth Golden Shoe award.[239] On 21 April, Messi scored Barcelona's second goal – his 40th of the season – in a 5–0 win over Sevilla in the 2018 Copa del Rey Final, later also setting up Suárez's second goal; this was Barcelona's fourth consecutive title and their 30th overall.[240] On 29 April, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 4–2 away win over Deportivo de La Coruña, which saw Barcelona claim their 25th league title.[241] On 9 May, Messi scored as Barcelona defeated Villarreal 5–1 to set the longest unbeaten streak (43 games) in La Liga history.[242]2018–19: Captaincy, 10th La Liga title, and a record sixth Golden BootWith the departure of former captain Andrés Iniesta in May 2018, Messi was named the team's new captain for the following season.[243] On 12 August, he lifted his first title as Barcelona's captain, the Supercopa de España, following a 2–1 victory over Sevilla. On 19 August, Messi scored twice in helping Barcelona defeat Alavés 3–0 in their first La Liga match of the season, with his first goal, a free kick that he rolled under the jumping Alavés wall, making history in being Barcelona's 6000th goal in La Liga.[244] On 18 September, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 home win over PSV Eindhoven in Barcelona's opening Champions League group stage match of the season, setting a new record for most hat-tricks in the competition, with eight.[245] On 20 October, Messi scored in a 4–2 home win over Sevilla, but was later forced off in the 26th minute after falling awkwardly and injuring his right arm; tests later confirmed that he had fractured his radial bone, ruling him out for approximately three weeks.[246] On 8 December, Messi scored two free kicks – his ninth and tenth goals from set pieces during the calendar year – in a 4–0 away win over Derbi barceloní rivals Espanyol in La Liga; this was the first time ever that he had managed such a feat in the league. His first goal was also his 10th league goal of the season, making him the first player ever to reach double figures in La Liga for 13 consecutive seasons.[247]Messi taking a free-kick against Real Valladolid in 2018On 13 January 2019, Messi scored his 400th La Liga goal in his 435th league appearance in a 3–0 home win over Eibar, becoming the first player ever to manage this tally in just one of Europe's top five leagues.[248] On 2 February, Messi scored twice in a 2–2 draw against Valencia, with his first goal coming from the penalty spot, his 50th La Liga penalty goal; as such, he became only the third player in La Liga history after Cristiano Ronaldo and Hugo Sánchez to score 50 penalties in the competition.[249] Later that month, the club admitted they had begun preparations for Messi's future retirement.[250] On 23 February, Messi scored the 50th hat-trick of his career and also provided an assist for Suárez, as he helped Barcelona come from behind to achieve a 4–2 away victory over Sevilla in La Liga; the goal was also his 650th career goal for club and country at senior level.[251] On 16 April, Messi scored twice in a 3–0 home victory over Manchester United in the second leg of the Champions League quarter-finals to give Barcelona a 4–0 aggregate win, which saw Barcelona progress to the semi-finals of the competition for the first time since 2015; these were also his first goals in the Champions League quarter-finals since 2013.[252][253]On 27 April, Messi came off the bench and scored the only goal in a 1–0 home win over Levante, which allowed Barcelona to clinch the league title;[254] this was his 450th La Liga appearance, and his first league title as Barcelona's captain.[255][256] On 1 May, Messi scored twice in a 3–0 home win over Liverpool in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals; his second goal of the match, a 35-yard free kick, was the 600th senior club goal of his career, all of which had been scored with Barcelona.[257] In the return leg six days later at Anfield, Barcelona suffered a 4–0 away defeat, which saw Liverpool advance to the final 4–3 on aggregate.[258] On 19 May, in Barcelona's final La Liga match of the season, Messi scored twice in a 2–2 away draw against Eibar (his 49th and 50th goals of the season in all competitions), which saw him capture his sixth Pichichi Trophy as the league's top scorer, with 36 goals in 34 appearances; with six titles, he equalled Zarra as the player with the most top-scorer awards in La Liga.[259][260] He also captured his sixth Golden Shoe award, and a record third consecutive award since the 2016–17 season.[261] On 25 May, Messi scored his final goal of the season in a 2–1 defeat to Valencia in the 2019 Copa del Rey Final.[262]2019–20: A record sixth Ballon d'OrOn 5 August 2019, it was announced that Messi would miss Barcelona's US tour after sustaining a right calf injury.[263] On 19 August, Messi's chipped goal from the edge of the box against Real Betis was nominated for the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award.[264] Later that month, he suffered another setback following the return of his calf injury, which ruled him out of the opening game of the season;[265] as a result, he was sidelined indefinitely, and was only expected to return to action with Barcelona after the September international break.[266] On 2 September, Messi was shortlisted as one of the three finalists for both the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award and the 2019 Best FIFA Men's Player Award, with Messi winning the latter on 23 September.[267][268]Messi's six Ballon d'Or awards on display in the FC Barcelona Museum. His record sixth from 2019 is at the front.Messi made his first appearance of the season on 17 September, and on 6 October he scored his first goal of the season with a free kick in a 4–0 home win over Sevilla; this was his 420th goal in La Liga, which saw him break Cristiano Ronaldo's record of 419 goals scored in Europe's top five leagues.[269] On 23 October, Messi scored his first Champions League goal of the season in a 2–1 away win over Slavia Prague, becoming the first player to score in 15 consecutive Champions League seasons (excluding qualifying rounds).[270] He also equalled Raúl and Cristiano Ronaldo's shared record of the most sides scored against in the competition (33).[271] On 29 October, Messi scored in a 5–1 home win over Real Valladolid in La Liga; his first goal – a set piece from 35 yards – was the 50th free-kick of his career.[272] His goals (608) also saw him overtake Cristiano Ronaldo's senior goal tally (606) at club level.[273] On 9 November, Messi scored three goals (including two free kicks) in a 4–1 home win against Celta Vigo. This was his 34th hat-trick in La Liga, equalling Cristiano Ronaldo's Spanish top-flight record.[274] On 27 November, in what was his 700th appearance for Barcelona, Messi scored one goal and assisted two more in a 3–1 home win over Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League. Dortmund were the 34th team he had scored against in the competition, breaking the previous record of 33 held by Cristiano Ronaldo and Raúl.[275] On 2 December, Messi was awarded a record-breaking sixth Ballon d'Or.[276] On 8 December, Messi scored his record-breaking 35th hat-trick in La Liga with three goals in Barcelona's 5–2 home win over Mallorca.[277]On 22 February 2020, Messi scored four goals in a 5–0 home win over Eibar in La Liga.[278] On 14 June, he scored in a 4–0 away win against Mallorca, becoming the first player ever in La Liga to score 20 goals or more in 12 consecutive seasons.[279] On 30 June, he scored a panenka in a 2–2 home draw against Atlético Madrid in La Liga, to reach his 700th goal in his senior career for Barcelona and Argentina.[280] On 11 July, Messi provided his 20th assist of the league season for Arturo Vidal in a 1–0 away win over Real Valladolid, equalling Xavi's record of 20 assists in a single La Liga season from 2008 to 2009;[281][282] with 22 goals, he also became only the second player ever, after Thierry Henry in the 2002–03 FA Premier League season with Arsenal (24 goals and 20 assists), to record at least 20 goals and 20 assists in a single league season in one of Europe's top-five leagues.[282][283] Following his brace in a 5–0 away win against Alavés in the final match of the season on 20 May, Messi finished the season as both the top scorer and top assist provider in La Liga, with 25 goals and 21 assists respectively, which saw him win his record seventh Pichichi trophy, overtaking Zarra; however, Barcelona missed out on the league title to Real Madrid.[284] On 9 August, in the Champions League round of 16 second leg versus Napoli at the Camp Nou, Messi scored the second goal and earned a penalty which led to a third goal and led his side to a 3–1 home victory and qualified 4–2 on aggregate for the quarter-finals against Bayern Munich.[285] On 15 August, Messi suffered his worst defeat as a player as Bayern Munich beat Barcelona 8–2 in a one-off tie in Lisbon, leading to another disappointing exit from the Champions League.[286]August 2020: Desire to leave Barcelona"I wasn't happy and I wanted to leave. I have not been allowed this in any way and I will stay at the club so as not to get into a legal dispute. The management of the club led by Bartomeu is a disaster. My love for Barça will never change."– Messi on reversing his decision to leave Barcelona in an interview with Goal on 4 September 2020.[287]Following growing dissatisfaction with the direction of Barcelona on and off the field,[288] Barcelona announced that Messi sent the club "a document expressing his desire to leave" on 25 August 2020.[289] The announcement garnered a significant media response, including from current and former teammates (who supported Messi's statement) and Catalan president Quim Torra.[290] On 26 August, Barcelona's sporting director Ramon Planes iterated the club's desire to "build a team around the most important player in the world"[291] and affirmed Messi will only be able to leave should a buyer pay his €700 million buyout clause; a reported early termination option available in Messi's contract (which would have allowed him to leave the club for free) could only be exercised if he had communicated his decision to Barcelona by 31 May 2020, although the player's representatives argued the deadline should be set to 31 August, due to the adjourned 2019–20 season.[292] On 30 August, La Liga issued a statement stating Messi's contract and buyout clause were still active.[293]On 4 September, Jorge Messi, Lionel's father and agent, released a statement in response to La Liga claiming the release clause "is not valid when the termination of the contract is by the player's unilateral decision from the end of the 2019–20 season", as stated in Messi's contract with Barcelona;[294] moments later, La Liga issued a response reiterating their statement published on 30 August.[295] Later that evening, Messi announced in an interview with Goal that he would continue at Barcelona for the final year of his contract. In the interview, Messi claimed to have informed Barcelona of his desire to leave multiple times, and club president Josep Maria Bartomeu said Messi could decide at the end of every season if he wanted to stay or leave, only for Bartomeu to refer to the release clause.[296] This left Messi with two options: to stay or go to court against the club, with the player saying "I would never go to court against the club of my life".[297]2020–21: Final season at Barcelona and club record for most goals and titlesOn 27 September, Messi began the 2020–21 season by scoring a penalty in a 4–0 home win against Villarreal in La Liga.[298] Two days prior to the opening game, he again criticised the club, this time for the manner of Luis Suárez's departure, stating, "at this stage nothing surprises me any more".[299] On 20 October, Messi scored a penalty in a 5–1 home victory against Ferencváros in the Champions League, becoming the first player in history to score in sixteen consecutive Champions League seasons.[300] On 25 November, Messi was nominated for the 2020 Best FIFA Men's Player award, and was later shortlisted as one of the final three candidates.[301][302] On 29 November, Messi scored his side's fourth goal in their 4–0 victory over Osasuna. After scoring, he unveiled a shirt of his former side Newell's Old Boys, in tribute to Argentine compatriot Diego Maradona, who had died four days earlier, and raised both hands to the screen showing Maradona's face in the stadium. The shirt was a number 10 replica of the same one Maradona had worn during his stint with the club in 1993.[303] On 17 December, Messi finished third in The Best FIFA Men's Player award behind Robert Lewandowski and Cristiano Ronaldo, and was included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI for the fourteenth consecutive year.[304]"Congratulations on your historic record, Lionel. But above all, congratulations on your beautiful career at Barcelona. Stories like ours, of loving the same club for so long, unfortunately will be increasingly rare in football. I admire you very much, Leo Messi."– Pelé congratulates Messi after he overtook his record in scoring the most goals for a club.[305]On 23 December, Messi scored his 644th goal for Barcelona against Real Valladolid in La Liga, surpassing Pelé with Santos as the player with the most goals scored for a single club.[305][306] In order to celebrate his achievement, Budweiser sent personalised bottles of beer to every goalkeeper whom Messi has scored against.[307] On 17 January 2021, Messi was sent off for the first time in his club career for violent conduct (swinging an arm at the head of Asier Villalibre, missed initially by the referee but reviewed via VAR) in the final minutes of Barcelona's 2–3 extra time defeat to Athletic Bilbao in the 2020–21 Supercopa de España Final.[308] On 10 March, Messi scored from 35 yards out and later had a penalty saved in a 1–1 draw against Paris Saint-Germain at the Parc des Princes in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16 as Barcelona were eliminated at this stage for the first time in 14 years by an aggregate score of 2–5 after having lost 1–4 at home on 16 February, with Messi scoring Barcelona's only goal in that game.[309] On 15 March, Messi scored two goals in a 4–1 win against Huesca, and became the first player in history to score at least 20 goals in 13 consecutive seasons in the top five European leagues.[310] On 21 March, he surpassed Xavi's record to reach a club record of 768 appearances, in which he also scored a brace in a 6–1 away win against Real Sociedad.[311]On 17 April, Messi scored twice as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 4–0 in the 2021 Copa del Rey Final. With his second goal, he broke Gerd Müller's record of 30 plus goals in 12 consecutive club seasons, setting a new record of 13. With his 35th trophy with Barcelona, Messi also overtook former Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs as the most decorated footballer for a single club.[312][313] On 16 May, Messi scored his 30th league goal of the campaign in a 1–2 home defeat against Celta Vigo, which later turned out to be his final goal and match in a Barcelona shirt.[314] The top goalscorer in La Liga, Messi received the Pichichi trophy for a record eighth time in his career.[315] It was also his record fifth consecutive win in La Liga, surpassing Alfredo Di Stéfano and Hugo Sánchez who both had four for Real Madrid.[315]"Leo wanted to stay and the Club wanted him to stay but with the La Liga rules it has not been possible. To comply with the league's fair play regulations we had to accept an agreement that mortgaged the Club's TV right for half a century and FC Barcelona is above everything else."– Barcelona president Joan Laporta explains the reason behind Messi's departure.[316]On 1 July, Messi became a free agent after his contract expired,[317] with negotiations on a new deal complicated due to financial issues at Barcelona.[318] On 5 August, Barcelona announced that Messi would not be staying at the club, even though both parties reached an agreement and were due to sign a contract that day.[319] The club cited financial and structural obstacles posed by La Liga regulations as a reason for Messi's departure.[320] Club president Joan Laporta also blamed the previous board for Messi's exit by saying "the basis of everything is the calamitous and disastrous situation left by the previous board", he added by saying "the expected debt is much higher and we had some sports contracts in place that meant we had no margin on salary".[321] Three days later, in a tearful press conference held at the Camp Nou, Messi confirmed that he would be leaving Barcelona.[322]Paris Saint-Germain2021–22: First season adjustmentsMessi (middle) with PSG team-mates Kylian Mbappé (left) and NeymarOn 10 August, Messi joined French club Paris Saint-Germain.[323] He signed a two-year deal until June 2023 with an option for an extra year.[324] Messi chose 30 as his squad number, the same he wore as a teenager when he made his senior debut for Barcelona.[325]Messi made his debut for the club on 29 August, coming on as a substitute in the second half of a 2–0 away win over Reims in Ligue 1.[326] He made his first start and Champions League debut for the club in a 1–1 away draw against Club Brugge on 15 September.[327] Four days later, Messi made his home debut for PSG in a 2–1 win over Lyon.[328] On 28 September, he scored his first goal for the club, a strike from the edge of the 18-yard box in a 2–0 Champions League group stage win over Pep Guardiola's Manchester City.[329] On 21 November, Messi scored his first Ligue 1 goal in a 3–1 home victory over Nantes.[330] Later that month, he provided a hat-trick of assists for the fifth time in his career as PSG beat Saint-Étienne 3–1 away from home.[331] Having scored 40 goals at club and international level for the calendar year and helped Argentina win the 2021 Copa América, Messi received a record seventh Ballon d'Or on 29 November.[332]"I think about being able to reverse the situation, about not having the feeling of having changed clubs and that it didn't go well for me. I'm already prepared for what's to come, I know the club, I know the city, I'm a little more comfortable with the dressing room, with my teammates and I know it's going to be different."– Messi on his difficult first season at PSG and how he wants to improve in his second season in an interview with TyC Sports.[333]On 2 January 2022, PSG announced that Messi had tested positive for COVID-19, missing two league games and a cup game as a result.[334][335] He made his return against on 23 January in the league against Reims where he came on as a substitute in the second half and assisted PSG's third goal in a 4–0 home victory.[336] On 13 March, following their Champions League elimination against Real Madrid in the round of 16, Messi and his team-mate Neymar were booed by some of the PSG fans at the Parc des Princes in the league match against Bordeaux.[337][338] Then-PSG manager Mauricio Pochettino defended Messi by saying "To judge Messi in this way is unfair," adding "It was a year of learning, and not just on a professional level coming to Paris Saint-Germain, in a new league and with new teammates, but also on a family level."[339] On 23 April, he helped PSG clinch their 10th Ligue 1 title after scoring from a strike outside the 18-yard box in a 1–1 draw against Lens at home.[340] Messi finished his debut season with 11 goals and 14 assists across all competitions.[341] He failed to reach double figure league goals for the first time since 2005–06, ending the campaign with 6.[342]2022–23: Regaining formAfter adjusting to his new surroundings and settling in Paris, under new coach Christophe Galtier, Messi returned to his preferred free attacking role; being placed in his favoured position as the playmaker behind two strikers, in a attacking trident with Neymar and Kylian Mbappé, quickly regaining his form from his previous season by starting off the new season on 31 July by scoring PSG's first goal in a 4–0 victory over Nantes in the Trophée des Champions, winning his second trophy with PSG.[343]Due to his previous form last season, Messi was not nominated for the Ballon d'Or award for the first time since 2005.[344] On 21 August, Messi provided a long-range assist for Mbappé, clocked at eight seconds, for Ligue 1's second-fastest goal ever scored, before also scoring a goal in 7–1 away win over Lille.[345][346] The following matches, after registering six goal contributions, including one goal and five assists, Messi was named Ligue 1's Player of the Month in September.[347] On 5 October, he scored in a 1–1 draw away to Benfica in the Champions League, becoming the only player in the competition's history to score against 40 different Champions League opponents.[348] On 25 October, he scored twice in a 7–2 Champions League win at home to Maccabi Haifa, setting the record for the most goals scored from outside the 18-yard box than any other player in the competition, with 23 goals.[349] Four days later, Messi scored and provided an assist as PSG won 4–3 against Troyes to remain top of the Ligue 1 table. The goal was his seventh of the league season and his twelveth overall, surpassing his total output of eleven goals in all competitions during the 2021–22 season in just 18 matches.[350][351]International career2004–2005: Success at youth levelAs a dual Argentine-Spanish national, Messi was eligible to play for the national team of both countries.[352] Selectors for Spain's Under-17 squad began pursuing him in 2003 after Barcelona's director of football, Carles Rexach, alerted the Royal Spanish Football Federation to their young player. Messi declined the offer, having aspired to represent La Albiceleste since childhood. To further prevent Spain from taking him, the Argentine Football Association organised two under-20 friendlies in June 2004, against Paraguay and Uruguay, with the purpose of finalising his status as an Argentina player in FIFA. Five days after his 17th birthday, on 29 June, he made his debut for his country against Paraguay, scoring once and providing two assists in their 8–0 victory. He was subsequently included in the squad for the South American Youth Championship, held in Colombia in February 2005. As he lacked the stamina of his teammates, the result of his former growth hormone deficiency, he was used as a substitute in six of the nine games. After being named man of the match against Venezuela, he scored the winning 2–1 goal in the crucial last match against Brazil, thereby securing their third-place qualification for the FIFA World Youth Championship.[353]Aware of his physical limitations, Messi employed a personal trainer to increase his muscle mass, returning to the squad in an improved condition in time for the World Youth Championship, hosted by the Netherlands in June. After he was left out of the starting line-up in their first match against the United States, a 1–0 defeat, the squad's senior players asked manager Francisco Ferraro to let Messi start, as they considered him their best player. After helping the team defeat Egypt and Germany to progress past the group stage, Messi proved decisive in the knockout phase as he scored their equaliser against Colombia, provided a goal and an assist against title favourites Spain, and scored their opening goal against reigning champions Brazil. Ahead of the final, he was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament. He scored two penalties in their 2–1 victory over Nigeria, clinching Argentina's fifth championship and finishing the tournament as top scorer with 6 goals.[354][355] His performances drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona, who had led Argentina to the title in 1979.[355]2005–2006: Senior and World Cup debutsIn recognition of his achievements with the under-20 side, senior manager José Pékerman gave Messi his first call-up for a friendly against Hungary on 17 August 2005. Aged 18, Messi made his senior debut for Argentina in the Ferenc Puskás Stadium when he came on in the 63rd minute, only to be sent off after two minutes for a perceived foul against Vilmos Vanczák, who had grabbed his shirt; Messi had struck the defender with his arm while trying to shake him off, which the referee interpreted as an intentional elbowing, a contentious decision.[356] Messi was reportedly found weeping in the dressing room after his sending-off.[357] He returned to the team on 3 September in their World Cup qualifier defeat to Paraguay, which he had declared his "re-debut" ahead of the match.[358] Messi started his first game in the next qualifying match against Peru, in which he was able to win a crucial penalty that secured their victory. After the match, Pékerman described him as "a jewel".[359] He subsequently made regular appearances for the team ahead of Argentina's participation in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, scoring his first goal in a friendly against Croatia on 1 March 2006.[360] A hamstring injury sustained a week later jeopardised his presence in the World Cup, but he was nevertheless selected for Pékerman's squad and regained fitness in time for the start of the tournament.[361]During the World Cup in Germany, Messi witnessed their opening match victory against the Ivory Coast from the substitutes' bench. In the next match, against Serbia and Montenegro, he became the youngest player to represent Argentina at a FIFA World Cup when he came on as a substitute in the 74th minute. He assisted their fourth strike within minutes and scored the final goal in their 6–0 victory, making him the youngest scorer in the tournament and the sixth-youngest goalscorer in the history of the World Cup.[362] As their progression to the knockout phase was secured, several starters were rested during the last group match. Messi consequently started the game against the Netherlands, a 0–0 draw, as they won their group on goal differential.[363][364] In the round of 16 match against Mexico, played on his 19th birthday, Messi came on in the 84th minute, with the score tied at 1–1. He appeared to score a goal, but it was contentiously ruled offside, with the team needing a late goal in extra time to proceed.[365][366] He did not play in the quarter-final against Germany, during which Argentina were eliminated 4–2 in a penalty shootout.[367] Back home, Pékerman's decision to leave him on the bench against Germany led to widespread criticism from those who believed Messi could have changed the outcome of the match in Argentina's favour.[368][369]2007–2008: Copa América final and Olympic goldMessi evades Brazil's Marcelo in the semi-final of the 2008 Summer OlympicsAs Messi evolved into one of the best players in the world, he secured a place in Alfio Basile's starting line-up, as part of a team considered favourites to win the 2007 Copa América, held in Venezuela.[61][370] He set up the game-winning goal of their 4–1 victory over the United States in the opening match, before winning a penalty that led to the game-tying first strike of their 4–2 win in the next match against Colombia.[371][372] At the quarter-final stage, where the group winners faced Peru, he scored the second goal of a 4–0 victory that saw them through to the semi-final, during which he chipped the ball over Mexico's goalkeeper to ensure another 3–0 win.[370] In a surprise defeat, Argentina lost the final 3–0 to a Brazil squad that lacked several of the nation's best players.[373] Their unexpected loss was followed by much criticism in Argentina, though Messi was mostly exempt due to his young age and secondary status to star player Juan Román Riquelme.[370] He was named the best young player of the tournament by CONMEBOL.[374]Ahead of the 2008 Summer Olympics, Barcelona legally barred Messi from representing Argentina at the tournament as it coincided with their Champions League qualifying matches.[375] After interference from newly appointed Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola, who had won the tournament in 1992, Messi was permitted to join Sergio Batista's under-23 squad in Beijing.[376] During the first match, he scored the opening goal in their 2–1 victory over the Ivory Coast. Following a 1–0 win in the next group match against Australia, ensuring their quarter-final qualification, Messi was rested during the game against Serbia, while his side won the match to finish first in their group. Against the Netherlands, he again scored the first goal and assisted a second strike to help his team to a 2–1 win in extra time. After a 3–0 semi-final victory over Brazil, Messi assisted the only goal in the final as Argentina defeated Nigeria to claim Olympic gold medals.[377] Along with Riquelme, Messi was singled out by FIFA as the stand-out player from the tournament's best team.[378]2008–2011: Collective declineFrom late 2008, the national team experienced a three-year period marked by poor performances.[370] Under manager Diego Maradona, who had led Argentina to World Cup victory as a player, the team struggled to qualify for the 2010 World Cup, securing their place in the tournament only after defeating Uruguay 1–0 in their last qualifying match. Maradona was criticised for his strategic decisions, which included playing Messi out of his usual position. In eight qualifying matches under Maradona's stewardship, Messi scored only one goal, netting the opening goal in the first such match, a 4–0 victory over Venezuela.[360][379] During that game, played on 28 March 2009, he wore Argentina's number 10 shirt for the first time, following the international retirement of Riquelme.[380] Overall, Messi scored four goals in 18 appearances during the qualifying process.[360] Ahead of the tournament, Maradona visited Messi in Barcelona to request his tactical input; Messi then outlined a 4–3–1–2 formation with himself playing behind the two strikers, a playmaking position known as the enganche in Argentine football, which had been his preferred position since childhood.[381]Messi in action during the opening match against Bolivia at the 2011 Copa AméricaDespite their poor qualifying campaign, Argentina were considered title contenders at the World Cup in South Africa. At the start of the tournament, the new formation proved effective; Messi managed at least four attempts on goal during their opening match but was repeatedly denied by Nigeria's goalkeeper, resulting in a 1–0 win. During the next match, against South Korea, he excelled in his playmaking role, participating in all four goals of his side's 4–1 victory. As their place in the knockout phase was guaranteed, most of the starters were rested during the last group match, but Messi reportedly refused to be benched.[379] He wore the captain's armband for the first time in their 2–0 win against Greece; as the focal point of their play, he helped create their second goal to see Argentina finish as group winners.[382]Argentina were eliminated in the quarter-final against Germany, at the same stage of the tournament and by the same opponent as four years earlier. Their 4–0 loss was their worst margin of defeat at a World Cup since 1974.[383] FIFA subsequently identified Messi as one of the tournament's 10 best players, citing his "outstanding" pace and creativity and "spectacular and efficient" dribbling, shooting and passing.[384] Back home, however, Messi was the subject of harsher judgement. As the perceived best player in the world, he had been expected to lead an average team to the title, as Maradona arguably did in 1986, but he had failed to replicate his performances at Barcelona with the national team, leading to the accusation that he cared less about his country than his club.[385]Maradona was replaced by Sergio Batista, who had orchestrated Argentina's Olympic victory. Batista publicly stated that he intended to build the team around Messi, employing him as a false nine within a 4–3–3 system, as used to much success by Barcelona.[385][386] Although Messi scored a record 53 goals during the 2010–11 club season, he had not scored for Argentina in an official match since March 2009.[113][360] Despite the tactical change, his goal drought continued during the 2011 Copa América, hosted by Argentina. Their first two matches, against Bolivia and Colombia, ended in draws. Media and fans noted that he did not combine well with striker Carlos Tevez, who enjoyed greater popularity among the Argentine public; Messi was consequently booed by his own team's supporters for the first time in his career. During the crucial next match, with Tevez on the bench, he gave a well-received performance, assisting two goals in their 3–0 victory over Costa Rica. After the quarter-final against Uruguay ended in a 1–1 draw following extra time, with Messi having assisted their equaliser, Argentina were eliminated 4–5 in the penalty shootout by the eventual champions.[385]2011–2013: Assuming the captaincyMessi scored his first international hat-trick against Switzerland in 2012After Argentina's unsuccessful performance in the Copa América, Batista was replaced by Alejandro Sabella. Upon his appointment in August 2011, Sabella awarded the 24-year-old Messi the captaincy of the squad, in accord with then-captain Javier Mascherano. Reserved by nature, Messi went on to lead his squad by example as their best player, while Mascherano continued to fulfil the role of the team's on-field leader and motivator.[387][388] In a further redesign of the team, Sabella dismissed Tevez and brought in players with whom Messi had won the World Youth Championship and Olympic Games. Now playing in a free role in an improving team, Messi ended his goal drought by scoring during their first World Cup qualifying match against Chile on 7 October, his first official goal for Argentina in two-and-a-half years.[360][387]Under Sabella, Messi's goalscoring rate drastically increased; where he had scored only 17 goals in 61 matches under his previous managers, he scored 25 times in 32 appearances during the following three years.[360][387] He netted a total of 12 goals in 9 games for Argentina in 2012, equalling the record held by Gabriel Batistuta for the most goals scored in a calendar year for their country.[389] His first international hat-trick came in a friendly against Switzerland on 29 February 2012, followed by two more hat-tricks over the next year-and-a-half in friendlies against Brazil and Guatemala. Messi then helped the team secure their place in the 2014 World Cup with a 5–2 victory over Paraguay on 10 September 2013 when he scored twice from penalty kicks, taking his international tally to 37 goals to become Argentina's second-highest goalscorer behind Batistuta. Overall, he had scored a total of 10 goals in 14 matches during the qualifying campaign.[360][390] Concurrently with his bettered performances, his relationship with his compatriots improved, as he gradually began to be perceived more favourably in Argentina.[387]2014–2015: World Cup and Copa América finalsMessi watches his 25-yard curling strike hit the net against Iran to win the game for Argentina in their second group game at the 2014 FIFA World CupAhead of the World Cup in Brazil, doubts persisted over Messi's form, as he finished an unsuccessful and injury-plagued season with Barcelona. At the start of the tournament, however, he gave strong performances, being elected man of the match in their first four matches.[391] In his first World Cup match as captain, he led them to a 2–1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina; he helped create Sead Kolašinac's own goal and scored their second strike after a dribble past three players, his first World Cup goal since his debut in the tournament eight years earlier.[392] During the second match against Iran, he scored an injury-time goal from 25 yards out to end the game in a 1–0 win, securing their qualification for the knockout phase.[393] He scored twice in the last group match, a 3–2 victory over Nigeria, his second goal coming from a free kick, as they finished first in their group.[394] Messi assisted a late goal in extra time to ensure a 1–0 win against Switzerland in the round of 16, and played in the 1–0 quarter-final win against Belgium as Argentina progressed to the semi-final of the World Cup for the first time since 1990.[395][396] Following a 0–0 draw in extra time, they eliminated the Netherlands 4–2 in a penalty shootout to reach the final, with Messi scoring his team's first penalty.[397]Messi battles Germany's Mats Hummels for the ball during the 2014 FIFA World Cup finalBilled as Messi versus Germany, the world's best player against the best team, the final was a repeat of the 1990 final featuring Diego Maradona.[398] Within the first half-hour, Messi had started the play that led to a goal, but it was ruled offside. He missed several opportunities to open the scoring throughout the match, in particular at the start of the second half when his breakaway effort went wide of the far post. Substitute Mario Götze finally scored in the 113th minute, followed in the last minute of extra time by a free kick that Messi sent over the net, as Germany won the match 1–0 to claim the World Cup.[399] At the conclusion of the final, Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament. In addition to being the joint third-highest goalscorer, with four goals and an assist, he created the most chances, completed the most dribbling runs, made the most deliveries into the penalty area and produced the most throughballs in the competition.[391][400] However, his selection drew criticism due to his lack of goals in the knockout round; FIFA President Sepp Blatter expressed his surprise, while Maradona suggested that Messi had undeservedly been chosen for marketing purposes.[401]Another final appearance, the third of Messi's senior international career, followed in the 2015 Copa América, held in Chile. Under the stewardship of former Barcelona manager Gerardo Martino, Argentina entered the tournament as title contenders due to their second-place achievement at the World Cup.[402][403] During the opening match against Paraguay, they were ahead two goals by half-time but lost their lead to end the match in a 2–2 draw; Messi had scored from a penalty kick, netting his only goal in the tournament.[404] Following a 1–0 win against defending champions Uruguay, Messi earned his 100th cap for his country in the final group match, a 1–0 win over Jamaica, becoming only the fifth Argentine to achieve this milestone.[405] In his 100 appearances, he had scored a total of 46 goals for Argentina, 22 of which came in official competitive matches.[360][405]As Messi evolved from the team's symbolic captain into a genuine leader, he led Argentina to the knockout stage as group winners.[406] In the quarter-final, they created numerous chances, including a rebound header by Messi, but were repeatedly denied by Colombia's goalkeeper, and ultimately ended the match scoreless, leading to a 5–4 penalty shootout in their favour, with Messi netting his team's first spot kick.[407] At the semi-final stage, Messi excelled as a playmaker as he provided three assists and helped create three more goals in his side's 6–1 victory over Paraguay, receiving applause from the initially hostile crowd.[406] Argentina started the final as the odds-on title favourites, but were defeated by Chile 4–1 in a penalty shootout after a 0–0 extra-time draw. Faced with aggression from opposing players, including taking a boot to the midriff, Messi played below his standards, though he was the only Argentine to successfully convert his penalty.[408] At the close of the tournament, he was reportedly selected to receive the Most Valuable Player award but rejected the honour.[409] As Argentina continued a trophy drought that began in 1993, the World Cup and Copa América defeats again brought intense criticism for Messi from Argentine media and fans.[410]2016–2017: Third Copa América final, retirement, and returnMessi's place in Argentina's Copa América Centenario squad was initially put in jeopardy when he sustained a back injury in a 1–0 friendly win over Honduras in a pre-Copa América warm-up match on 27 May 2016.[411] It was later reported that he had suffered a deep bruise in his lumbar region. He was later left on the bench in Argentina's 2–1 opening win over defending champions Chile on 6 June due to concerns regarding his fitness.[412] Although Messi was declared match-fit for his nation's second group match against Panama on 10 June, Martino left him on the bench once again; he replaced Augusto Fernández in the 61st minute and subsequently scored a hat-trick in 19 minutes, also starting the play which led to Sergio Agüero's goal, as the match ended in a 5–0 victory, sealing Argentina's place in the quarter-finals of the competition;[413] he was elected man of the match for his performance.[414]"Did it annoy me that Messi took the record? A little, yes. You go around the world and people say, 'he's the top scorer for the Argentina national team.' But the advantage I have is that I'm second to an extraterrestrial."– Gabriel Batistuta on the consolation of Messi breaking his record.[415]On 18 June, in the quarter-final of the Copa América against Venezuela, Messi produced another man of the match performance,[416] assisting two goals and scoring another in a 4–1 victory, which enabled him to equal Gabriel Batistuta's national record of 54 goals in official international matches.[417] This record was broken three days later when Messi scored a free kick in a 4–0 semi-final win against hosts the United States; he also assisted two goals during the match as Argentina sealed a place in the final of the competition for a second consecutive year,[418] and was named man of the match once again.[419]During a repeat of the previous year's final on 26 June, Argentina once again lost to Chile on penalties after a 0–0 deadlock, resulting in Messi's third consecutive defeat in a major tournament final with Argentina, and his fourth overall. After the match, Messi, who had missed his penalty in the shootout, announced his retirement from international football.[420] He stated, "I tried my hardest. The team has ended for me, a decision made."[421] Chile coach Juan Antonio Pizzi said after the match, "My generation can't compare him to Maradona that's for my generation, because of what Maradona did for Argentine football. But I think the best player ever played today here in the United States."[422] Messi finished the tournament as the second highest scorer, behind Eduardo Vargas, with five goals, and was the highest assist provider with four assists, also winning more Man of the Match awards than any other player in the tournament (3);[423] he was named to the team of the tournament for his performances, but missed out on the Golden Ball Award for best player, which went to Alexis Sánchez.[424]Following his announcement, a campaign began in Argentina for Messi to change his mind about retiring.[425] He was greeted by fans with signs like "Don't go, Leo" when the team landed in Buenos Aires. President of Argentina Mauricio Macri urged Messi not to quit, stating, "We are lucky, it is one of life's pleasures, it is a gift from God to have the best player in the world in a footballing country like ours... Lionel Messi is the greatest thing we have in Argentina and we must take care of him."[426] Mayor of Buenos Aires Horacio Rodríguez Larreta unveiled a statue of Messi in the capital to convince him to reconsider retirement.[427] The campaign also continued in the streets and avenues of the Argentine capital, with about 50,000 supporters going to the Obelisco de Buenos Aires on 2 July, using the same slogan.[428]Return"A lot of things went through my mind on the night of the final and I gave serious thought to quitting, but my love for my country and this shirt is too great."– Messi reversing his decision from retiring on 12 August 2016[429]Just a week after Messi announced his international retirement, Argentine newspaper La Nación reported that he was reconsidering playing for Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in September.[430] On 12 August, it was confirmed that Messi had reversed his decision to retire from international football, and he was included in the squad for the national team's upcoming 2018 World Cup qualifiers.[431] On 1 September, in his first game back, he scored in a 1–0 home win over Uruguay in a 2018 World Cup qualifier.[432]Messi celebrates his hat-trick against Ecuador in 2017 which saw Argentina qualify for the 2018 FIFA World CupOn 28 March 2017, Messi was suspended for four international games for insulting an assistant referee in a game against Chile on 23 March 2017. He was also fined CHF 10,000.[433][434] On 5 May, Messi's four match ban as well as his 10,000 CHF fine was lifted by FIFA after Argentina Football Association appealed against his suspension, which meant he could now play Argentina's remaining World Cup Qualifiers.[435] Argentina's place in the 2018 World Cup was in jeopardy going into their final qualifying match as they were sixth in their group, outside the five possible CONMEBOL World Cup qualifying spots, meaning they risked failing to qualify for the World Cup for the first time since 1970. On 10 October, Messi led his country to World Cup qualification in scoring a hat-trick as Argentina came from behind to defeat Ecuador 3–1 away; Argentina had not defeated Ecuador in Quito since 2001.[436] Messi's three goals saw him become the joint all-time leading scorer in CONMEBOL World Cup qualifiers with 21 goals, alongside Uruguay's Luis Suárez, overtaking the previous record which was held by compatriot Hernán Crespo.[436]2018: World Cup"The squad is the worst in their history. Even having the best player in the world was not capable of creating a competitive team. All the decline of recent times was hidden by this unrivalled genius [Messi]"– Former Argentine player Osvaldo Ardiles on the decline in quality of Argentina being masked by Messi.[437]Following on from their poor qualification campaign, expectations were not high going into the 2018 World Cup, with the team, without an injured Messi, losing 6–1 to Spain in March 2018.[438][439] Prior to Argentina's opener, there was speculation in the media over whether this would be Messi's final World Cup.[440] In the team's opening group match against Iceland on 16 June, Messi missed a potential match-winning penalty in an eventual 1–1 draw.[441] In Argentina's second game on 21 June, the team lost 3–0 to Croatia. Post-match the Argentina coach Jorge Sampaoli spoke of the lack of quality in the team surrounding Messi, saying "we quite simply couldn't pass to him to help him generate the situations he is used to. We worked to give him the ball but the opponent also worked hard to prevent him from getting the ball. We lost that battle".[442] Croatia captain and midfielder Luka Modrić also stated post match, "Messi is an incredible player but he can't do everything alone."[443]Messi celebrates his goal against Nigeria at the 2018 FIFA World CupIn Argentina's final group match against Nigeria at the Krestovsky Stadium, Saint Petersburg on 26 June, Messi scored the opening goal in an eventual 2–1 victory, becoming the third Argentine after Diego Maradona and Gabriel Batistuta to score in three different World Cups; he also became the first player to score in the World Cup in his teens, twenties, and his thirties.[444] A goal of the tournament contender, Messi received a long pass from midfield and controlled the ball on the run with two touches before striking it across goal into the net with his weaker right foot.[445][446] He was awarded Man of the Match.[447] Argentina progressed to the second round as group runners-up behind Croatia.[448] In the round of 16 match against eventual champions France on 30 June, Messi set up Gabriel Mercado's and Sergio Agüero's goals in a 3–4 defeat, which saw Argentina eliminated from the World Cup.[449] With his two assists in his team's second round fixture, Messi became the first player to provide an assist in the last four World Cups, and also became the first player to provide two assists in a match for Argentina since Maradona had managed the same feat against South Korea in 1986.[450][451]Following the tournament, Messi stated that he would not participate in Argentina's friendlies against Guatemala and Colombia in September, and commented that it would be unlikely that he would represent his nation for the remainder of the calendar year. Messi's absence from the national team and his continued failure to win a title with Argentina prompted speculation in the media that Messi might retire from international football once again.[452] In March 2019, however, he was called up to the Argentina squad once again for the team's friendlies against Venezuela and Morocco later that month.[453] A conversation with Scaloni and his idol Aimar made Messi reconsider his decision to retire.[454] He made his international return on 22 March, in a 3–1 friendly defeat to Venezuela, in Madrid.[455]2019–2020: Copa América third-place, suspension and Superclásico victoryOn 21 May, Messi was included in Lionel Scaloni's final 23-man Argentina squad for the 2019 Copa América.[456] In Argentina's second group match of the tournament on 19 June, Messi scored the equalising goal from the penalty spot in a 1–1 draw against Paraguay.[457] After coming under criticism in the media over his performance following Argentina's 2–0 victory over Venezuela in the quarter-finals at the Maracanã Stadium on 28 June, Messi commented that it had not been his best Copa América, while also criticising the poor quality of the pitches.[458] Following Argentina's 2–0 defeat to hosts Brazil in the semi-finals on 2 July, Messi was critical of the refereeing during the match,[459][460] and alleged the competition was "set up" for Brazil to win.[461]In the third-place match against Chile on 6 July, Messi set-up Agüero's opening goal from a free kick in an eventual 2–1 win, to help Argentina capture the bronze medal; however, he was sent off along with Gary Medel in the 37th minute of play, after being involved in an altercation with the Chilean defender.[462] Following the match, Messi refused to collect his medal, and implied in a post-match interview that his comments following the semi-final led to his sending off.[463] Messi later issued an apology for his comments, but was fined $1,500 and was handed a one-match ban by CONMEBOL, which ruled him out of Argentina's next World Cup qualifier.[464] On 2 August, Messi was banned for three months from international football and was fined $50,000 by CONMEBOL for his comments against the referee's decisions; this ban meant he would miss Argentina's friendly matches against Chile, Mexico and Germany in September and October.[465] On 15 November, Messi played in the 2019 Superclásico de las Américas versus Brazil, scoring the winning goal by a rebound of his saved penalty.[466] On 8 October 2020, Messi scored a penalty in a 1–0 victory against Ecuador, giving Argentina a winning start to their 2022 World Cup qualifying campaign.[467]2021–2022: Copa América and World Cup triumphs"It was clear to me that I had to try until the last tournament and that I couldn't withdraw from the national team without winning something."– Messi on winning the 2021 Copa América in an interview with Diario Sport.[468]On 14 June 2021, Messi scored from a free kick in a 1–1 draw against Chile in Argentina's opening group match of the 2021 Copa América in Brazil.[469] On 21 June, Messi played in his 147th match as he equalled Javier Mascherano's record for most appearances for Argentina in a 1–0 win over Paraguay in their third game of the tournament.[470] A week later, he broke the record for most appearances in an Argentina shirt when he featured in a 4–1 win against Bolivia in his team's final group match, assisting Papu Gómez's opening goal and later scoring two.[471] On 3 July, Messi assisted twice and scored from a free-kick in a 3–0 win over Ecuador in the quarter-finals of the competition.[472] On 6 July, in a 1–1 draw in the semi-finals against Colombia, Messi made his 150th appearance for his country and registered his fifth assist of the tournament, a cut-back for Lautaro Martínez, matching his record of nine goal contributions in a single tournament from five years earlier; he later netted his spot kick in Argentina's eventual 3–2 penalty shoot-out victory to progress to his fifth international final.[473][474] On 10 July, Argentina defeated hosts Brazil 1–0 in the final, giving Messi his first major international title and Argentina's first since 1993, as well as his nation's joint record 15th Copa América overall.[475] Messi was directly involved in 9 out of the 12 goals scored by Argentina, scoring four and assisting five; he was named the player of the tournament for his performances, an honour he shared with Neymar. He also finished as the tournament's top scorer with four goals tied with Colombia's Luis Díaz, with the Golden Boot awarded to Messi as he had more assists.[476][477]Messi at the 2022 FIFA World CupOn 9 September, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 home win over Bolivia in a 2022 World Cup qualifier which also moved him above Pelé as South America's top male international scorer with 79 goals.[478] In the 2022 Finalissima, the third edition of the CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions, at Wembley on 2 June 2022, Messi assisted twice in a 3–0 victory against Italy and was named player of the match, securing his second trophy for Argentina at the senior level.[479] Messi then followed this on 6 June with all five Argentina goals in a 5–0 victory in a friendly win over Estonia, overtaking Ferenc Puskás among the all-time international men's top scorers.[480]At the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, Messi scored a penalty in Argentina's opening game, a 2–1 defeat to Saudi Arabia, before scoring with a low 20-yard strike in their next match against Mexico in which Argentina won 2–0, also recording an assist on Enzo Fernández's goal.[481] In the last 16 game against Australia, Messi scored the opening goal in Argentina's 2–1 win in what was his 1,000th senior career appearance,[482] and became the most-capped male South American (CONMEBOL member) footballer of all time, surpassing the previous record set by Ecuador's Iván Hurtado, as well as surpass and equal several other FIFA World Cup and national team records.[483][484] In the quarter-final against the Netherlands, Messi assisted Argentina's first goal for Nahuel Molina with a reverse pass and then scored a penalty as the game finished 2–2 after extra time. Argentina won 4–3 in the penalty shootout, with Messi scoring the first penalty.[485] In the semi-final against Croatia, Messi made a record-equalling 25th World Cup finals appearance, drawing level with Germany's Lothar Matthäus, and scored the opening goal with a penalty before he assisted Argentina's third goal scored by Julián Álvarez in a 3–0 win;[486] with his 11th World Cup goal, Messi overtook Batistuta to become Argentina's all–time top–scorer at the World Cup.[487] Argentina advanced to the final against France, with Messi stating that it would be his final World Cup appearance.[488][489]In the 2022 FIFA World Cup final on 18 December, Messi made his record 26th World Cup finals appearance at Lusail Stadium. Messi scored Argentina's opening goal with a penalty, becoming in the process the first player since the last-16 round was introduced in 1986 to score a goal in each round of a single World Cup edition.[490] After Argentina's eventual two-goal lead was erased by France forward Kylian Mbappé, who scored twice inside two minutes, Messi would score again in extra-time to restore Argentina's lead, before Mbappé again drew France level. Tied 3–3 after extra-time, the match went to a penalty shoot-out. Messi scored Argentina's first goal in the shoot-out, with Argentina eventually winning 4–2, ending the nation's 36-year wait for the trophy.[491] Messi received the Golden Ball for player of the tournament, becoming the first player to win it twice. He finished second in the Golden Boot race with seven goals in seven games, one behind Mbappé.[490] With his appearance and two goals in the final, Messi overtook Matthaüs as the player with most appearances at the World Cup (26), and Pelé as the player with most direct goal contributions at the World Cup (21 – 13 goals and 8 assists).[492] The championship game was widely acclaimed as one of the best of all time, with media coverage heavily framing it as a duel between Messi and Mbappé.[493][494][495][496] Following the game, Messi confirmed that he had no plans to retire from the national team, saying "I want to continue playing as a champion."[497]Player profileStyle of playA versatile forward, Messi often plays as a classic number 10.Due to his short stature, Messi has a lower centre of gravity than taller players, which gives him greater agility, allowing him to change direction more quickly and evade opposing tackles;[498][499] this has led the Spanish media to dub him La Pulga Atómica ("The Atomic Flea").[500][501][502] Despite being physically unimposing, he possesses significant upper-body strength, which, combined with his low centre of gravity and resulting balance, aids him in withstanding physical challenges from opponents; he has consequently been noted for his lack of diving in a sport rife with playacting.[17][499][503] His short, strong legs allow him to excel in short bursts of acceleration while his quick feet enable him to retain control of the ball when dribbling at speed.[504] His former Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola once stated, "Messi is the only player that runs faster with the ball than he does without it."[46] Although he has improved his ability with his weaker foot since his mid-20s, Messi is predominantly a left-footed player; with the outside of his left foot, he usually begins dribbling runs, while he uses the inside of his foot to finish and provide passes and assists.[505][506]A prolific goalscorer, Messi is known for his finishing, positioning, quick reactions, and ability to make attacking runs to beat the defensive line. He also functions in a playmaking role, courtesy of his vision and range of passing.[507] He has often been described as a magician; a conjurer, creating goals and opportunities where seemingly none exist.[508][509][510] Moreover, he is an accurate free kick and penalty kick taker.[499][511] As of October 2022, Messi ranks 9th all time in goals scored from direct free kicks with 60,[512] the most among active players.[513] He also has a penchant for scoring from chips.[514]Messi is known to drop deep, link-up with midfielders, orchestrate attacking plays, and create goal-scoring opportunities.Messi's pace and technical ability enable him to undertake individual dribbling runs towards goal, in particular during counterattacks, usually starting from the halfway line or the right side of the pitch.[503][511][515] Widely considered to be the best dribbler in the world,[516] and one of the greatest dribblers of all time,[517] with regard to this ability, his former Argentina manager Diego Maradona has said of him, "The ball stays glued to his foot; I've seen great players in my career, but I've never seen anyone with Messi's ball control."[506] Beyond his individual qualities, he is also a well-rounded, hard-working team player, known for his creative combinations, in particular with former Barcelona midfielders Xavi and Andrés Iniesta.[498][499]Tactically, Messi plays in a free attacking role; a versatile player, he is capable of attacking on either wing or through the centre of the pitch. His favoured position in childhood was the playmaker behind two strikers, known as the enganche in Argentine football, but he began his career in Spain as a left-winger or left-sided forward.[381] Upon his first-team debut, he was moved onto the right wing by manager Frank Rijkaard; from this position, he could more easily cut through the defence into the middle of the pitch and curl shots on goal with his left foot, rather than predominantly cross balls for teammates.[46] Under Guardiola and subsequent managers, he most often played in a false nine role; positioned as a centre-forward or lone striker, he would roam the centre, often moving deep into midfield and drawing defenders with him, in order to create and exploit spaces for passes, other teammates' attacking runs off the ball, Messi's own dribbling runs, or combinations with Xavi and Iniesta.[24] Under the stewardship of Luis Enrique, Messi initially returned to playing in the right-sided position that characterised much of his early career in the manager's 4–3–3 formation,[174][518] while he was increasingly deployed in a deeper, free playmaking role in later seasons.[519][520] Under manager Ernesto Valverde, Messi played in a variety of roles. While he occasionally continued to be deployed in a deeper role, from which he could make runs from behind into the box,[521] or even on the right wing[522] or as a false nine,[523][524] he was also used in a more offensive, central role in a 4–2–3–1,[520] or as a second striker in a 4–4–2 formation, where he was once again given the licence to drop deep, link-up with midfielders, orchestrate his team's attacking plays, and create chances for his attacking partner Suárez.[525][526]Messi prepares to shoot with his dominant left foot in the 2014 FIFA World Cup finalAs his career advanced, and his tendency to dribble diminished slightly with age, Messi began to dictate play in deeper areas of the pitch and developed into one of the best passers and playmakers in football history.[527][528][529] His work-rate off the ball and defensive responsibilities also decreased as his career progressed; by covering less ground on the pitch, and instead conserving his energy for short bursts of speed, he was able to improve his efficiency, movement, and positional play, and was also able to avoid muscular injuries, despite often playing a large number of matches throughout a particular season on a consistent basis. Indeed, while he was injury-prone in his early career, he was later able to improve his injury record by running less off the ball, and by adopting a stricter diet, training regime, and sleep schedule.[530] With the Argentina national team, Messi has similarly played anywhere along the frontline; under various managers, he has been employed on the right wing, as a false nine, as an out-and-out striker, in a supporting role alongside another forward, or in a deeper, free creative role as a classic number 10 playmaker or attacking midfielder behind the strikers.[386][531]Reception and comparisons to Diego MaradonaMain article: New Maradona"I have seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentinian football and his name is Messi."– Diego Maradona hailing the 18-year-old Messi as his successor in February 2006[68]A prodigious talent as a teenager, Messi established himself among the world's best players before age 20.[61] Diego Maradona considered the 18-year-old Messi the best player in the world alongside Ronaldinho, while the Brazilian himself, shortly after winning the Ballon d'Or, commented, "I'm not even the best at Barça", in reference to his protégé.[532][533] Four years later, after Messi had won his first Ballon d'Or by a record margin,[75] the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history.[13][503][534] An early proponent was his then-manager Pep Guardiola, who, as early as August 2009, declared Messi to be the best player he had ever seen.[535] In the following years, this opinion gained greater acceptance among pundits, managers, former and current players,[115][536] and by the end of Barça's second treble-winning season, Messi's superiority, ahead of Maradona and Pelé, had become the apparent view among many fans and pundits in continental Europe.[537][538] He initially received several dismissals by critics, based on the fact that he had not won an international trophy at senior level with Argentina,[539] until he won his first at the 2021 Copa América.[540]Argentina fans with Messi and Maradona banners at the 2018 World Cup in RussiaThe Sistine Chapel of Football painting (Messi to the left, Maradona to the right), on the ceiling of a sports club, Sportivo Pereyra, in Barracas, Buenos AiresThroughout his career, Messi has been compared with his late compatriot Diego Maradona, due to their similar playing styles as diminutive, left-footed dribblers. Initially, he was merely one of many young Argentine players, including his boyhood idol Pablo Aimar, to receive the "New Maradona" moniker, but as his career progressed, Messi proved his similarity beyond all previous contenders, establishing himself as the greatest player Argentina had produced since Maradona.[21][379] Jorge Valdano, who won the 1986 World Cup alongside Maradona, said in October 2013, "Messi is Maradona every day. For the last five years, Messi has been the Maradona of the World Cup in Mexico."[541] César Menotti, who as manager orchestrated their 1978 World Cup victory, echoed this sentiment when he opined that Messi plays "at the level of the best Maradona".[542] Other notable Argentines in the sport, such as Osvaldo Ardiles, Javier Zanetti, and Diego Simeone, have expressed their belief that Messi has overtaken Maradona as the best player in history.[543][544][545]In Argentine society, prior to 2019, Messi was generally held in lesser esteem than Maradona, a consequence of not only his perceived uneven performances with the national team, but also of differences in class, personality, and background. Messi is in some ways the antithesis of his predecessor: where Maradona was an extroverted, controversial character who rose to greatness from the slums, Messi is reserved and unassuming, an unremarkable man outside of football.[352][546][547] An enduring mark against him is the fact that, through no fault of his own, he never proved himself in the Argentine Primera División as an upcoming player, achieving stardom overseas from a young age,[17][352] while his lack of outward passion for the Albiceleste shirt (until 2019 he did not sing the national anthem and is disinclined to emotional displays) have in the past led to the false perception that he felt Catalan rather than truly Argentine.[385] Football journalist Tim Vickery states the view among Argentines is that Messi "was always seen as more Catalan than one of them".[548] Despite having lived in Spain since age 13, Messi rejected the option of representing Spain internationally. He has said: "Argentina is my country, my family, my way of expressing myself. I would change all my records to make the people in my country happy."[549] Moreover, several pundits and footballing figures, including Maradona, questioned Messi's leadership with Argentina at times, despite his playing ability.[550][551][552] Vickery states the perception of Messi among Argentines changed in 2019, with Messi making a conscious effort to become "more one of the group, more Argentine", with Vickery adding that following the World Cup victory in 2022 Messi would now be held in the same esteem by his compatriots as Maradona.[548]Comparisons with Cristiano RonaldoMain article: Messi–Ronaldo rivalryMessi has been compared with Cristiano Ronaldo (left) throughout much of their careers.Among his contemporary peers, Messi is most often compared and contrasted with Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo, as part of an ongoing rivalry that has been compared to past sports rivalries like the Muhammad Ali–Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Roger Federer–Rafael Nadal rivalry in tennis, and the Senna–Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing.[553][554]Although Messi has at times denied any rivalry,[555][556] they are widely believed to push one another in their aim to be the best player in the world.[160] Since 2008, Messi has won seven Ballons d'Or to Ronaldo's five,[557] six FIFA World's Best Player awards to Ronaldo's five, and six European Golden Shoes to Ronaldo's four.[558] Pundits and fans regularly argue the individual merits of both players.[160][559] Beyond their playing styles, the debate also revolves around their differing physiques – Ronaldo is 1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in) with a muscular build – and contrasting public personalities with Ronaldo's self-confidence and theatrics a foil to Messi's humility.[560][561][562] From 2009–10 to 2017–18, Messi faced Ronaldo at least twice every season in El Clásico, which ranks among the world's most viewed annual sports events.[563] Off the pitch, Ronaldo is his direct competitor in terms of salary, sponsorships, and social media fanbase.[563]In popular cultureAccording to France Football, Messi was the world's highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014; he was the first player to exceed the €40 million benchmark, with earnings of €41 million in 2013, and the €50–€60 million points, with income of €65 million in 2014.[165][564] Messi was second on Forbes list of the world's highest-paid athletes (after Cristiano Ronaldo) with income of $81.4 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015–16.[565] In 2018 he was the first player to exceed the €100m benchmark for a calendar year, with earnings of €126m ($154m) in combined income from salaries, bonuses and endorsements.[566] Forbes ranked him the world's highest-paid athlete in 2019.[567] From 2008, he was Barcelona's highest-paid player, receiving a salary that increased incrementally from €7.8 million to €13 million over the next five years.[81][82][146] Signing a new Barcelona contract in 2017, he earned $667,000 per week in wages, and Barcelona also paid him $59.6 million as a signing on bonus.[568] His buyout clause was set at $835 million (€700 million).[568] In 2020, Messi became the second footballer, as well as the second athlete in a team sport, after Cristiano Ronaldo, to surpass $1 billion in earnings during their careers.[569]In addition to his salary and bonuses, much of his income derives from endorsements; SportsPro has consequently cited him as one of the world's most marketable athletes every year since their research began in 2010.[570] His main sponsor since 2006 is the sportswear company Adidas. As Barcelona's leading youth prospect, he had been signed with Nike since age 14, but transferred to Adidas after they successfully challenged their rival's claim to his image rights in court.[571] Over time, Messi established himself as their leading brand endorser;[563] from 2008, he had a long-running signature collection of Adidas F50 boots, and in 2015, he became the first footballer to receive his own sub-brand of Adidas boots, the Adidas Messi.[572][573] Since 2017, he has worn the latest version of the Adidas Nemeziz.[574] In 2015, a Barcelona jersey with Messi's name and number was the best-selling replica jersey worldwide.[575]After blessing himself, Messi often celebrates a goal by pointing a finger on each hand towards the sky in dedication to his late grandmother.[576] His goal celebration features in the FIFA video game series, first appearing in FIFA 14.As a commercial entity, Messi's marketing brand has been based exclusively on his talents and achievements as a player, in contrast to arguably more glamorous players like Cristiano Ronaldo and David Beckham. At the start of his career, he thus mainly held sponsorship contracts with companies that employ sports-oriented marketing, such as Adidas, Pepsi, and Konami.[577][578] From 2010 onwards, concurrently with his increased achievements as a player, his marketing appeal widened, leading to long-term endorsement deals with luxury brands Dolce & Gabbana and Audemars Piguet.[577][579] Messi is also a global brand ambassador for Gillette, Turkish Airlines, Ooredoo, and Tata Motors, among other companies.[580][581][582][583] Additionally, Messi was the face of Konami's video game series Pro Evolution Soccer, appearing on the covers of PES 2009, PES 2010, PES 2011 and PES 2020. He subsequently signed with rival company EA Sports to become the face of their series FIFA and has since appeared on four consecutive covers from FIFA 13 to FIFA 16.[584][585]Messi's global popularity and influence are well documented. He was among the Time 100, an annual list of the world's most influential people as published by Time, in 2011 and 2012.[586][587] His fanbase on the social media website Facebook is among the largest of all public figures: within seven hours of its launch in April 2011, Messi's Facebook page had nearly seven million followers, and by August 2021 he had over 103 million followers, the second highest for a sportsperson after Cristiano Ronaldo.[588][589] He also has over 400 million Instagram followers, the second highest for an individual and sportsperson after Cristiano Ronaldo.[590] His World Cup celebration post from 18 December 2022 is the most liked post on Instagram with over 70 million likes.[591] According to a 2014 survey by sports research firm Repucom in 15 international markets, Messi was familiar to 87% of respondents around the world, of whom 78% perceived him favourably, making him the second-most recognised player globally, behind Ronaldo, and the most likable of all contemporary players.[592][593] On Messi's economic impact on the city in which he plays, Terry Gibson called him a "tourist attraction".[594]Indian vehicle art of MessiOther events have illustrated Messi's presence in popular culture. A solid gold replica of his left foot, weighing 25 kg (55 lb) and valued at $5.25 million, went on sale in Japan in March 2013 to raise funds for victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[595] A 2013 Turkish Airlines advertisement starring Messi, in which he engages in a selfie competition with then-Los Angeles Lakers star Kobe Bryant, was the most-watched ad on YouTube in the year of its release, receiving 137 million views, and was subsequently voted the best advertisement of the 2005–15 decade to commemorate YouTube's founding.[596][597] World Press Photo selected "The Final Game", a photograph of Messi facing the World Cup trophy after Argentina's final defeat to Germany, as the best sports image of 2014.[598] Messi, a documentary about his life by filmmaker Álex de la Iglesia, premiered at the Venice Film Festival in August 2014.[599]In June 2021, Messi signed a five-year deal to become an ambassador for the Hard Rock Cafe brand. He stated, "sports and music are an integral part of my life. It is an honor to be the first athlete to partner with a brand who has a history of teaming with music legends."[600] In May 2022, Messi was unveiled as Saudi Arabia's tourism ambassador. Due to Saudi Arabia's poor human rights record, Messi was condemned for taking on the role which was viewed as an attempt of Saudi sportswashing.[601][602] In August 2022, Messi was urged by the family of Mohammed al Faraj to intervene on their son's behalf after he was arrested in 2017 at the age of 15 for crimes against the Saudi regime and faced the death penalty.[603]Personal lifeFamily and relationshipsSince 2008, Messi has been in a relationship with Antonela Roccuzzo, a fellow native of Rosario.[604] He has known Roccuzzo since he was five years old, as she is the cousin of his childhood best friend, Lucas Scaglia, who is also a football player.[605] After keeping their relationship private for a year, Messi first confirmed their romance in an interview in January 2009, before going public a month later during a carnival in Sitges after the Barcelona–Espanyol derby."Leo is not shy. He's introverted. He's reserved."— Endocrinologist Diego Schwarzstein,[note 4] who addressed Messi's growth hormone deficiency from 1997 to 2001.Messi and Roccuzzo have three sons: Thiago (born 2012), Mateo (born 2015) and Ciro (born 2018). To celebrate his partner's first pregnancy, Messi placed the ball under his shirt after scoring in Argentina's 4–0 win against Ecuador on 2 June 2012, before confirming the pregnancy in an interview two weeks later.[607] Thiago was born in Barcelona on 2 November 2012.[608] In April 2015, Messi confirmed that they were expecting another child.[609] On 30 June 2017, he married Roccuzzo at a luxury hotel named Hotel City Center in Rosario.[610] In October 2017, his wife announced they were expecting their third child.[611] Messi and his family are Catholic Christians.[612]Messi enjoys a close relationship with his immediate family members, particularly his mother, Celia, whose face he has tattooed on his left shoulder. His professional affairs are largely run as a family business: his father, Jorge, has been his agent since he was 14, and his oldest brother, Rodrigo, handles his daily schedule and publicity. His mother and other brother, Matías, manage his charitable organization, the Leo Messi Foundation, and take care of personal and professional matters in Rosario.[613]Since leaving for Spain aged 13, Messi has maintained close ties to his hometown of Rosario, even preserving his distinct Rosarino accent. He has kept ownership of his family's old house, although it has long stood empty; he maintains a penthouse apartment in an exclusive residential building for his mother, as well as a family compound just outside the city. Once when he was in training with the national team in Buenos Aires, he made a three-hour trip by car to Rosario immediately after practice to have dinner with his family, spent the night with them, and returned to Buenos Aires the next day in time for practice. Messi keeps in daily contact via phone and text with a small group of confidants in Rosario, most of whom were fellow members of "The Machine of '87" at Newell's Old Boys. While at Barcelona he lived in Castelldefels, a village near Barcelona. He was on bad terms with the club after his transfer to Barcelona, but by 2012 their public feud had ended, with Newell's embracing their ties with Messi, even issuing a club membership card to his newborn son.[17][614][615] Messi has long planned to return to Rosario to end his playing career at Newell's.[616] Messi holds triple citizenship, as he is a citizen of Argentina, Italy, and Spain.[617] His favourite meals include asado (traditional South American barbecue), milanesa and pasta, and he prefers his mate unsweetened.[618]PhilanthropyThroughout his career, Messi has been involved in charitable efforts aimed at vulnerable children, a commitment that stems in part from the medical difficulties he faced in his own childhood. Since 2004, he has contributed his time and finances to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), an organisation with which Barcelona also have a strong association.[619][620] Messi has served as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador since his appointment in March 2010, completing his first field mission for the organisation four months later as he travelled to Haiti to bring public awareness to the plight of the country's children in the wake of the recent earthquake. He has since participated in UNICEF campaigns targeting HIV prevention, education, and the social inclusion of disabled children.[621] To celebrate his son's first birthday, in November 2013, Messi and Thiago were part of a publicity campaign to raise awareness of mortality rates among disadvantaged children.[622]Messi (pictured in 2007) has worked with UNICEF since 2004 and has served as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador since 2010.In addition to his work with UNICEF, Messi founded his own charitable organisation, the Leo Messi Foundation, which supports access to health care, education, and sport for children.[623] It was established in 2007 following a visit Messi paid to a hospital for terminally ill children in Boston, an experience that resonated with him to the point that he decided to reinvest part of his earnings into society.[614] Through his foundation, Messi has awarded research grants, financed medical training, and invested in the development of medical centres and projects in Argentina, Spain, and elsewhere in the world.[614][624] In addition to his own fundraising activities, such as his global "Messi and Friends" football matches, his foundation receives financial support from various companies to which he has assigned his name in endorsement agreements, with Adidas as their main sponsor.[625][626]Messi has also invested in youth football in Argentina: he financially supports Sarmiento, a football club based in the Rosario neighbourhood where he was born, committing in 2013 to the refurbishment of their facilities and the installation of all-weather pitches, and funds the management of several youth players at Newell's Old Boys and rival club Rosario Central, as well as at River Plate and Boca Juniors in Buenos Aires.[614] At Newell's Old Boys, his boyhood club, he funded the 2012 construction of a new gymnasium and a dormitory inside the club's stadium for their youth academy. His former youth coach at Newell's, Ernesto Vecchio, is employed by the Leo Messi Foundation as a talent scout for young players.[17] On 7 June 2016, Messi won a libel case against La Razón newspaper and was awarded €65,000 in damages, which he donated to the charity Médecins Sans Frontières.[627] Messi made a donation worth €1 million ($1.1 million) to fight the spread of coronavirus.[628] This was split between Clinic Barcelona hospital in Barcelona, Spain and his native Argentina.[629] In addition to this, Messi along with his fellow FC Barcelona teammates announced he will be taking a 70% cut in salaries during the 2020 coronavirus emergency, and contribute further to the club to provide fully to salaries of all the clubs employees.[630]In November 2016, with the Argentine Football Association being run by a FIFA committee for emergency due to an economic crisis, it was reported that three of the national team's security staff told Messi that they had not received their salaries for six months. He stepped in and paid the salaries of the three members.[631][632] In February 2021, Messi donated to the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya his Adidas shoes which he wore when he scored his 644th goal for Barcelona and broke Pelé's record for most goals scored for a single club; the shoes were later auctioned off in April by the museum for charity to help children with cancer and were sold for £125,000.[633]In advance of the 2021 Copa América in Uruguay, Messi donated three signed shirts to the Chinese pharmaceutical firm Sinovac Biotech—whose directors spoke of their admiration for Messi—in order to secure 50,000 doses of Sinovac's COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac, in the hope of vaccinating all of South America's football players.[634] A deal brokered by Uruguay's president Luis Lacalle Pou, the plan to prioritise football players caused some controversy given widespread vaccine scarcity in the region, with the Mayor of Canelones in Uruguay remarking that "Just as the president manifested cooperation with CONMEBOL to vaccinate for the Copa América, he could just as well have the same consideration for Canelones".[634]Tax fraudMessi's financial affairs came under investigation in 2013 for suspected tax evasion. Offshore companies in tax havens Uruguay and Belize were used to evade €4.1 million in taxes related to sponsorship earnings between 2007 and 2009. An unrelated shell company in Panama set up in 2012 was subsequently identified as belonging to the Messis in the Panama Papers data leak. Messi, who pleaded ignorance of the alleged scheme, voluntarily paid arrears of €5.1 million in August 2013. On 6 July 2016, Messi and his father were both found guilty of tax fraud and were handed suspended 21-month prison sentences and respectively ordered to pay €1.7 million and €1.4 million in fines.[635] Facing the judge, he said, "I just played football. I signed the contracts because I trusted my dad and the lawyers and we had decided that they would take charge of those things."[636]Career statisticsClubAs of match played 13 November 2022Appearances and goals by club, season and competitionClub Season League National cup[a] Europe[b] Other TotalDivision Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps GoalsBarcelona C 2003–04[637] Tercera División 10 5 — — — 10 5Barcelona B 2003–04[43] Segunda División B 5 0 — — — 5 02004–05[44] Segunda División B 17 6 — — — 17 6Total 22 6 — — — 22 6Barcelona 2004–05[44] La Liga 7 1 1 0 1 0 — 9 12005–06[58] La Liga 17 6 2 1 6 1 0 0 25 82006–07[62] La Liga 26 14 2 2 5 1 3[c] 0 36 172007–08[77] La Liga 28 10 3 0 9 6 — 40 162008–09[85] La Liga 31 23 8 6 12 9 — 51 382009–10[98] La Liga 35 34 3 1 11 8 4[d] 4 53 472010–11[113] La Liga 33 31 7 7 13 12 2[e] 3 55 532011–12[118] La Liga 37 50 7 3 11 14 5[f] 6 60 732012–13[156] La Liga 32 46 5 4 11 8 2[e] 2 50 602013–14[163] La Liga 31 28 6 5 7 8 2[e] 0 46 412014–15[638] La Liga 38 43 6 5 13 10 — 57 582015–16[639] La Liga 33 26 5 5 7 6 4[g] 4 49 412016–17[640] La Liga 34 37 7 5 9 11 2[e] 1 52 542017–18[641] La Liga 36 34 6 4 10 6 2[e] 1 54 452018–19[642] La Liga 34 36 5 3 10 12 1[e] 0 50 512019–20[643] La Liga 33 25 2 2 8 3 1[e] 1 44 312020–21[644] La Liga 35 30 5 3 6 5 1[e] 0 47 38Total 520 474 80 56 149 120 29 22 778 672Paris Saint-Germain 2021–22[645] Ligue 1 26 6 1 0 7 5 — 34 112022–23[646] Ligue 1 13 7 0 0 5 4 1[h] 1 19 12Total 39 13 1 0 12 9 1 1 53 23Career total 591 498 81 56 161 129 30 23 863 706 Includes Copa del Rey and Coupe de France Appearances in UEFA Champions League One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances in Supercopa de España One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, one appearance and two goals in Supercopa de España, two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup Appearance(s) in Supercopa de España One appearance and one goal in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances and three goals in Supercopa de España, two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances and one goal in Supercopa de España, one appearance and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup Appearance in Trophée des ChampionsInternationalSee also: List of international goals scored by Lionel MessiAs of match played 18 December 2022Appearances and goals by national team, year and competitionTeam Year Competitive Friendly TotalApps Goals Apps Goals Apps GoalsArgentina U20[353][354] 2004 — 2 3 2 32005 16[a] 11 — 16 11Total 16 11 2 3 18 14Argentina U23[377] 2008 5[b] 2 — 5[α] 2Total 5 2 0 0 5 2Argentina[360][647] 2005 3[c] 0 2 0 5 02006 3[d] 1 4 1 7 22007 10[e] 4 4 2 14 62008 6[c] 1 2 1 8 22009 8[c] 1 2 2 10 32010 5[d] 0 5 2 10 22011 8[f] 2 5 2 13 42012 5[c] 5 4 7 9 122013 5[c] 3 2 3 7 62014 7[d] 4 7 4 14 82015 6[g] 1 2 3 8 42016 10[h] 8 1 0 11 82017 5[c] 4 2 0 7 42018 4[d] 1 1 3 5 42019 6[g] 1 4 4 10 52020 4[c] 1 0 0 4 12021 16[i] 9 0 0 16 92022 10[j] 8 4 10 14 18Total 121 54 51 44 172 98Career total 142 67 53 47 195 114 Nine appearances and five goals in the 2005 South American U-20 Championship, seven appearances and six goals in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship Appearances in Summer Olympics Appearance(s) in FIFA World Cup qualification Appearance(s) in FIFA World Cup Six appearances and two goals in Copa América, four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification Four appearances in Copa América, four appearances and two goals in FIFA World Cup qualification Appearance(s) in Copa América Five appearances and three goals in FIFA World Cup qualification, five appearances and five goals in Copa América Nine appearances and five goals in FIFA World Cup qualification, seven appearances and four goals in Copa América Two appearances and one goal in FIFA World Cup qualification, one appearance in CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions, seven appearances and seven goals in FIFA World CupHonoursFor a comprehensive listing of Messi's achievements, see List of career achievements by Lionel Messi.Messi (Golden Ball winner) pictured with Neymar (Bronze Ball winner) at the conclusion of the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup FinalBarcelonaLa Liga: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19Copa del Rey: 2008–09, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2020–21Supercopa de España: 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2018UEFA Champions League: 2005–06, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2014–15UEFA Super Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015FIFA Club World Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015Paris Saint-GermainLigue 1: 2021–22Trophée des Champions: 2022Argentina U20FIFA World Youth Championship: 2005Argentina U23Summer Olympics: 2008ArgentinaFIFA World Cup: 2022Copa América: 2021CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions: 2022IndividualBallon d'Or/FIFA Ballon d'Or: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2019, 2021[276][648][649][650]FIFA World Player of the Year: 2009[649]The Best FIFA Men's Player: 2019[268]European Golden Shoe: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19[155][223][239][261]FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 2014, 2022[651]FIFA World Cup Silver Boot: 2022FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2009, 2011FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Ball: 2005FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot: 2005Copa América Best Player: 2015, 2021Copa América Top Goalscorer: 2021La Liga Best Player: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15[652][653][654]Pichichi Trophy: 2009−10, 2011–12, 2012−13, 2016–17, 2017−18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21Laureus World Sportsman of the Year: 2020[655]Argentine Footballer of the Year: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021[652][656][657][658]See alsoicon Association football portalflag Argentina portal Biography portalEuropean Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statisticsLa Liga records and statisticsList of FC Barcelona playersList of FC Barcelona records and statisticsList of largest sports contractsList of men's footballers with 50 or more international goalsList of men's footballers with 100 or more international capsList of men's footballers with 500 or more goalsList of men's footballers with the most official appearancesList of most-followed Instagram accountsList of most-liked Instagram postsList of top international men's football goalscorers by countryList of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA World CupsNotes According to FCBarcelona.com, and his authorised biography, Messi by Guillem Balagué, his surname is the single "Messi", in accordance with Argentine customs.[5][6] Other sources, including a 2014 document by FIFA, give his surname as the double "Messi Cuccittini".[7] After winning a libel case in 2017, Messi's own management company stated: "The football player Lionel Andres Messi Cuccittini has donated a total of €72,783.20 to the organisation Doctors Without Borders."[8] In addition to four FIFA Ballons d'Or, Messi received France Football's Ballon d'Or and FIFA's World Player of the Year award in 2009 prior to their incorporation; both organisations credited him with five (FIFA) Ballons d'Or.[9][10] In 2019, he received a sixth Ballon d'Or and won the Best FIFA Men's Player, before receiving a seventh Ballon d'Or in 2021. Assist statistics began in 1990. According to Bleacher Report's Richard Fitzpatrick, "Schwarzstein and Messi built up a close relationship during more than four years of treatment."[606] Does not include an unofficial friendly match played on 24 May 2008 in Barcelona between Argentina U23 and the Catalonia national football team,[2][3] as Catalonia is not affiliated with either FIFA or UEFA as a national member association and is therefore not allowed to participate in official competitions.[4]References "FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™: List of Players: Argentina" (PDF). FIFA. 18 December 2022. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022. "La selección catalana pierde ante Argentina (0–1) en un partido marcado por la política". El Mundo (in Spanish). 24 May 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. "Fiesta y equilibrio". Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 25 May 2008. p. 18. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. 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"Messi Joins Facebook, Nets 7 m Followers". ESPN. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Giuliano, Karissa (9 June 2015). "The 10 Most Popular Celebrities on Facebook". CNBC. Retrieved 22 August 2015. "Lionel Messi Sets Instagram Record With World Cup Victory Post". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 20 December 2022. Madhok, Diksha (21 December 2022). "Lionel Messi's World Cup photos are most-liked Instagram post ever". CNN. Retrieved 23 December 2022. Borg, Chris (2 December 2014). "Ballon D'Or: Lionel Messi vs. Cristiano Ronaldo – Battle of the Brands". CNN. Retrieved 22 August 2015. "Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World" (PDF) (Press release). Repucom. 28 May 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2015. "Gibson: Messi is a tourist attraction". Sky Sports. Retrieved 10 August 2021. "Messi's Left Foot – Yours for $5.25 Million". CNN. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Krasselt, Kaitlyn (21 June 2014). "Cannes to Cannes: YouTube's Most Viewed Ads". USA Today. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Lorenzetti, Laura (3 June 2015). "YouTube Users Say This Is the 'Ad of the Decade'". Time. Retrieved 22 August 2015. "World Cup final photo of Lionel Messi eyeing trophy wins prize". ESPN. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2021. Barker, Andrew (27 August 2014). "Venice Film Review: 'Messi'". Variety. Retrieved 22 August 2015. "Hard Rock International Begins Year-Long 50th Anniversary Celebration By Announcing Partnership With Lionel Messi". PR Newswire. Retrieved 11 June 2021 Zidan, Karim (12 May 2022). "Lionel Messi earned $122m last year. He still felt the need to take Saudi money". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 May 2022. Farukh, Rimal (20 June 2022). "Messi Is Accused of Being the Face of a Blood-Soaked Regime". VICE. Retrieved 20 June 2022. "Lionel Messi urged to intervene in case of youth facing Saudi death sentence". The Times. Retrieved 14 August 2022. "Lionel Messi's wife explains her absence at World Cup opener that left him broken hearted". USAHint. 21 June 2018. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018. "Argentina hosts Lionel Messi's 'wedding of the century'". BBC News. Retrieved 1 July 2017. Fitzpatrick, Richard (23 June 2017). "The Machine of '87: Messi's Boyhood Teammates Recall Early Signs of Greatness". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 25 June 2017. "Messi Shares Baby Joy". beIN Sports. 17 June 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. "Messi Junior Named Thiago". ESPN FC. 2 November 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2015. "Lionel Messi's Wife Expecting Second Child, Barcelona Star Says". ESPN FC. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015. "Lionel Messi marries stunning childhood sweetheart Antonella Roccuzzo in Argentine home town". Irish Independent. Retrieved 1 July 2017. "Lionel Messi and wife Antonella Roccuzzo expecting their third child". ESPN FC. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017. "A Messi situation: Examining the faith of the world's greatest soccer player". Religion Unplugged. Retrieved 18 December 2022. Balagué 2013, pp. 31, 143, 570. Balagué 2013, pp. 576–577. Wright, Chris (5 November 2012). "After Just 72 Hours on the Planet, Thiago Messi Signs for Newell's Old Boys". ESPN FC. Retrieved 25 August 2015. "Lionel Messi reaffirms desire to return to Newell's Old Boys before retirement". ESPN FC. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2022. Montes, Silvia (4 May 2019). "Leo Messi, llamado a votar en las próximas elecciones italianas". Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 August 2022. "Barcelona's Lionel Messi talks family, favourite foods and quirky habits", ESPN, retrieved 26 December 2022 "Leo Messi: Goodwill Ambassador". UNICEF. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2015. Rogers, Iain; Palmer, Justin (12 November 2013). "Barcelona Extend UNICEF Shirt Deal to 2016". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015. "Leo Messi Activity Highlights". UNICEF. 14 May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2021. "Leo Messi's Son Turns One and Celebrates with UNICEF" (Press release). UNICEF. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2021. "Lionel Messi Fast Facts". CNN. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015. "Ooredoo, Messi Foundation Continue Expansion: Three New Mobile Health Clinics Launched in Algeria". Arab Times. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015. "'Lionel Messi and Friends' Soccer Tour Is One of Many Causes Argentine Superstar Supports". New England Sports Network. 22 June 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2015. "Partners". Leo Messi Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2015. "Argentina's Lionel Messi wins libel case, donates damages to charity". Espn.com. ESPN FC. 7 June 2016. "Messi, Guardiola donate $1.08 million each to coronavirus battle". Reuters. 25 March 2020. Grez, Matias. "Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi donate to hospitals in fight against coronavirus". WFSB. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020. Settimi, Christina. "Lionel Messi's Coronavirus Wage Cut Could Cost Him $50 Million". Forbes. Retrieved 8 April 2020. "Argentina federation to have affairs managed by emergency FIFA panel". ESPN FC. 24 June 2016. "Messi paid the salaries of Argentina's security team". Marca. Spain. 18 November 2016. Sport (12 February 2021). "Adidas and Messi donate boots to Art Museum to be auctioned in April". Sport. Retrieved 13 February 2021. Uki, Goni (14 April 2021). "Lionel Messi helps obtain 50,000 Covid vaccines for South American players". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 April 2021. "Messi, father guilty of tax fraud, given suspended 21-month sentences". Sports Illustrated. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016. "Barcelona's Lionel Messi in tax court: I played football and trusted my father". ESPN FC. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2022. Caioli 2012, pp. 69–71. "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2014–15". BDFutbol. Retrieved 11 August 2015. "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2015–16". BDFutbol. Retrieved 6 September 2015. "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2016–17". BDFutbol. Retrieved 27 October 2016. "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2017–18". BDFutbol. Retrieved 27 August 2017. "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2018–19". BDFutbol. Retrieved 27 August 2018. "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2019–20". BDFutbol. Retrieved 17 September 2019. "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2020–21". BDFutbol. Retrieved 9 October 2020. "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2021–22". BDFutbol. Retrieved 18 August 2021. "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini: Matches 2022–23". BDFutbol. Retrieved 31 July 2022. "Lionel Messi: Player Profile". ESPN FC. Retrieved 9 September 2015. "European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")". RSSSF. Retrieved 9 May 2017. "FIFA Ballon d'Or: History". FIFA. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2015. "Ballon d'Or 2022, date, candidats, palmarès et records" (in French). UEFA. 12 August 2022. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022. "Messi makes Golden Ball history". FIFA. 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022. Otero, Paul M. (12 November 2013). "Palmarés de un Genio: El Coleccionista de Trofeos" [Honours of a Genius: The Collector of Trophies]. Marca (in Spanish). Spain. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2015. "Messi, Mejor Delantero y Mejor Jugador" [Messi, Best Forward and Best Player] (in Spanish). Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015. "Lionel Messi, 2014–15 Liga BBVA Best Player". Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 30 November 2015. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2016. "Messi wins the Laureus award for 'Best Sportsman of the Year'". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 17 February 2020. "Premios Olimpia 2015: La Judoca Paula Pareto se Llevó el Oro y los de Plata Fueron Para Messi, Marco Ruben, Andrés Nocioni y Adolfo Cambiaso" [Olympia Awards 2015: The Judoca Paula Pareto Took the Gold and Silver Was for Messi, Marco Ruben, Andrés Nocioni and Adolfo Cambiaso] (in Spanish). LRA Radio Nacional. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016. "Los Ganadores de Olimpia de Plata en Cada Deporte, con los Medallistas Dorados de Río entre los Destacados" [The Winners of the Silver Olimpia in Each Sport, with the Gold Medalists of Río among the Highlights]. La Nacion (in Spanish). 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016. "Delfina Pignatiello se quedó con el Olimpia de Oro". TN (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018.BibliographyBalagué, Guillem (2013). Messi. Orion Books. ISBN 978-1-4091-4659-9.Caioli, Luca (2012). Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend. Corinthian Books. ISBN 978-1-906850-40-1.Caioli, Luca (2015). Messi: More than a Superstar. Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-906850-91-3.Guinness World Records 2015. Guinness World Records. 2014. ISBN 978-1-908843-65-4.Hunter, Graham (2012). Barça: The Making of the Greatest Team in the World. BackPage Press. ISBN 978-0-9564971-8-5.Lisi, Clemente Angelo (2011). A History of the World Cup: 1930–2010. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7754-2.Tomkins, Paul (2007). Above Us Only Sky: Liverpool FC's Global Revolution. Anchor Print Group. ISBN 978-0-9556367-0-7.External linksLionel Messiat Wikipedia's sister projectsMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteData from WikidataOfficial website Edit this at WikidataLionel Messi on FacebookLionel Messi on InstagramProfile at FC BarcelonaProfile at La LigaLionel Messi – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in FrenchLionel Messi at BDFutbol Edit this at WikidataLionel Messi at Soccerbase Edit this at WikidataLionel Messi at Soccerway Edit this at WikidataLionel Messi at National-Football-Teams.com Edit this at WikidataLionel Messi – FIFA competition record (archived) Edit this at WikidataLionel Messi – UEFA competition record (archive) Edit this at WikidatavteParis Saint-Germain F.C. – current squadArgentina squadsAwardsvteNotable people from RosarioAuthority control Edit this at WikidataCategories: Lionel Messi1987 birthsLiving people2006 FIFA World Cup players2007 Copa América players2010 FIFA World Cup players2011 Copa América players2014 FIFA World Cup players2015 Copa América players2018 FIFA World Cup players2019 Copa América players2021 Copa América players2022 FIFA World Cup playersArgentina international footballersArgentina under-20 international footballersArgentina youth international footballersArgentine emigrants to SpainArgentine expatriate footballersArgentine expatriate sportspeople in FranceArgentine expatriate sportspeople in SpainArgentine footballersArgentine fraudstersArgentine people of Catalan descentArgentine people of Italian descentArgentine people of Marchesan descentArgentine people of Spanish descentArgentine philanthropistsArgentine Roman CatholicsAssociation football forwardsBallon d'Or winnersCitizens of Italy through descentCopa América Centenario playersCopa América-winning playersExpatriate footballers in FranceExpatriate footballers in SpainFC Barcelona playersFC Barcelona Atlètic playersFC Barcelona C playersFIFA Century ClubFIFA World Cup-winning captainsFIFA World Cup-winning playersFIFA World Player of the Year winnersFootballers at the 2008 Summer OlympicsFootballers from BarcelonaFootballers from Rosario, Santa FeGolden Boy winnersLaureus World Sports Awards winnersLa Liga playersLigue 1 playersMedalists at the 2008 Summer OlympicsNaturalised citizens of SpainOlympic footballers of ArgentinaOlympic gold medalists for ArgentinaOlympic medalists in footballParis Saint-Germain F.C. playersPeople convicted of fraudPeople convicted of tax crimesPeople named in the Panama PapersPichichi Trophy winnersSegunda División B playersTercera División playersThe Best FIFA Men's Player winnersUEFA Champions League winning playersUEFA Champions League top scorersUEFA Men's Player of the Year Award winnersUNICEF Goodwill AmbassadorsNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch WikipediaMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonateContributeHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload fileToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemPrint/exportDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsWikinewsWikiquoteLanguagesDeutschEspañolFrançais한국어ItalianoРусскийTagalogTiếng Việt中文149 moreEdit linksThis page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 13:16 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434826454 2023-01-05 15:57:24 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434826454 7 when The Ballon d'Or (French pronunciation: [balɔ̃ dɔʁ] (listen); lit. 'Golden Ball') is an annual football award presented by French news magazine France Football since 1956. Between 2010 and 2015, in an agreement with FIFA, the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year (founded in 1991) and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or. That partnership ended in 2016, and the award reverted to the Ballon d'Or, while FIFA also reverted to its own separate annual award The Best FIFA Men's Player. The recipients of the joint FIFA Ballon d'Or are considered as winners by both award organisations.Conceived by sports writers Gabriel Hanot and Jacques Ferran, the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year, based on voting by football journalists, from 1956 to 2006.[2] Originally, it was awarded only to players from Europe and widely known as the European Footballer of the Year award. In 1995, the Ballon d'Or was expanded to include all players from any origin that have been active at European clubs.[3][4]After 2007, coaches and captains of national teams were also given the right to vote.[2] The award became a global prize in 2007 with all professional footballers from around the world being eligible.[5] In 2022, France Football modified the rules for the Ballon d'Or. They changed the timing so that awards were given not for achievements during a calendar year, but for a football season.[6] It was also decided that only those countries in the top 100 of the FIFA World Ranking would be allowed to vote.[6]Contents1 History2 Winners2.1 Wins by player2.2 Wins by country2.3 Wins by club3 Additional awards4 Ballon d'Or Dream Team5 See also6 Notes7 References8 External linksHistoryStanley Matthews of England was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or.[7] Prior to 2007, the award was generally known as the continental European Footballer of the Year award in English language and much international media. Even after 2007, it was usually identified with and referred to by that name because of its origin as a European award, until it was merged with FIFA's World Player award cementing its new worldwide claim.[8][9][10][11] Liberia's George Weah, the only African recipient, became the first non-European to win the award in 1995, the year that rules of eligibility were changed.[4] Ronaldo of Brazil became the first South American winner two years later.[4]Lionel Messi has won the award a record seven times, followed by Cristiano Ronaldo with five. Three players have won the award three times each: Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini, and Marco van Basten. With seven awards each, Dutch, German, Argentine, Portuguese and French players have won the most Ballons d'Or. Players from Germany (1972, 1981) and the Netherlands (1988) were the only to take all three top spots in one year, with German (1972) and Italian clubs (1988–1990) achieving the same feat, including two years solely made up of AC Milan players (1988, 1989), a unique record until Spanish clubs experienced an unforeseen dominance (2009–2012, 2015, 2016) and Barcelona (2010) became the second club with three top players. Two Spanish clubs, Barcelona and Real Madrid, also lead the ranking for employing the most winners, with twelve wins.[12]Between 2010 and 2015 inclusive, the award was merged with a similar one, the FIFA World Player of the Year award, to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or, which was awarded to the world's best male player before FIFA and France Football decided not to continue the merging agreement.[13] After 2011, UEFA created the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award to maintain the tradition of the original Ballon d'Or of specifically honouring a football player from Europe.[14]In 2020, the Group L'Équipe, to which France Football belongs, decided that no award would be given for the year due to the COVID-19 pandemic cutting short the seasons of football clubs worldwide.[15] The widespread public opinion is that the 2020 award should have been given to Robert Lewandowski.[16][17][18]The award shows a bias in favor of attacking players, which has increased in recent years, especially after 2007.[2] Over time, the award has gone to a more exclusive set of leagues and clubs.[2] Prior to 1995, 10 leagues supplied Ballon d'Or winners, whereas only England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain have supplied winners since 1995.[2] Spain's La Liga has the most Ballon d'Or winners.[2] Barcelona and Real Madrid have supplied the most Ballon d'Or winners since 1995.[2]In 2022, France Football modified the rules for the Ballon d'Or. They changed the timing so that awards were given not for achievements during a calendar year, but for a football season.[6] It was also decided that only those countries in the top 100 of the FIFA World Ranking would be allowed to vote. The plebiscite had previously been open to all countries since 2007. This brought the Ballon d'Or into line with the UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award which was slightly less dominated by exclusive leagues and especially Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi in recent years.[6]Nine players (Bobby Charlton, Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Paolo Rossi, Zinedine Zidane, Rivaldo, Ronaldinho, Kaká and Lionel Messi) have won the FIFA World Cup, the European Cup/UEFA Champions League, and the Ballon d'Or during their careers.[19]WinnersNote: Until 2021, the Ballon d'Or was awarded based on player performance during the calendar year. Since 2022, jurors have been instructed to take into account the previous season.[20]Key double-dagger This indicates the Ballon d'Or winning player also won the FIFA World Player of the Year orThe Best FIFA Men's Player award in the same year (available in 1991–2009 and from 2016)Lionel Messi with seven awards has won the most Ballons d'Or in history.George Weah was the first non-European and first African national team player to win the award.Lev Yashin is the only goalkeeper to win the award.Franz Beckenbauer is the only defender who won award two timesYear Rank Player Team PointsBallon d'Or (1956–2009)1956 1st England Stanley Matthews England Blackpool 472nd Spain Alfredo Di Stéfano Spain Real Madrid 443rd France Raymond Kopa[note 1] Spain Real Madrid 331957 1st Spain Alfredo Di Stéfano[note 2] Spain Real Madrid 722nd England Billy Wright England Wolverhampton Wanderers 193rd England Duncan Edwards England Manchester United 16France Raymond Kopa Spain Real Madrid1958 1st France Raymond Kopa Spain Real Madrid 712nd West Germany Helmut Rahn West Germany Rot-Weiss Essen 403rd France Just Fontaine France Reims 231959 1st Spain Alfredo Di Stéfano Spain Real Madrid 802nd France Raymond Kopa[note 3] France Reims 423rd Wales John Charles Italy Juventus 241960 1st Spain Luis Suárez Spain Barcelona 542nd Hungary Ferenc Puskás Spain Real Madrid 373rd West Germany Uwe Seeler West Germany Hamburger SV 331961 1st Italy Omar Sívori[note 4] Italy Juventus 462nd Spain Luis Suárez[note 5] Italy Inter Milan 403rd England Johnny Haynes England Fulham 221962 1st Czechoslovakia Josef Masopust Czechoslovakia Dukla Prague 652nd Portugal Eusébio Portugal Benfica 533rd West Germany Karl-Heinz Schnellinger West Germany 1. FC Köln 331963 1st Soviet Union Lev Yashin Soviet Union Dynamo Moscow 732nd Italy Gianni Rivera Italy AC Milan 553rd England Jimmy Greaves England Tottenham Hotspur 501964 1st Scotland Denis Law England Manchester United 612nd Spain Luis Suárez Italy Inter Milan 433rd Spain Amancio Spain Real Madrid 381965 1st Portugal Eusébio Portugal Benfica 672nd Italy Giacinto Facchetti Italy Inter Milan 593rd Spain Luis Suárez Italy Inter Milan 451966 1st England Bobby Charlton England Manchester United 812nd Portugal Eusébio Portugal Benfica 803rd West Germany Franz Beckenbauer West Germany Bayern Munich 591967 1st Hungary Flórián Albert Hungary Ferencváros 682nd England Bobby Charlton England Manchester United 403rd Scotland Jimmy Johnstone Scotland Celtic 391968 1st Northern Ireland George Best England Manchester United 612nd England Bobby Charlton England Manchester United 533rd Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Dragan Džajić Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 461969 1st Italy Gianni Rivera Italy AC Milan 832nd Italy Gigi Riva Italy Cagliari 793rd West Germany Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 381970 1st West Germany Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 772nd England Bobby Moore England West Ham United 703rd Italy Gigi Riva Italy Cagliari 651971 1st Netherlands Johan Cruyff Netherlands Ajax 1162nd Italy Sandro Mazzola Italy Inter Milan 573rd Northern Ireland George Best England Manchester United 561972 1st West Germany Franz Beckenbauer West Germany Bayern Munich 812nd West Germany Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 79West Germany Günter Netzer West Germany Borussia Mönchengladbach1973 1st Netherlands Johan Cruyff[note 6] Spain Barcelona 962nd Italy Dino Zoff Italy Juventus 473rd West Germany Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 441974 1st Netherlands Johan Cruyff Spain Barcelona 1162nd West Germany Franz Beckenbauer West Germany Bayern Munich 1053rd Poland Kazimierz Deyna Poland Legia Warsaw 351975 1st Soviet Union Oleg Blokhin Soviet Union Dynamo Kyiv 1222nd West Germany Franz Beckenbauer West Germany Bayern Munich 423rd Netherlands Johan Cruyff Spain Barcelona 271976 1st West Germany Franz Beckenbauer West Germany Bayern Munich 912nd Netherlands Rob Rensenbrink Belgium Anderlecht 753rd Czechoslovakia Ivo Viktor Czechoslovakia Dukla Prague 521977 1st Denmark Allan Simonsen West Germany Borussia Mönchengladbach 742nd England Kevin Keegan[note 7] West Germany Hamburger SV 713rd France Michel Platini France Nancy 701978 1st England Kevin Keegan West Germany Hamburger SV 872nd Austria Hans Krankl[note 8] Spain Barcelona 813rd Netherlands Rob Rensenbrink Belgium Anderlecht 501979 1st England Kevin Keegan West Germany Hamburger SV 1182nd West Germany Karl-Heinz Rummenigge West Germany Bayern Munich 523rd Netherlands Ruud Krol Netherlands Ajax 411980 1st West Germany Karl-Heinz Rummenigge West Germany Bayern Munich 1222nd West Germany Bernd Schuster[note 9] Spain Barcelona 343rd France Michel Platini France Saint-Étienne 331981 1st West Germany Karl-Heinz Rummenigge West Germany Bayern Munich 1062nd West Germany Paul Breitner West Germany Bayern Munich 643rd West Germany Bernd Schuster Spain Barcelona 391982 1st Italy Paolo Rossi Italy Juventus 1152nd France Alain Giresse France Girondins de Bordeaux 643rd Poland Zbigniew Boniek[note 10] Italy Juventus 391983 1st France Michel Platini Italy Juventus 1102nd Scotland Kenny Dalglish England Liverpool 263rd Denmark Allan Simonsen[note 11] Denmark Vejle BK 251984 1st France Michel Platini Italy Juventus 1102nd France Jean Tigana France Girondins de Bordeaux 573rd Denmark Preben Elkjær[note 12] Italy Hellas Verona 481985 1st France Michel Platini Italy Juventus 1272nd Denmark Preben Elkjær Italy Hellas Verona 713rd West Germany Bernd Schuster Spain Barcelona 461986 1st Soviet Union Igor Belanov Soviet Union Dynamo Kyiv 842nd England Gary Lineker[note 13] Spain Barcelona 623rd Spain Emilio Butragueño Spain Real Madrid 591987 1st Netherlands Ruud Gullit[note 14] Italy AC Milan 1062nd Portugal Paulo Futre[note 15] Spain Atlético Madrid 913rd Spain Emilio Butragueño Spain Real Madrid 611988 1st Netherlands Marco van Basten Italy AC Milan 1292nd Netherlands Ruud Gullit Italy AC Milan 883rd Netherlands Frank Rijkaard[note 16] Italy AC Milan 451989 1st Netherlands Marco van Basten Italy AC Milan 1292nd Italy Franco Baresi Italy AC Milan 803rd Netherlands Frank Rijkaard Italy AC Milan 431990 1st Germany Lothar Matthäus Italy Inter Milan 1372nd Italy Salvatore Schillaci Italy Juventus 843rd Germany Andreas Brehme Italy Inter Milan 681991 1st France Jean-Pierre Papin France Marseille 1412nd Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Dejan Savićević Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 42Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Darko Pančev Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Red Star BelgradeGermany Lothar Matthäus Italy Inter Milan1992 1st Netherlands Marco van Basten double-dagger Italy AC Milan 982nd Bulgaria Hristo Stoichkov Spain Barcelona 803rd Netherlands Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands Ajax 531993 1st Italy Roberto Baggio double-dagger Italy Juventus 1422nd Netherlands Dennis Bergkamp[note 17] Italy Inter Milan 833rd France Eric Cantona England Manchester United 341994 1st Bulgaria Hristo Stoichkov Spain Barcelona 2102nd Italy Roberto Baggio Italy Juventus 1363rd Italy Paolo Maldini Italy AC Milan 1091995 1st Liberia George Weah double-dagger[note 18] Italy AC Milan 1442nd Germany Jürgen Klinsmann[note 19] Germany Bayern Munich 1083rd Finland Jari Litmanen Netherlands Ajax 671996 1st Germany Matthias Sammer Germany Borussia Dortmund 1442nd Brazil Ronaldo[note 20] Spain Barcelona 1433rd England Alan Shearer[note 21] England Newcastle United 1071997 1st Brazil Ronaldo double-dagger[note 22] Italy Inter Milan 2222nd Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Predrag Mijatović Spain Real Madrid 683rd France Zinedine Zidane Italy Juventus 631998 1st France Zinedine Zidane double-dagger Italy Juventus 2442nd Croatia Davor Šuker Spain Real Madrid 683rd Brazil Ronaldo Italy Inter Milan 661999 1st Brazil Rivaldo double-dagger Spain Barcelona 2192nd England David Beckham England Manchester United 1543rd Ukraine Andriy Shevchenko[note 23] Italy AC Milan 642000 1st Portugal Luís Figo[note 24] Spain Real Madrid 1972nd France Zinedine Zidane Italy Juventus 1813rd Ukraine Andriy Shevchenko Italy AC Milan 852001 1st England Michael Owen England Liverpool 1762nd Spain Raúl Spain Real Madrid 1403rd Germany Oliver Kahn Germany Bayern Munich 1142002 1st Brazil Ronaldo double-dagger[note 25] Spain Real Madrid 1692nd Brazil Roberto Carlos Spain Real Madrid 1453rd Germany Oliver Kahn Germany Bayern Munich 1102003 1st Czech Republic Pavel Nedvěd Italy Juventus 1902nd France Thierry Henry England Arsenal 1283rd Italy Paolo Maldini Italy AC Milan 1232004 1st Ukraine Andriy Shevchenko Italy AC Milan 1752nd Portugal Deco[note 26] Spain Barcelona 1393rd Brazil Ronaldinho Spain Barcelona 1332005 1st Brazil Ronaldinho double-dagger Spain Barcelona 2252nd England Frank Lampard England Chelsea 1483rd England Steven Gerrard England Liverpool 1422006 1st Italy Fabio Cannavaro double-dagger[note 27] Spain Real Madrid 1732nd Italy Gianluigi Buffon Italy Juventus 1243rd France Thierry Henry England Arsenal 1212007 1st Brazil Kaká double-dagger Italy AC Milan 4442nd Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo England Manchester United 2773rd Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 2552008 1st Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo double-dagger England Manchester United 4462nd Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 2813rd Spain Fernando Torres England Liverpool 1792009 1st Argentina Lionel Messi double-dagger Spain Barcelona 4732nd Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo[note 28] Spain Real Madrid 2333rd Spain Xavi Spain Barcelona 170FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010–2015)2010 1st Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 22.65%2nd Spain Andrés Iniesta Spain Barcelona 17.36%3rd Spain Xavi Spain Barcelona 16.48%2011 1st Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 47.88%2nd Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo Spain Real Madrid 21.60%3rd Spain Xavi Spain Barcelona 9.23%2012 1st Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 41.60%2nd Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo Spain Real Madrid 23.68%3rd Spain Andrés Iniesta Spain Barcelona 10.91%2013 1st Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo Spain Real Madrid 27.99%2nd Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 24.72%3rd France Franck Ribéry Germany Bayern Munich 23.36%2014 1st Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo Spain Real Madrid 37.66%2nd Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 15.76%3rd Germany Manuel Neuer Germany Bayern Munich 15.72%2015 1st Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 41.33%2nd Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo Spain Real Madrid 27.76%3rd Brazil Neymar Spain Barcelona 7.86%Ballon d'Or (2016–present)2016 1st Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo double-dagger Spain Real Madrid 7452nd Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 3163rd France Antoine Griezmann Spain Atlético Madrid 1982017 1st Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo double-dagger Spain Real Madrid 9462nd Argentina Lionel Messi Spain Barcelona 6703rd Brazil Neymar[note 29] France Paris Saint-Germain 3612018 1st Croatia Luka Modrić double-dagger Spain Real Madrid 7532nd Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo[note 30] Italy Juventus 4763rd France Antoine Griezmann Spain Atlético Madrid 4142019 1st Argentina Lionel Messi double-dagger Spain Barcelona 6862nd Netherlands Virgil van Dijk England Liverpool 6793rd Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo Italy Juventus 4762020 Not awarded due to the COVID-19 pandemic[15]2021 1st Argentina Lionel Messi[note 31] France Paris Saint-Germain 6132nd Poland Robert Lewandowski Germany Bayern Munich 5803rd Italy Jorginho England Chelsea 4602022 1st France Karim Benzema Spain Real Madrid 5492nd Senegal Sadio Mané England Liverpool 1933rd Belgium Kevin De Bruyne England Manchester City 175Wins by playerCristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi won the award respectively five and seven timesMichel Platini won three years running (1983–85).Ronaldo Nazario is the youngest player to win first Ballon d OR and second the youngest (after Messi) who won that second timeJohan Cruyff (left) and Marco van Basten, both of the Netherlands, each won three times.Player Winner Second place Third placeArgentina Lionel Messi[note 32] 7 (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2019, 2021) 5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017) 1 (2007)Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo[note 33] 5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017) 6 (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2018) 1 (2019)France Michel Platini 3 (1983, 1984, 1985) — 2 (1977, 1980)Netherlands Johan Cruyff 3 (1971, 1973, 1974) — 1 (1975)Netherlands Marco van Basten 3 (1988, 1989, 1992) — —West Germany Franz Beckenbauer 2 (1972, 1976) 2 (1974, 1975) 1 (1966)Brazil Ronaldo 2 (1997, 2002) 1 (1996) 1 (1998)Spain Alfredo Di Stéfano 2 (1957, 1959) 1 (1956) —England Kevin Keegan 2 (1978, 1979) 1 (1977) —West Germany Karl-Heinz Rummenigge 2 (1980, 1981) 1 (1979) —Spain Luis Suárez 1 (1960) 2 (1961, 1964) 1 (1965)Portugal Eusébio 1 (1965) 2 (1962, 1966) —England Bobby Charlton 1 (1966) 2 (1967, 1968) —France Raymond Kopa 1 (1958) 1 (1959) 2 (1956, 1957)West Germany Gerd Müller 1 (1970) 1 (1972) 2 (1969, 1973)France Zinedine Zidane 1 (1998) 1 (2000) 1 (1997)Italy Gianni Rivera 1 (1969) 1 (1963) —Netherlands Ruud Gullit 1 (1987) 1 (1988) —Germany Lothar Matthäus 1 (1990) 1 (1991) —Italy Roberto Baggio 1 (1993) 1 (1994) —Bulgaria Hristo Stoichkov 1 (1994) 1 (1992) —Ukraine Andriy Shevchenko 1 (2004) — 2 (1999, 2000)Northern Ireland George Best 1 (1968) — 1 (1971)Denmark Allan Simonsen 1 (1977) — 1 (1983)Brazil Ronaldinho 1 (2005) — 1 (2004)France Jean-Pierre Papin 1 (1991) — —Liberia George Weah 1 (1995) — —Germany Matthias Sammer 1 (1996) — —Brazil Rivaldo 1 (1999) — —Portugal Luís Figo 1 (2000) — —England Michael Owen 1 (2001) — —Czech Republic Pavel Nedvěd 1 (2003) — —Italy Fabio Cannavaro 1 (2006) — —Brazil Kaká 1 (2007) — —Croatia Luka Modrić 1 (2018) — —France Karim Benzema 1 (2022) — —Wins by countryThree Ukrainian players have won the Ballon d'Or: Andriy Shevchenko, Oleh Blokhin, and Ihor Belanov.Marco van Basten (left) and Ruud Gullitt, teammates for AC Milan and the Netherlands, won in consecutive years from 1987 to 1989.Country Players Wins France 5 7 Germany 5 7 Netherlands 3 7 Portugal 3 7 Argentina 1 7 Italy 5 5 Brazil 4 5 England 4 5 Soviet Union 3 3 Spain 2 3 Bulgaria 1 1 Croatia 1 1 Czech Republic 1 1 Czechoslovakia 1 1 Denmark 1 1 Hungary 1 1 Liberia 1 1 Northern Ireland 1 1 Scotland 1 1 Ukraine 1 1Wins by clubClub Players WinsSpain Real Madrid 8 12Spain Barcelona 6 12Italy Juventus 6 8Italy AC Milan 6 8Germany Bayern Munich 3 5England Manchester United 4 4Ukraine Dynamo Kyiv 2 2Italy Inter Milan 2 2Germany Hamburger SV 1 2Netherlands Ajax 1 1Portugal Benfica 1 1England Blackpool 1 1Germany Borussia Dortmund 1 1Germany Borussia Mönchengladbach 1 1Czech Republic Dukla Prague 1 1Russia Dynamo Moscow 1 1Hungary Ferencváros 1 1England Liverpool 1 1France Marseille 1 1France Paris Saint-Germain 1 1Additional awardsAn honorary award, under the name Super Ballon d'Or, was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1989, after he surpassed Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in France Football's voting.[23]A decade later, France Football elected Pelé the Football Player of the Century after consulting their former Ballon d'Or recipients. Among the 34 previous winners, 30 cast their votes, while Stanley Matthews, Omar Sívori and George Best abstained, and Lev Yashin had died. Each voter was allotted five votes worth up to five points; however, Di Stéfano only chose a first place, Platini a first and second place, and George Weah two players for fifth place. Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters, receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner-up, Diego Maradona.[24]Football Player of the CenturyPlayer Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5thBrazil Pelé 122 17 5 4 2 1Argentina Diego Maradona 65 3 6 5 5 1Netherlands Johan Cruyff 62 1 4 7 9 2Spain Alfredo Di Stéfano 44 4 3 3 1 1France Michel Platini 40 1 5 1 3 6To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016, France Football published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995, when only European players were eligible to win the award. 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona, Garrincha, Mario Kempes, and Romário were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners. The original recipients, however, remain unchanged.[25]Maradona and Pelé also received honorary Ballons d'Ors for their services to football in 1995 and 2013, respectively.[26][27]Le nouveau palmarès (internationalized reevaluation)Year Original winner Alternative1958 France Raymond Kopa Brazil Pelé1959 Spain Alfredo Di Stéfano Brazil Pelé1960 Spain Luis Suárez Brazil Pelé1961 Italy Omar Sívori Brazil Pelé1962 Czechoslovakia Josef Masopust Brazil Garrincha1963 Soviet Union Lev Yashin Brazil Pelé1964 Scotland Denis Law Brazil Pelé1970 West Germany Gerd Müller Brazil Pelé1978 England Kevin Keegan Argentina Mario Kempes1986 Soviet Union Igor Belanov Argentina Diego Maradona1990 Germany Lothar Matthäus Argentina Diego Maradona1994 Bulgaria Hristo Stoichkov Brazil Romário2022 France Karim Benzema Argentina Lionel MessiIn 1978, France Football published an article about that year's South American Footballer of the Year award in which they hypothesised a match between a South American All-Star Team and a European All-Star team, featuring the players who had performed the best in the award rankings.[28]Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders ForwardsSweden Ronnie HellströmFrance Marius TrésorNetherlands Ruud KrolWest Germany Rainer BonhofItaly Antonio CabriniNetherlands Willy van de KerkhofNetherlands Arie HaanScotland Graeme SounessEngland Kevin KeeganAustria Hans KranklNetherlands Rob RensenbrinkSince 2021, France Football has given the "Goalscorer of the Year" award, which was won in its first edition by Robert Lewandowski in recognition of the record-breaking 41 league goals he scored that year.[29] The "Best Club of the Year" award is also given from the same year onward, with Chelsea having been the inaugural winner. Since 2022, an additional award, the "Socrates Trophy", has been given, with Sadio Mané becoming the first recipient. The "Goalscorer of the Year" award was renamed into the "Gerd Müller Trophy" in honour of Gerd Müller the same year.Ballon d'Or Dream TeamMain article: Ballon d'Or Dream TeamSee alsoSuper Ballon d’OrThe Best FIFA Football AwardsFIFPro World11Ballon d'Or FémininGerd Müller TrophyKopa TrophyYashin TrophySocrates AwardNotes Kopa was signed by Real Madrid from Reims midway through 1956. Born in Argentina, Di Stéfano acquired Spanish citizenship in 1956 and went on to play for the Spanish national team. Kopa was signed by Reims from Real Madrid midway through 1959. Born in Argentina, Sívori acquired Italian citizenship in 1961 and went on to play for the Italian national team. Luis Suárez was signed by Internazionale from Barcelona midway through 1961. Cruyff was signed by Barcelona from Ajax midway through 1973. Keegan was signed by Hamburger SV from Liverpool midway through 1977. Krankl was signed by Barcelona from Rapid Wien midway through 1978. Schuster was signed by Barcelona from 1. FC Köln midway through 1980. Boniek was signed by Juventus from Widzew Łódź midway through 1982. Simonsen was signed by Vejle BK from Charlton Athletic midway through 1983. Elkjær was signed by Hellas Verona from Lokeren midway through 1984. Lineker was signed by Barcelona from Everton midway through 1986. Gullit was signed by AC Milan from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1987. Futre was signed by Atlético Madrid from Porto midway through 1987. Rijkaard was signed by AC Milan from Zaragoza midway through 1988. Bergkamp was signed by Internazionale from Ajax midway through 1993. Weah was signed by AC Milan from Paris Saint-Germain midway through 1995. Klinsmann was signed by Bayern Munich from Tottenham Hotspur midway through 1995. Ronaldo was signed by Barcelona from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1996. Shearer was signed by Newcastle United from Blackburn Rovers midway through 1996. Ronaldo was signed by Internazionale from Barcelona midway through 1997. Shevchenko was signed by AC Milan from Dynamo Kyiv midway through 1999. Figo was signed by Real Madrid from Barcelona midway through 2000. Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Inter Milan midway through 2002. Deco was signed by Barcelona from Porto midway through 2004. Cannavaro was signed by Real Madrid from Juventus midway through 2006. Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Manchester United midway through 2009. Neymar was signed by Paris Saint-Germain from Barcelona midway through 2017. Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Juventus from Real Madrid midway through 2018. Messi was signed by Paris Saint-Germain from Barcelona midway through 2021. Messi won four FIFA Ballons d'Or (2010, 2011, 2012, 2015) and twice finished in second place (2013, 2014).[21][22] Cristiano Ronaldo won two FIFA Ballons d'Or (2013, 2014) and thrice finished in second place (2011, 2012, 2015).[21][22]References "Ballon d'Or: Players who have received the most nominations". 90min. 15 November 2021. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. Straeten, Karine van der; Laslier, Jean-François; Daoust, Jean-François; Blais, André; Arrondel, Luc; Anderson, Christopher J. (2020). "Messi, Ronaldo, and the Politics of Celebrity Elections: Voting for the Best Soccer Player in the World". Perspectives on Politics. 18: 91–110. doi:10.1017/S1537592719002391. ISSN 1537-5927. "Matthews wins first Golden Ball". BBC Sport. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008. "The 1990s Ballon d'Or winners". BBC Sport. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008. "Kaka wins 2007 award". BBC Sport. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008. "Ballon d'Or : Quatre changements pour l'histoire". "Ronaldo joins legendary list". BBC Sport. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008. "Kaka named world's best player". The Guardian. 17 December 2007. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2020. "Kaka named European Footballer of the Year". World Soccer. 2 December 2007. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020. "Manchester United's Cristiano Ronaldo wants 'to get better' after winning European award". The Telegraph. 2 December 2018. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020. "FIFA World Player Gala 2008". FIFA.com. 12 January 2009. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020. "Rankings by Wins". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 9 October 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2008. "The FIFA Ballon d'Or is born". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 5 July 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. "How the award came about". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 9 August 2011. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011. "THE BALLON D'OR® WILL NOT BE AWARDED IN 2020". L'Equipe. 20 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020. Andrews, Connor (1 December 2021). "Robert Lewandowski was cruelly robbed of 2020 Ballon d'Or and striker's 2021 stats are far better than Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi, who praised him". Talksport. Retrieved 22 December 2022. "Lewandowski could still receive 2020 Ballon d'Or: France Football should think about it". Marca. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2022. "PSG's Lionel Messi: Robert Lewandowski deserved to win 2020 Ballon d'Or award". ESPN. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2022. "Kaka: Former Brazil, AC Milan and Real Madrid midfielder announces retirement". BBC. 17 December 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Reidy, Paul. "Ballon d'Or, FIFA The Best awards: what's the difference between them?". AS.com. Retrieved 10 November 2022. "La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or, de 1956 à nos jours". France Football. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016. "FIFA Awards – World Player of the Year". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2016. "On this day, Di Stéfano won the Super Ballon d'Or". RealMadrid.com. 24 December 2015. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016. Stokkermans, Karel (23 December 2015). "France Football's Football Player of the Century". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2016. Marchand, Thierry (December 2015). "On a refait le palmarès". France Football. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016. "Combien de Ballon(s) d'Or France Football aurait pu remporter Diego Maradona ?". France Football (in French). 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. "Pele receives FIFA Ballon d'Or Prix d'Honneur". FIFA.com. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2016. "Best soccer player in America ("El Mundo" of Venezuela)". BigSoccer Forum. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022. "Ballon d'Or 2021 - Bayern Munich striker Robert Lewandowski wins Goalscorer of the Year award". Eurosport.com. Eurosport. 29 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2022.External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to Ballon d'Or."European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008."La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or, de 1956 à nos jours". France Football. Retrieved 24 March 2015.vteBallon d'OrvteBallon d'Or FémininvteKopa TrophyvteYashin TrophyCategories: Ballon d'OrAwards disestablished in 2009Awards established in 1956Awards established in 2016Association football player of the year awardsFrance Football awards1956 establishments in Europe2016 establishments in EuropeNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch WikipediaMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonateContributeHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload fileToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemPrint/exportDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsLanguagesالعربيةDeutschEspañolFrançais한국어ItalianoРусскийTiếng Việt中文62 moreEdit linksThis page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 09:19 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434828552 2023-01-05 15:59:15 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434828552 sometimes i just Kenneth Paul Block (November 21, 1967 – January 2, 2023) was an American professional rally driver with the Hoonigan Racing Division, formerly known as the Monster World Rally Team. Block was also one of the co-founders of DC Shoes.[3] He also competed in many action sports events, including skateboarding, snowboarding, and motocross. After selling his ownership of DC Shoes, Block shifted his business focus to Hoonigan Industries, an apparel brand for auto enthusiasts. He was the co-owner and "Head Hoonigan In Charge" (HHIC) at the company before his death.[4]In January 2021, Hoonigan Racing Division and Ford Performance announced that they were parting ways after 11 years.[5] In April, Block announced that he would be going back to Subaru.[6] In September, Block announced that he would be on a new partnership with Audi for "joint projects in the field of electric mobility".[7]Contents1 Rallying1.1 20051.2 20061.3 20071.4 20081.5 20091.6 20101.7 20111.8 20131.9 20142 Rallycross2.1 X Games2.2 American rallycross2.3 European rallycross3 Gymkhana3.1 Locations4 Other motorsport activities5 Video games6 Death7 Racing record7.1 Complete Rally America results7.2 Complete WRC results7.2.1 PWRC results7.3 Complete Global Rallycross Championship results7.3.1 Supercar7.4 Complete Americas Rallycross Championship results7.4.1 Supercar7.5 Complete FIA European Rallycross Championship results7.5.1 Supercar7.6 Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results7.6.1 Supercar8 Notes9 References10 External linksRallying2005In 2005, Block began his National rallying career with the Vermont SportsCar team.[8] Vermont SportsCar prepared a 2005 Subaru WRX STi for Block to compete. His first event of the rallying season was Sno*Drift, where he ended up finishing seventh overall and fifth in the Group N class.[9] During the 2005 season, Block had five top five finishes and placed third overall in the Group A class and fourth overall in the Rally America National Championship.[8] At the end of his first rallying year, Ken Block had won the Rally America Rookie of the Year award.[10]2006In 2006, Block, along with his DC rally teammate Travis Pastrana, signed a new sponsorship deal with Subaru.[8] Through this deal with Subaru, the teammates became known as "Subaru Rally Team USA."[8] With the new rally season, Block also got a brand-new Vermont SportsCar prepped 2006 Subaru WRX STi.[8] He competed in the first-ever X Games rally event at X Games XII.[8] In the competition, Block ended up finishing third to take the bronze.[8] He went on to compete in the 2006 Rally America National Championship, where he finished second overall.[8]2007Travis Pastrana and Colin McRae with Ken Block in 2007In 2007, Block competed in the X Games XIII rally event, where he placed second overall and won a silver medal.[10] In the 2007 Rally America National Championship, Block finished third overall.[10] During this season, Block also entered in a few rounds of the World Rally Championship; Rally Mexico and Rally New Zealand.[9] In Rally New Zealand, Block recorded two top-five stage times in the Group N class.[9] At the end of 2007, Block had achieved 19 podiums and 8 overall victories in rally events.[11]2008In 2008, Block was provided with a brand-new rally-prepped 2008 Subaru WRX STi to compete. Block decided to compete in the Rallye Baie-des Chaleurs of the Canadian Rally Championship to gain some experience with his new 2008 rally car and prepare for the World Rally Championships later in the year.[12] Block gained his first Canadian rally win at the event.[12] This was only the second event for the new car.[12] Block and his co-driver were unable to get any championship points at the event due to not having a Canadian competition license.[12] Block competed in the Rally New York USA competition and finished in first place.[13] In the X Games XIV rally competition, Block finished tied for third place with Dave Mirra.[14] This occurrence was due to both competitors having issues with their car. Block, who made it to the semi-finals of the event, had a radiator problem after landing the car awkwardly on a jump. With both bronze place competitors in damaged cars unable to compete, the medals were awarded to both of them.[14]Block competed in the 2008 Rally America National championship, which concluded on October 17, 2008. In the event, he finished second overall with a strong victory in the last event. In the Lake Superior Performance Rally (LSPR) stage, Block finished over one minute ahead of his next closest competitor and secured the second overall position.[15] Next up for Block this rally season is three World Rally Championship events.[9]2009Block appeared in a segment of motoring show Top Gear.[16] Block filmed the hit YouTube video "Gymkhana 2".[17]2010Block testing Ford Fiesta for the 2010 Rally America seasonParticipation in 2014 Rally CatalunyaBlock at the 2016 World RX of Portugal in his Ford Focus RS RXFor 2010, Block ended his partnership with Subaru, and joined Ford to compete part-time at the World Rally Championship for Monster World Rally Team, where he drove a Ford Focus RS WRC 08 together with long time co-driver Alex Gelsomino.[18] Block therefore became the first ever American driver to campaign for the World Rally Championship. He scored two points after finishing 9th at the Spain. Also, he ran his sixth season of the Rally America Championship in an open class Ford Fiesta, as well as his fifth X Games. On February 27, Block won the Rally in the 100 Acre Wood (Rally America) for the 5th consecutive time. This broke the record held by John Buffum.[19]2011On March 23, Block and his co-driver Alex Gelsomino were taken to hospital, having rolled their Ford Fiesta RS WRC during the shakedown stage of the 2011 Rally de Portugal in Faro, Portugal[20] A representative of the Monster World Rally team later stated that both men were fine.[21] He finished 8th at the France and 9th at Wales, scoring 6 points.2013See also: 2013 World Rally Championship seasonOn his first race of 2013 season, Block scored well, entering top-ten in the Mexican rally, thus receiving his first six points for the championship and scored a best-ever 7th overall finish.[22][23]2014See also: 2014 World Rally Championship seasonCastrol returned as Block's sponsor. He participated in the WRC located in Catalunya, Spain. He was in 10th place until the last stage where he suffered a tire puncture and lost a significant amount of time. He finished in 12th, which was his second to last season at the WRC.[24][25]RallycrossX GamesBlock's X Games results are as follows:[26]2006: 3rd, Bronze2007: 2nd, Silver2008: 3rd, Bronze2009: 7th2010:Rally Racing: 10thRallyCross: 7th2011:Rally Racing: 11thRallyCross: 13th2012: 2nd, Silver2013:Foz do Iguaçu: 8thMunich: 2nd, SilverLos Angeles: 6th2014: 12th2015: 11thAmerican rallycrossBlock competed at the Global RallyCross Championship from 2011 to 2015. He finished runner-up in 2014[27] and third in 2013[28] and fifth in 2012, collecting six wins and 15 podiums.[29]Block returned full-time for the 2018 Americas Rallycross Championship, where he claimed two podiums and ranked fourth in points.[30]European rallycrossIn 2014, Block was third in the Norway round of the FIA World Rallycross Championship and won the Norway round of the European Rallycross Championship.[31][32]For the 2016 season, Block decided to compete full-time in the World Rallycross Championship.[33]At Hockenheimring, Germany, Block finished third in the Supercar Final and achieved his second podium in the series.[34]In 2017, he finished 9th in points, with a best finish of 7th at Britain and France.[35]GymkhanaBlock produced a series of gymkhana videos which have drawn millions of views on YouTube.[36]In 2009, for the BBC show Top Gear, Block took James May out for Gymkhana-style driving at Block's stunt course at Inyokern Airport, an operational California airport, also starring Ricky Carmichael. In 2010 Block took the feature car from the previous episode (a Reliant Robin) for a lap of the Top Gear test track. He rolled the car and was unable to complete a lap but was unhurt.[37]On August 24, 2010, Block released the first of a three part Gymkhana 3 video release featuring his new Ford Fiesta.[38]On September 14, 2010, Block's third Gymkhana video, featuring a Ford Fiesta, was released on YouTube.[39] The video got more than seven million views in its first week.On August 16, 2011, the fourth Gymkhana video, The Hollywood Megamercial was released on YouTube, featuring Block driving around the Universal Studios backlot.[40]On July 9, 2012, Block released his fifth Gymkhana video on YouTube, featuring Block driving his Ford Fiesta in San Francisco and Travis Pastrana on a dirtbike. After 24 hours, the video was viewed 5.1 million times, making it the top-viewed video of the previous week.[41]Main video seriesKen Block Gymkhana Practice (2008; Subaru Impreza)[42]Ken Block Gymkhana Two the Infomercial (2009; Subaru Impreza)[43]Ken Block's Gymkhana Three, Part 2; Ultimate Playground; l'Autodrome, France (2010; Ford Fiesta)[44]Ken Block's Gymkhana Four; The Hollywood Megamercial (2011; Ford Fiesta)[45]Ken Block's Gymkhana Five: Ultimate Urban Playground; San Francisco (2012; Ford Fiesta)[46]Ken Block's Gymkhana Six – Ultimate Gymkhana Grid Course (2013; Ford Fiesta)[47]Ken Block's Gymkhana Seven: Wild in the Streets of Los Angeles (2014; Ford Mustang)[48]Ken Block's Gymkhana Eight: Ultimate Exotic Playground in Dubai (2016; Ford Fiesta)Ken Block's Gymkhana Nine: Raw Industrial Playground (2016; Ford Fiesta)[49]Ken Block's Gymkhana Ten: The Ultimate Tire Slaying Tour (2018; Ford Fiesta, Escort RS Cosworth, Focus, Mustang and F-150)[50]Other videosKen Block Drifts London (2016; Ford Mustang)[51]Ken Block's Climbkhana: Pikes Peak Featuring the Hoonicorn V2 (2017; Ford Mustang)[52]Ken Block's Climbkhana Two: 914hp Hoonitruck on China's Most Dangerous Road; Tianmen Mountain (2019; Ford F-150)[53]Ken Block's Electrikhana: High Stakes Playground; Las Vegas, in the Audi S1 Hoonitron (2022; Audi S1 Hoonitron)[54]LocationsGymkhanaNo. Car Location1 Subaru Impreza WRX STI California Marine Corps Air Station El Toro2 Subaru Impreza WRX STI California Port of Los Angeles3 Ford Fiesta GYM3 France Autodrome de Montlhéry4 Ford Fiesta H.F.H.V California Universal Studios Lot5 California San Francisco6 Ford Fiesta ST RX43 California San Bernardino International Airport7 Ford Mustang RTR "Hoonicorn" California Downtown Los Angeles8 Ford Fiesta ST RX43 United Arab Emirates Dubai9 Ford Focus RS RX New York (state) Western New York10 Ford Fiesta WRC [a] Sweden LuleåFord Mustang RTR "Hoonicorn V2" Michigan DetroitFord Focus RS RX Mexico GuanajuatoFord Escort RS Cosworth "The Cossie" California Los AngelesFord F-150 "Hoonitruck" Texas Shamrock, TexasTravis Pastrana Takeover11 Subaru WRX STI "Air Slayer" Maryland Annapolis12 Subaru Leone GL Wagon "Family Huckster" United States South FloridaOther VideosFord Mustang RTR "Hoonicorn" United Kingdom LondonFord Mustang RTR "Hoonicorn V2" Colorado Pikes PeakFord F-150 "Hoonitruck" China Tianmen MountainAudi S1 Hoonitron United States Las VegasSource:[55][56][57][58][59]Other motorsport activitiesIn 2005, Block, along with his DC Shoes associates, participated in the Gumball 3000 Rally. For the event, they sent out three modified 2004 Subaru WRX STis sponsored by DC Shoes.[60][61]In 2006, Block competed in the One Lap of America competition along with Brian Scotto. They were teamed up in a 2006 Subaru WRX STi and finished forty-fifth overall.[62]In 2006, for the Discovery Channel show Stunt Junkies, Block jumped his Subaru WRX STi rally car 171 feet (52 m) and a max height of 25 feet (7.6 m).[8]In 2007, Block joined the DC Shoes Snowboarding team at New Zealand's Snow Park.[8] Block did massive jumps and assisted in snowboarding tricks while driving his rally car on the mountain alongside the snowboarders. A crash after landing a large jump cracked one of the vertebrae in his spine; he was flown to the hospital. The session made the cover of the December 2007 issue of Snowboarder Magazine and closed out the MTN.LAB 1.5 DVD.[8]In 2010, Block co-founded Gymkhana Grid, a gymkhana race held annually around the world.[63] He won all-wheel-drive event in 2014, beating Jake Archer in the final duel.[64][65]In 2021 Block raced in the Baja 1000 in the trophy truck class finishing in 4th.[66]Block also holds the world record for the world's fastest snowcat, a modified Ford Raptor called the RaptorTrax.[67]Video gamesBlock appeared in three installments of Codemasters' Dirt racing video games. Block is featured as a driver in 2009's Colin McRae: Dirt 2, along with his Subaru Rally Team USA Impreza. In 2011's Dirt 3 he is seen as a driver and gymkhana teacher, his Monster World Rally Team vehicles are available in the game, including the Ford Fiesta GYM 3, and the Ken Block Ford Focus WRC. His Hoonigan/Monster Ford Fiesta appears extensively in 2012's Dirt: Showdown, and his trademark gymkhana style of driving is featured at the Head-to-Head and Trick Rush race modes as well as the Freestyle section.[68]Block appears in the 2015 Need for Speed video game as the style icon.[69]His Hoonigan-branded cars have also featured in Microsoft's Forza racing video game series. Their first appearance was in expansion packs for Forza Horizon 3 and Forza Motorsport 7 in 2017.[70] Later they were offered as launch cars for 2018's Forza Horizon 4 and 2021's Forza Horizon 5.[71][72]In 2021, Block started a partnership with drag racing game CSR Racing 2.[73]DeathBlock died at age 55 in a snowmobile accident near his ranch in Woodland, Utah, on January 2, 2023. The Wasatch County sheriff's department reported that Block had been riding in the Mill Hollow area when his snowmobile upended on a steep slope and landed on top of him. Block was declared dead at the scene of the accident.[74][75]Racing recordComplete Rally America results(key)Year Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rank Points2005 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNO5 ORE7 SUS3 PIK4 MAI3 OJIRet COL4 LSP3 4th 652006 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNO3 ACR1 ORE3 SUSRet MAI11 OJIRet COLRet LSP1 WIL3 2nd 902007 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNO6 ACR1 ORE2 OLY4 SUSRet NEW3 OJI2 COL1 LSPRet 3rd 1092008 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNO5 ACR1 OLY1 ORERet SUSRet NEWRet OJIRet COL5 LSP1 2nd 862009 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNORet ACR1 OLYRet ORERet SUS1 NEW2 OJIRet COLRet LSP3 4th 802010 Ford Fiesta SNORet ACR1 OLYRet ORERet SUSRet NEWRet 13th 272012 Ford Fiesta ST SNOACR1 ORESUSNEWOLY1 4th 442013 Ford Fiesta ST SNO6 ACRRet ORE2 SUS1 NEW1 OJI1 LSPRet 2nd 932014 Ford Fiesta ST SNOACR1 ORESUSMTWNEWOJILSP12th 222015 Ford Fiesta ST SNOACROREOLYSTPNEW2 OJILSP14th 17Source:[76]Complete WRC results(key)Year Entrant Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Rank Points2007 Ken Block Subaru Impreza WRX STI MONSWENORMEX28 PORARGITAGREFINGERNC 0Rally Fans NZL56 ESPFRAJPNIREGBR2008 Subaru Rally Team USA Subaru Impreza WRX STI MONSWEMEXARGJORITAGRETURFINGERNZL30 ESPFRAJPNGBRNC 02010 Monster World Rally Team Ford Focus RS WRC 08 SWE MEX18 JOR TUR24 NZL PORRet BUL FIN GERRet JPN FRA12 ESP9 GBR21 19th 22011 Monster World Rally Team Ford Fiesta RS WRC SWE14 MEX12 PORDNS JOR ITA ARG18 GRE FIN GER17 AUS19 FRA8 ESPRet GBR9 22nd 62012 Monster World Rally Team Ford Fiesta RS WRC MON SWE MEX9 POR ARG GRE NZL9 FINRet GER GBR FRA ITA ESP 28th 42013 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta RS WRC MON SWE MEX7 POR ARG GRE ITA FIN GER AUS FRA ESP GBR 20th 62014 M-Sport World Rally Team Ford Fiesta RS WRC MON SWE MEX POR ARG ITA POL FIN GER AUS FRA ESP12 GBR NC 02018 Hoonigan Racing Ford Fiesta WRC MON SWE MEX FRA ARG POR ITA FIN GER TUR GBR ESPRet AUS NC 0Source:[77]PWRC resultsYear Entrant Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PWRC Points2008 Subaru Rally Team USA Subaru Impreza WRX STI SWE ARG GRE TUR FIN NZL13 JPN GBR NC 0Source:[78]Complete Global Rallycross Championship results(key)SupercarYear Entrant Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rank Points2011 Monster World Rally Team Ford Fiesta IRW1 IRW2 SEA1 SEA2 PIK1 PIK2 LA111 LA213 23rd 102012 Monster World Rally Team Ford Racing Ford Fiesta CHA15 TEX8 LA2 LOU5 LV7 LVC10 5th 582013 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST BRA9 MUN12 MUN2DSQ LOU5 BRI2 IRW6 ATL8 CHA7 LV1 3rd 1152014 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST BAR10 AUS11 DC7 NY3 CHA1 DAY2 LA13 LA22 SEA9 LV1 2nd 3762015 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST FTA1 DAY18 DAY22 MCAS1 DET11 DET27 DC3 LA111 LA29 BAR111 BAR110 LV10 7th 345Source:[79][80][81][82][83]Complete Americas Rallycross Championship results(key)SupercarYear Entrant Car 1 2 3 4 Rank Points2018 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Focus SIL AUS12 TRO3 AUS26 4th 68Source:[30]Complete FIA European Rallycross Championship results(key)SupercarYear Entrant Car 1 2 3 4 5 Rank Points2014 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST GBR NOR1 BEL GER ITA 15th 16Source:[32]Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results(key)SupercarYear Entrant Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rank Points2014 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST POR GBR NOR3 FIN SWE BEL CAN FRA4 GER ITA TURDNP ARG16th 322016 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Focus RS POR18 HOC3 BEL19 GBR14 NOR14 SWE13 CAN10 FRA6 BAR16 LAT16 GER12 ARG15 14th 632017 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Focus RS BAR9 POR11 HOC11 BEL8 GBR7 NOR8 SWE9 CAN9 FRA7† LAT14 GER14 RSA8 9th 112Source:[35]† Five championship points deducted for receiving three reprimands in a season.Notes There where two Ford Fiesta WRC's used in this scene (One for Ken Block and One for Oliver Solberg)References Emig, Jeff (October 22, 2001). "Catching Up With DC's Ken Block". Transworld Motocross. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2008. "10 Fast Facts About Ken Block". April 22, 2021. "Rally driver, DC shoes and Hoonigan founder Ken Block dies in snowmobile accident aged 55". The Independent. January 3, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Korecki, Danny (May 18, 2018). "Ken Block Gives a Tour of Hoonigan Racing Division HQ to Show His 'Carcaine' Addiction". The Drive. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Lyon, Peter (January 25, 2021). "Ford And Driving Icon Ken Block Part Ways After 11-Year Collaboration". Forbes. Retrieved June 21, 2021. Perkins, Chris (April 23, 2021). "Ken Block Will Race a Subaru For the First Time Since 2009". Road & Track. Retrieved June 21, 2021. Bruce, Chris (September 21, 2021). "Ken Block Signs With Audi Promising An Electrifying Future". Motor1.com. Retrieved December 22, 2021. "Ken Block". auto.dcshoes.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2008. "Interview: Ken Block – Part 2". Carolyn Schonafinger. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2008. "2008 Subaru Rally Team USA". rally.subaru.com. Retrieved November 2, 2008. "Official Site: Bio". kenblockracing.com. Retrieved November 2, 2008. "Ken Block Flies To His First Canadian Rally Win". snowboard-mag.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2008. "Rally New York USA:USRC Results". rallynewyork.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2008. "Travis Pastrana wins gold medal at 2008 X Games 14 Rally, Tanner Foust silver, as Dave Mirra and Ken Block share bronze". rallybuzz.stagetimes.com. Retrieved November 2, 2008.[dead link] "Subaru Driver Ken Block Wins Rally Finale at LSPR, SRT USA Finishes 1–2 in Rally America Championship". specialstage.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2008. Top Gear, Season 13, Episode 3. Evans, Scott (May 28, 2009). "Video Find: Building Ken Block's Gymkhana Two Car". MotorTrend. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2023. John Neff (January 6, 2010). "Ken Block dropping trademark Subaru for two Fords". Autoblog. "Rally America". Rally America. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010. "Ken Block has Massive Wreck on Shakedown Stage". Rally World News. Retrieved March 24, 2011. "WRC: Ogier rocks, Block rolls on Portugal shakedown". crash.net. Retrieved March 24, 2011. "2013 FIA Drivers' Championship Standings". FIA World Rally Championship. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2013. "Rally Guanajuato Mexico". FIA World Rally Championship. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2013. "WRC Standings 2014". FIA World Rally Championship. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Korecki, Danny (October 4, 2017). "Ford, Ken Block, and Hoonigan Racing Leaving FIA World Rallycross Championship". The Drive. "Ken Block". xgames.com. January 3, 2023. Cindric, Austin. "Red Bull GRC: Ken Block won the battle, but Joni Wiman won the war". us.motorsport.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "'Stoked' Ken Block wins his first Global Rallycross race as Ford finishes 1–2". Autoweek. November 6, 2013. "Ken Block GRC Profile". redbullglobalrallycross.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Americas Rallycross results". globalrallycross.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Results – 2014 World RX of Norway". rallycrossrx.com. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2015. "2014 FIA European SuperCar Rallycross Championship". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Evans, David (January 13, 2016). "Ken Block commits to World Rallycross Championship for 2016". Autosport. Retrieved October 21, 2016. "Mattias Ekström vann på Hockenheim" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. May 8, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016. "Ken Block Results". motorsportstats.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Ken Block, drift king and YouTube star is dead at 55". Drive. January 3, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Rolling a Reliant Robin | Top Gear | BBC, retrieved January 3, 2023 "Gymkhana 3". DC Shoes. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010. "Ken Block: Gymkhana Three". AUSmotive.com. September 15, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010. Sanchez, Karla. "Gymkhana Four – Ken Block Hoons in Hollywood". Motor Trend. Retrieved August 17, 2011.[permanent dead link] Hardigree, Matt (July 10, 2012). "Gymkhana 5 Viewed 5.1 Million Times in 24 Hours". Jalopnik. Retrieved July 10, 2012. Ken Block Gymkhana Practice on YouTube Ken Block Gymkhana Two the Infomercial on YouTube Ken Block's Gymkhana Three, Part 2; Ultimate Playground; l'Autodrome, France on YouTube Block's Gymkhana Four; The Hollywood Megamercial on YouTube Ken Block's Gymkhana Five: Ultimate Urban Playground; San Francisco on YouTube Ken Block's Gymkhana Six – Ultimate Gymkhana Grid Course on YouTube Ken Block's Gymkhana Seven: Wild in the Streets of Los Angeles on YouTube Ken Block's Gymkhana Nine: Raw Industrial Playground on YouTube Ken Block's Gymkhana Ten: The Ultimate Tire Slaying Tour on YouTube Ken Block Drifts London on YouTube Ken Block's Climbkhana: Pikes Peak Featuring the Hoonicorn V2 on YouTube Ken Block's Climbkhana Two: 914hp Hoonitruck on China's Most Dangerous Road; Tianmen Mountain on YouTube Ken Block's Electrikhana: High Stakes Playground; Las Vegas, in the Audi S1 Hoonitron on YouTube Auty, Chris. "Ken Block Gymkhana 2 preview". drivingspirit.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Pattni, Vijay. "Watch Ken Block shred tires around obstacle course in 'Gymkhana Six'". Top Gear. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Hennigan, W.J. (November 11, 2013). "Ken Block's Gymkhana: your complete guide". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Schrader, Stef (December 8, 2020). "Gymkhana 11: Travis Pastrana Gets the Biggest Air Over His Hometown". thedrive.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Travis Pastrana Calls 'Gymkhana 2022' the "Wildest Film I Have Done on Four Wheels"". December 6, 2022. "Teams 31 – 60". GTspirit.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2008. "Rob Dyrdek back on the rally". gumball3000.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2008. "2006 Tire Rack One Lap of America: Final Overall Results". onelapofamerica.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2008. When The Rodeo Came To Town – Remembering The Gymkhana Grid Ken Block Invitational Archived November 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine – Bob Hernandez, Super Street / Motor Trend, August 10, 2020 Ken Block takes 2014 Gymkhana GRiD final top spot Archived November 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine – Vince Pettit, The Checkered Flag, November 3, 2014 Gratton, Ian (November 3, 2014). "Ken Block wins Gymkhana GRID 2014". Drifted. Retrieved November 3, 2014. "Baja 1000 preview: Can Ken Block win? – DirtFish". November 17, 2021. Archived from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Bowman, Zach (January 21, 2015). "Ken Block walks us around his F-150 RaptorTRAX". Road & Track. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Mr Toffee (January 3, 2023). "Hoonigan founder & DiRT game star Ken Block killed in accident at 55". kakuchopurei.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Minguez, Cindy (August 6, 2015). "Meet the Icons in Need for Speed". trueachievements.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Reilly, Luke (August 11, 2017). "Hoonigan Car Pack Coming to Forza Horizon 3, Forza Motorsport 7". IGN. Retrieved January 4, 2023. Slater, Gary (December 24, 2020). "Forza Horizon 4 Season Change: Hoonigan's Christmas Cheer". gtplanet.net. Retrieved January 4, 2023. Evans, Andrew (August 31, 2021). "Playground Games Reveals More of Forza Horizon 5's Car List: Hoonigan, Land Rover, and Jaguar". gtplanet.net. Retrieved January 4, 2023. Ross McGregor (December 2021). "Hoonicorn vs The World Ken Block challenge now in CSR Racing 2". Traxion. Silvestro, Brian (January 3, 2023). "Pro Rally Driver and Hoonigan Founder Ken Block Killed in Snowmobile Accident". Road & Track. Hearst Digital Media. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Roenigk, Alyssa (January 3, 2023). "Action sports legend Block, 55, dies in accident". ESPN. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Ken Block (Rally America)". eWRC-results.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Ken Block (WRC)". eWRC-results.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Ken Block (PWRC)". eWRC-results.com. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "2011 Driver Championship". redbullglobalrallycross.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "2012 Driver Championship". redbullglobalrallycross.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "2013 Driver Championship". redbullglobalrallycross.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "2014 Driver Championship". redbullglobalrallycross.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "2015 Driver Championship". redbullglobalrallycross.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2023.Davies, Steve (December 9, 2011). "The Accidental Hero – An interview with Ken Block". SkiddMark. Fitch Media. Retrieved December 9, 2011.External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to Ken Block.Ken Block at Rallye-info.comEdit on WikidataKen Block at eWRC-results.comEdit on WikidataKen Block at the X GamesEdit on WikidataHoonigan – Official SiteHoonigan Racing Division – Official siteKen Block Official MerchandiseKen Block InterviewGymkhana racing improved by Ken Block, Video, ~4minAuthority control Edit this at WikidataGeneral ISNI 1VIAF 1WorldCatNational libraries GermanyUnited StatesCategories: 1967 births2023 deathsAccidental deaths in UtahAmerican Internet celebritiesAmerican rally driversAmerican sports businesspeopleAmerican stunt performersEuropean Rallycross Championship driversGlobal RallyCross Championship driversRacing drivers from CaliforniaSportspeople from Long Beach, CaliforniaWorld Rally Championship driversWorld Rallycross Championship driversNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch WikipediaMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonateContributeHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload fileToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemPrint/exportDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsLanguagesالعربيةDeutschEspañolFrançaisBahasa IndonesiaItaliano日本語Русский中文18 moreEdit linksThis page was last edited on 5 January 2023, at 13:20 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersC WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434829269 2023-01-05 15:59:51 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434829269 SusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchLook up sus or Sus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Sus or SUS may refer to:Contents1 Places2 People3 Education4 Health5 Science and technology6 Sport7 Other uses8 See alsoPlacesSus, Lachin, a villageSus, Pune, India, a neighborhoodSus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France, a communeSusch, Graubünden, Switzerland, a municipality formerly called SüsPeopleMartin Sus (footballer, born 1989), Czech footballerMartin Sus (footballer, born 1990), Czech footballerStepan Sus (born 1981), Ukrainian Greek Catholic bishopEducationShanghai University of Sport, ChinaState University System of Florida, United StatesHealthSistema Único de Saúde, Brazil's publicly funded health care systemStavanger University Hospital (Norwegian: Stavanger Universitetssykehus) in NorwayScience and technologySus (genus), the genus containing pigsSaybolt universal second, a unit of viscositySingle UNIX Specification, a group of computer standardsSoftware Update Services, a software updating tool from MicrosoftStochastic universal samplingSystem usability scale, in systems engineeringSportClub SuS 1896 Bremen, a defunct German association football clubScottish Universities Sport, a professional body for university sportOther usesSus (film), a 2010 British filmSus (meme), an internet meme related to the video game Among Us, meaning "suspect" or "suspicious"Spirit of St. Louis Airport in St. Louis, Missouri, United StatesSusu language of Guinea and Sierra LeoneSuspended chord, in musicYoung Independents (Icelandic: Ungir sjálfstæðismenn), the youth wing of the Independence Party of IcelandSee alsoSus law, formerly allowing broad powers to the police in Britain to stop and searchSus al-Aksa, a former town in what is now MoroccoSuspicion (emotion), a feeling of distrust or perceived guilt for someone or somethingSuspense, a state of mental uncertainty or anxietySous, a name for the southwestern part of Morocco from the 13th to 19th centuriesSuss (disambiguation)Sussy (disambiguation)Disambiguation iconThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sus.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.Categories: Disambiguation pagesPlace name disambiguation pagesDisambiguation pages with surname-holder listsNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch WikipediaMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonateContributeHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload fileToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemPrint/exportDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesالعربيةDeutschEspañolFrançais한국어ItalianoРусскийSimple Englishاردو19 moreEdit linksThis page was last edited on 7 December 2022, at 19:58 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434829644 2023-01-05 16:00:12 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434829644 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434831559 2023-01-05 16:01:44 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434831559 honesty though like The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim is an action role-playing video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. It is the fifth main installment in The Elder Scrolls series, following 2006's The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 11, 2011.The game is set 200 years after the events of Oblivion, and takes place in Skyrim, the northernmost province of Tamriel. Its main story focuses on the player's character, the Dragonborn, on their quest to defeat Alduin the World-Eater, a dragon who is prophesied to destroy the world. Over the course of the game, the player completes quests and develops the character by improving skills. The game continues the open world tradition of its predecessors by allowing the player to travel anywhere in the game world at any time, and to ignore or postpone the main storyline indefinitely.Skyrim was developed using the Creation Engine, which was rebuilt specifically for the game. The team opted for a unique and more diverse open world than Oblivion's Imperial Province of Cyrodiil, which game director and executive producer Todd Howard considered less interesting by comparison. Upon release, the game received critical acclaim, with praise for its character advancement, world design, visuals, dual-wielding combat, and soundtrack by Jeremy Soule, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest video games ever made. Criticism targeted the melee combat, dragon battles, and numerous technical issues present at launch. The game shipped over seven million copies within the first week of its release, and sold 30 million copies on all platforms by 2016, making it one of the best-selling video games in history.Three downloadable content (DLC) add-ons were released—Dawnguard, Hearthfire and Dragonborn—which were bundled along with the base game into The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Legendary Edition and released in June 2013. A remastered version, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Special Edition, was released for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in October 2016, with all three DLC expansions and a graphical upgrade. A port for the Nintendo Switch was released in November 2017. A separate virtual reality-only version, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim VR, was released in November 2017 for PlayStation 4 using PlayStation VR, and for Windows-based VR headsets in April 2018. In addition, the Special Edition was released on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S as part of the compilation The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Anniversary Edition in November 2021, with a Nintendo Switch version of the compilation following in September 2022.Contents1 Gameplay2 Synopsis2.1 Setting2.2 Characters2.3 Plot3 Development3.1 Design3.2 Engine3.3 Audio4 Marketing and release4.1 Remastered version4.2 Other versions4.3 Compilations4.4 Related games5 Additional content5.1 Official expansions5.2 Creation Club5.3 Community content6 Reception6.1 Technical issues6.2 Sales6.3 Awards6.4 Legacy7 References8 External linksGameplaySee also: Gameplay of The Elder Scrolls seriesThe Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim is an action role-playing game, playable from either a first- or third-person perspective. The player may freely roam over the land of Skyrim, an open world environment consisting of wilderness expanses, dungeons, caves, cities, towns, fortresses, and villages.[1] Each city and town in the game world has jobs such as farming for the player to engage in.[2] Players may navigate the game world more quickly by riding horses, paying for a ride from a city's stable, or utilizing a fast-travel system that allows them to move their character immediately to a previously discovered location.[3]At the beginning of the game, players select their character's sex and race, with 10 choices for the latter including races of humans and fantasy races such as elves and orcs. The player chooses the character's appearance; an in-game mechanic allows for changing the appearance later.[4] Characters have three primary attributes: health is how much damage the character can take before dying, magicka is depleted to cast spells, and stamina allows the character to perform heavy "power attacks" or sprint. A status bar for each attribute appears onscreen when the attribute falls below its maximum value. Attributes regenerate over time and can be refilled faster by drinking potions or casting regenerative spells.[5] Characters gain experience indirectly, via leveling up skills. The 18 skills are divided evenly among the three schools of combat, magic, and stealth. Each skill has its own experience bar, which increases when the character performs an action in-game related to the skill. For example, crafting a dagger increases the Smithing skill, and dealing damage with a bow increases the Archery skill. When a skill's experience bar fills, the skill levels up and the bar is reset. After enough skills level up, the character levels up, enabling the player to increase the maximum value of one of the three attributes and providing a perk point. Perk points can be spent immediately on a skill-specific perk or stored for later use.[6][7]The player's character engages in combat with monsters while exploring a dungeon. The player may dual-wield weapons and magic at the same time in order to be more effective against enemies.Non-player characters (NPCs) populate the world; the player may engage them in conversation, marry predetermined ones, or engage them in lethal or nonlethal combat. As in previous games in the series, killing certain individuals can make some quests or items unobtainable. Certain NPCs essential to the narrative cannot be killed by the player, and will survive attacks of any magnitude. Committing a crime like murder or theft accrues the player a bounty if the crime is witnessed, leading to confrontations with guards. Depending on some factors, including how serious the crime was, the player can choose to go to jail, pay the guard off, persuade the witness to forget about it, declare that one is a Thane of a certain hold (which leads the guard to pardon the player), 'pacify' the guard or silence witnesses through killing them.[citation needed]NPCs frequently offer the player side-quests; some have parameters adjusted based on nearby unexplored areas.[6][8] Some NPCs who are befriended or hired by the player may act as companions who will accompany the player and aid them in combat.[9] A number of individuals have quests that the player needs to complete in order to gain their services as a companion. The player may choose to join factions, organized groups of NPCs—for example, the Dark Brotherhood, a band of assassins.[10] Each of the factions has an associated quest path to progress through.[2]The player's effectiveness in combat relies on the use of weapons and armor (which may be bought, found from containers, raided from dead bodies, stolen and/or forged) and on the use of magic spells: similarly, spells may be bought, stolen and/or unlocked by finding spell tomes.[failed verification] Weapons, shields, and magic are assigned to each hand allowing for dual-wielding, and can be swapped out through a quick-access menu of favorite items.[11][failed verification] Some weapons and spells require both hands. Shields can be used to fend off enemy attacks and reduce incurred damage or offensively through bashing attacks. Blunt, bladed, and hacking weapons can be used in close combat and each have specific advantages and roles. Power attacks spend stamina to temporarily stun an enemy and deal increased damage. Spells have several functions, both in combat (e.g. damaging or confusing enemies, resurrecting dead bodies and conjuring other entities, restoring the player's health and/or stamina) and out (e.g. showing the way to an objective, illuminating a dark room or turning iron into silver).[12] Bows are used for long-range combat and can be used to bash enemies in melee combat. The player can enter sneak mode to pickpocket or deliver powerful sneak attacks to unsuspecting enemies.[citation needed]When exploring the game world the player may encounter wildlife. Many creatures in the wilderness are immediately hostile towards the player, though some will run away.[1] Skyrim is the first entry in The Elder Scrolls to include dragons in the game's wilderness. Like other creatures, dragons are generated randomly in the world and will engage in combat with NPCs, creatures and the player. Some dragons may attack cities and towns when in their proximity.[13] The player character can absorb the souls of dragons in order to use powerful spells called "dragon shouts" or "Thu'um". Each shout contains three words in the language spoken by dragons, and the strength of the shout will vary depending on how many words have been spoken. The words to shouts can be learned by visiting "word walls" in dungeons or around the wilderness. The words to each shout are unlocked for use by spending the absorbed souls of slain dragons.[14][15] A regeneration period limits the player's use of shouts in gameplay.[16]SynopsisSettingSkyrim is set 200 years after the events of The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, although it is not a direct sequel.[14] Skyrim is a cold and mountainous region in the north of the continent of Tamriel. It has traditionally been divided into nine administrative sections, called "holds", each governed by a jarl from a larger town. Of these settlements, five—Solitude, Windhelm, Markarth, Riften, and Whiterun—are larger and more powerful. The landscape is littered with forts, camps, and ruins, some of which were built by the now-extinct race of the Dwemer, or Deep Elves. The Nords, one of the human races, view Skyrim as their homeland, though members of other races populate Skyrim as well.Skyrim is a province of the much larger Empire, which comprises most of Tamriel. The Empire has recently fought a war with the elvish Aldmeri Dominion, who believe that they are racially superior to humans. While the conflict, known as the Great War, ended in a military stalemate after a hard-fought battle at the imperial capital, the greatly weakened Empire was forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty called the White-Gold Concordat.While most of Tamriel worship a religious pantheon of eight deities, the Nords of Skyrim are accustomed to worshiping a ninth god, Talos, the deified Nord general who founded the Empire. The Dominion, led by the intolerant Thalmor sect, rejects this notion and its implication that a man became greater than any elf. They instituted a clause in the Concordat forbidding Talos worship in the Empire. Motivated in part by this condition, Ulfric Stormcloak, the jarl of Windhelm, leads a rebellion against imperial rule, with the holds divided roughly evenly between the two sides.In the ancient past, dragons ruled over vast swaths of Tamriel. Their hegemony was overthrown when three human warriors threw the dragon ruler, Alduin, forward in time using an Elder Scroll, a powerful and mysterious artifact. When Skyrim begins, the survival of the last dragon, the sage Paarthurnax, is a secret kept by an order of monks called the Greybeards. Within their monastery atop the Throat of the World, Skyrim's highest mountain, the Greybeards dedicate their lives to the Way of the Voice, a discipline for powerful draconic spells called "shouts". Rare warriors are "Dragonborn", having the ability to learn shouts intuitively by absorbing the souls of dead dragons. Ancient prophecy maintains that Alduin will return to consume the world, and a "Last Dragonborn" will defeat him.CharactersThe player character is Dragonborn and is typically referred to as such. The Dragonborn can be male or female, from one of ten races. Each of the ten races has, in addition to a bonus for certain skills, a power specific to their race - for example, Nords start with a bonus to several martial skills, and the ability to intimidate enemies for a short period. The player can recruit one NPC at a time as a follower, who can travel and fight with the Dragonborn; there are forty-five available followers in the base game, with thirteen more added in the downloadable expansions.Outside of followers and Alduin, the primary antagonist, NPCs prominent to the plot of Skyrim include Balgruuf, Jarl of Whiterun, a town in the center of Skyrim; Arngeir, the leader of the Greybeards; Delphine and Esbern, two of the last members of the Blades, an order of warriors sworn to help the Dragonborn but nearly wiped out after the Great War; and Paarthurnax, the last surviving dragon and grandmaster of the Greybeards. Also notable are Ulfric and General Tullius, who command the Stormcloaks and Imperial Legion respectively. During the course of the game, the Dragonborn can join and assist either side to gain victory in the civil war. Other factions that the Dragonborn can elect to join include the Companions, a noble order of warriors; the College of Winterhold, an institution dedicated to the mystic arts and magic; the Thieves Guild, a league of burglars who have fallen on hard times; and the Dark Brotherhood, a fellowship of assassins.PlotImperial soldiers have captured Ulfric Stormcloak and are preparing to execute him, along with the player who was caught up in the skirmish and mistakenly believed to be a rebel. Before the player can be executed, Alduin appears, attacking the imperial outpost and thus rescuing the player. The player escapes and warns Jarl Balgruuf of Whiterun of the dragon attack. When another dragon attacks and is slain, the dragon's soul flows into the player character, causing the nearby guards to call them "Dragonborn". The Greybeards summon the Dragonborn to the Throat of the World, where the Dragonborn begins training in the Way of the Voice.Delphine intercepts the Dragonborn on a training quest and arranges for the Dragonborn to infiltrate the Thalmor Embassy in Solitude, on the (mistaken) suspicion that the Thalmor are responsible for the dragon attacks. There, they learn that Esbern, a Blades lore master obsessed with the prophecy of Alduin's return, is alive and hiding in Riften. The Dragonborn rescues Esbern from Thalmor agents. Esbern leads them to an ancient Blade temple and a massive engraving depicting Alduin's prior defeat. Esbern deciphers that the ancient Nords used a special shout to remove Alduin's ability to fly and render him vulnerable.Arngeir does not know the shout, which is called Dragonrend and violates the Way of the Voice. Arngeir sends the Dragonborn to Paarthurnax at the summit of the Throat. Paarthurnax reveals that no one living knows Dragonrend, but theorizes that the Dragonborn could learn it by looking through time at the summit, the site of Alduin's banishment. To do this, the Dragonborn retrieves the Elder Scroll used in the banishment from a massive subterranean Dwemer city. The Dragonborn returns to the summit and learns Dragonrend. Alduin attacks. The Dragonborn uses Dragonrend, and together with Paarthurnax overpowers Alduin, who flees.The Dragonborn's allies hatch a plan to capture a dragon at Whiterun. The Dragonborn helps negotiate a truce in the civil war to prevent either side from capturing Whiterun during this delicate operation. The captured dragon, Odahviing, questions whether Alduin deserves lordship over dragons. He reveals that Alduin has gone to recover his strength in Sovngarde, the Nord afterlife, where he feeds on the souls of the dead. Since the portal to Sovngarde cannot be reached on foot, Odahviing bargains his freedom in exchange for flying the Dragonborn there. Entering Sovngarde, the Dragonborn meets the three heroes who had defeated Alduin originally. With their help, the Dragonborn kills Alduin and returns to Skyrim.DevelopmentSee also: Development history of The Elder Scrolls seriesHaving completed work on Oblivion in 2006, Bethesda Game Studios began work on Fallout 3. It was during this time that the team began planning the next entry in The Elder Scrolls series. From the outset, they had decided to set the new game in the land of Skyrim, incorporating dragons into the main theme of the game.[17] Full development began following the release of Fallout 3 in 2008; the developers considered Skyrim a spiritual successor to both Fallout 3 and previous The Elder Scrolls games.[18] The game was developed by a team of roughly 100 people composed of new talent as well as of the series' veterans.[17][19] The production was supervised by Todd Howard, who has been the director of several titles released by Bethesda Softworks.[17]DesignThe team set the game in the province of Skyrim, designing it by hand. While similar in size to Oblivion's game world of Cyrodiil, the mountainous topography of the world inflates the game space and makes it more difficult to traverse than Cyrodiil, which was relatively flat.[16] In designing Skyrim's world, the team opted for a different approach to what was taken with Oblivion; art director Matt Carofano considered the "epic-realism" of Skyrim's world design as a departure from Oblivion's generic representation of classic European fantasy lore.[4] Howard expressed the team's desire to re-encapsulate the "wonder of discovery" of Morrowind's game world in Skyrim, as the return to the classic fantasy of Arena and The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall in Oblivion meant sacrificing a world with a unique culture.[20] As a way of creating diversity, the team divided the world into nine sectors, known as holds, and attempted to make each hold feel topographically unique from one another; in addition, the team wanted to reflect the socioeconomic background of the NPCs by making some locations elaborate and wealthy while others are poorer and lower-tech.[6]Within Skyrim's universe is the use of "dragon language". The alphabet was constructed to look aesthetically dragon-like, hence the use of claw-like markings.[15]The team sought to make each of the game's ten races feel unique; Howard considered the player's choice of race at the beginning of the game a more important decision than it had been in previous The Elder Scrolls games because the culture of Skyrim's world contains more racism. However, he reiterated that the player's choice of race does not have major game-affecting consequences as it adds "flavor" in different NPCs' dispositions towards the player, and is not meant as a way of locking players out of particular quests.[21] Efforts to make Skyrim's world feel hand-crafted extended to the team abandoning the use of generated landscapes as they had done in Oblivion. While just one team member was charged with designing dungeons in Oblivion, Skyrim's 150 dungeons were designed by a group of eight people.[22] Skyrim features 244 quests, over 300 points of interest with a map marker and numerous unmarked locations.[23]EngineSkyrim is powered by Bethesda's Creation Engine, forked from the Fallout 3 codebase specifically for Skyrim.[24][25] After Fallout 3's release, the team devised numerous design objectives to meet for Skyrim, and according to Howard, the team "got all those done and kept going".[21] Had the team not been able to meet their design goals with seventh generation of video game consoles, they would have waited for the next generation and released Skyrim then,[26] but Howard felt that the technology of the time did not hold the team back at all.[21] The Creation Engine allows for numerous improvements in graphical fidelity over Bethesda's previous efforts. For example, the draw distance renders farther than in previous The Elder Scrolls games; Howard provided an example where the player can stare at a small object such as a fork in detail, and then look up at a mountain and run to the top of it.[20] Dynamic lighting allows shadows to be created by any structure or item in the game world, and the Creation Engine allowed for greater detail in flora production than SpeedTree had in previous Bethesda games.[14] For example, with Bethesda's own technology, developers were able to give weight to the branches of trees, which affects how trees blow in the wind. In addition, the technology allows wind to affect the flow of water in channels such as rivers and streams.[8] Because of the large presence of snow in Skyrim's game world, the technological upgrades were applied to weather effects and allow for dynamic snowfall upon the terrain, instead of snow that was rendered as a textural effect in previous games.[8]The team used Havok's Behavior toolset for character animation, which allows for a greater fluidity between the character's movements of walking, running and sprinting, and also increases the efficiency of the third-person camera option, which had been criticized in Oblivion.[8][27] The toolset allows interactions between the player and NPCs to take place in real time; in Oblivion, when the player went to interact with an NPC, time would freeze and the camera would zoom in on the NPC's face. In Skyrim, NPCs can move around and make body gestures while conversing with the player. Children are present in the game, and their presence is handled similarly to Fallout 3 in that they cannot be harmed by the player in any way,[14] since depictions of violence involving children in video games are controversial.[28] Skyrim uses the Radiant AI artificial intelligence system that was created for Oblivion, and it has been updated to allow NPCs to "do what they want under extra parameters".[13] The updated system allows for greater interaction between NPCs and their environments; NPCs can perform tasks such as farming, milling, and mining in the game world, and will react to each other.[29]AudioThe team employed Jeremy Soule to compose the music for Skyrim, who previously worked on Morrowind and Oblivion. The game's main theme "Dragonborn" was recorded with a choir of over 30 people singing in the fictional dragon language.[30] Creative director Todd Howard envisioned the theme for Skyrim as The Elder Scrolls theme sung by a choir of barbarians. This became a reality when the idea was passed by Soule, who recorded the 30-man choir and layered three separate recordings to create the effect of 90 voices.[31] Bethesda's concept artist Adam Adamowicz created the Draconic language, and also developed a 34-character runic alphabet for the game.[15] He expanded the lexicon of Draconic as needed; Bruce Nesmith explained that words were introduced to the lexicon every time that the studio "wanted to say something".[13]Bethesda released four audio CDs along with the game on November 11, 2011. The soundtrack to Skyrim is sold via Jeremy Soule's distributor DirectSong, and Soule autographed all physical copies ordered via DirectSong.[32] "Day One" pre-orders from Amazon.de also included a five-track promotional Skyrim soundtrack sampler.[33] A digital version of the soundtrack was released via iTunes on January 31, 2013.[34]The voice-overs in the game included more than 70 actors and over 60,000 lines of dialogue.[35] Casting director and production supervisor Timothy Cubbison worked with Bethesda to evaluate auditions and oversee the recordings.[36] The full cast consisted of three Academy Award nominees and several other high-profile actors including Max von Sydow, Christopher Plummer, Joan Allen, Michael Hogan, and Vladimir Kulich.[35]Marketing and releaseSkyrim was announced at the Spike Video Game Awards on December 11, 2010; Howard appeared onstage during the awards and presented the announcement trailer, which introduced the game's story and revealed its "11–11–11" release date.[37] It was the cover story for the February 2011 issue of the Game Informer magazine, wherein journalist Matt Miller wrote a fifteen-page article that revealed the first details about the game's story and gameplay.[14] Asked about downloadable content (DLC) packages in a June 2011 interview, Howard expressed the team's intention to release DLC packages, having done so for previous releases; he revealed that it was the team's goal to release a lower number of DLC packages that were larger in content than those released for Fallout 3, as he felt that releasing a larger number of low-content packages was "chaotic".[38] Via a press release, the team announced that the first two planned DLC packages would release on the Xbox 360 via Xbox Live a month ahead of PCs and the PlayStation 3.[39] At the 2011 QuakeCon conference, the team unveiled Skyrim's collector's edition package. Bundled with a copy of the game is a map of the game world, a 12-inch figurine of Alduin, as well as a 200-page concept art book and a DVD feature about the making of Skyrim.[40]In October 2011, pictures of many pages of the manual of the game were leaked,[41][42] later followed by footage from the introduction, revealing some more details.[43] By November 1, 2011, a copy of the Xbox 360 version had been leaked and made available through the Internet, allowing those with a hacked Xbox 360 to play Skyrim 10 days before its release.[44][45] In the Netherlands, the game was made available for purchase on November 7.[46] On November 10, stores in Australia began selling the game ahead of its November 11 release date.[47]Remastered versionOn June 4, 2016, Bethesda announced The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Special Edition, a remaster for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows.[48] It was released on October 28, 2016.[48] Windows players who owned the original game and all of its downloadable content on Steam were offered the Special Edition for free.[48] The remastered version contains an upgraded game engine as well as numerous graphical enhancements, along with mod support on consoles. A DRM-free version of the Special Edition was released on the GOG.com platform on September 29, 2022.[49]Other versionsIn October 2016, the reveal trailer for Nintendo Switch featured gameplay of Skyrim on the console. At the time, it was reported that Bethesda only used the game for the reveal trailer and that it was not officially releasing on the Nintendo Switch. On January 13, 2017, Todd Howard confirmed that the game will come out on the Nintendo Switch, making it the first Bethesda title to be released on a Nintendo platform for a Nintendo home console since Home Alone for the NES in 1991.[50] During Bethesda's E3 2017 showcase, it was revealed that the Nintendo Switch version will support Amiibo and the Joy-Con motion controls.[51]At E3 2017, Bethesda announced a PlayStation VR version of Skyrim for release in November 2017.[52] A standalone VR port of the game was released for Windows on April 2, 2018, supporting the HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, and Windows Mixed Reality headsets.[53]A parody of Skyrim's numerous ports and re-releases, titled Skyrim: Very Special Edition was released by Bethesda at their E3 2018 press conference for Amazon Alexa, stating it would be also released for the Etch A Sketch, Motorola pagers and Samsung smart refrigerators.[54] The Alexa version was found to be a legitimate version of the game developed by Bethesda, playing off the joke that the studios had seemingly ported Skyrim to all possible platforms following its E3 2017 announcements.[55]CompilationsA compilation package called The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Legendary Edition was released on June 4, 2013. It contains the version 1.9 patch and the three expansions, along with the main game.[56]As part of Skyrim's 10th anniversary celebration, another compilation titled The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Anniversary Edition was released in November 2021 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S. It includes all the content from Special Edition, over 500 Creation Club elements, and introduces the ability to fish and player-owned aquariums.[57][58] Anniversary Edition was released for the Nintendo Switch on September 29, 2022.[59] A DRM-free version of the Anniversary Edition was released on the GOG.com platform on September 29, 2022.[60]Related gamesWhile Skyrim was being ported to next-generation systems, Zen Studios developed a virtual pinball adaptation of the game as part of the Bethesda Pinball collection, which became available as part of Zen Pinball 2, Pinball FX 2[61] and Pinball FX 3,[62] as well as a separate free-to-play app for iOS and Android mobile devices.[63] A Skyrim themed expansion for the digital collectible card game The Elder Scrolls: Legends, titled Heroes of Skyrim, was released on June 29, 2017.[64]Additional contentOfficial expansionsDawnguard was the first downloadable add-on for Skyrim, revolving around a battle between the Dawnguard and Clan Volkihar. The Dawnguard are a band of vampire hunters who rely on the use of crossbow weapons in their pursuit against Clan Volkihar, a family of vampires. Early in Dawnguard's quest line, players must choose which of the two factions to join forces with. Dawnguard adds new content to the game, including weapons, spells, and armor, and expands the abilities afforded to players who choose to become either a vampire or a werewolf. It adds two new areas to explore outside of the mainland of Skyrim: the Soul Cairn (a plane of the realm of Oblivion) and the Forgotten Vale (a secluded glacial valley). Dawnguard released on the Xbox 360 in English-speaking territories on June 26, 2012, and in European countries in mid-July 2012.[65] It was released for Windows on August 2, 2012, via the digital distribution platform Steam.[66] Performance issues on the PlayStation 3 hampered Dawnguard's release on that platform. It was released on the PlayStation 3 on February 26, 2013, in North America, and on February 27, 2013, in Europe.[67]Hearthfire was Skyrim's second add-on, which allows players to build houses and adopt children. Three plots of land are added to the game world which players can purchase. Once land is purchased, players build a small basic house, then select rooms to add on. The house and its additions are built from raw materials such as lumber and clay, which can be gathered or purchased. Players may adopt up to two children and have them live in the home, along with the player's spouse.[68] Hearthfire was released for the Xbox 360 on September 4, 2012, and for Windows on October 4, 2012.[69] It was later released for PlayStation 3 on February 19, 2013, in North America, and February 20, 2013, in Europe.[70][71]Dragonborn is the third and final add-on for Skyrim. It revolves around the player character's efforts to defeat Miraak, the first Dragonborn who has become corrupted and seeks to control the world. The add-on takes place on Solstheim, an island northeast of Skyrim which is presented as an open world. It adds content to the game and allows players to ride on the backs of dragons, along with other shouts that can be learned from Solstheim. Dragonborn was released for the Xbox 360 on December 4, 2012,[72] for Windows on February 5, 2013, and for PlayStation 3 on February 12, 2013.[73][74]In April 2013, Bethesda announced via their blog that they were "moving on" from Skyrim and preparing to work on other projects. They added that they would only be releasing "minor updates" for the game.[75]Creation ClubMain article: Creation Club[icon] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023)Community contentMain article: Skyrim moddingA wide variety of official and fan-created mods, short for modifications, are available for Skyrim, which are generally made using the packaged Creation Kit. These mods are distributed freely on file-sharing sites such as Nexus Mods, and are aggregated via the Steam Workshop's controlled content distribution mechanism. The mods may include features such as better game stability, improvements and tweaks of gameplay features, significantly enhanced visuals, overhauled weather systems, new characters and locations, user interface updates, and more.[76][77]The first Skyrim modification was The Fall of the Space Core, Vol. 1, created by Bethesda in collaboration with Valve. It causes a fictional device known as the Space Core from Valve's video game Portal 2 to fall from the sky and land where the player can recover it. The Space Core acts as a non-player character voiced by Nolan North which follows the player around the world of Skyrim and dispenses space-related comments.[78][79]Enderal: The Shards of Order is a total conversion mod of Skyrim developed by SureAI as a sequel to Nehrim: At Fate's Edge which was developed for Oblivion.[80] It was released in July 2016,[81] initially in German only. An English version was released August 16, 2016.[82] A 2015 mod entitled The Forgotten City was later adapted into a full standalone game and released on PC and Nintendo Switch in 2021.[83]ReceptionReceptionAggregate scoreAggregator ScoreMetacritic PC: 94/100[84]PS3: 92/100[85]X360: 96/100[86]PC (Special Edition): 74/100[87]PS4: 81/100[88]XONE: 82/100[89]NS: 84/100[90]Review scoresPublication Score1Up.com A-[91]Famitsu 40/40[92]Game Informer 9.5/10[14]GameSpot 9/10[93]GameTrailers 9.3/10[94]IGN 9.5/10[95]PlayStation Official Magazine – UK 7/10[96]PC Gamer (UK) 94%[97]X-Play [98]Wired 10/10[99]Skyrim received critical acclaim upon release. The removal of the character class system, present in previous The Elder Scrolls entries, was well received. Billy Shibley of Machinima's Inside Gaming and Charles Onyett of IGN praised its removal because it allowed players to experiment with different skills without having to make decisions about a class early in the game.[95][100] John Bedford of Eurogamer stated that by removing the character class system, the game tailored itself to players who wanted to build an all-around character, while still letting other players specialize in a preferred play-style.[101] Steve Butts of The Escapist considered the addition of perks to the character advancement system "a great method to make your character feel even more unique and personal".[102] Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot praised the way perks allowed for the player's preferred skills to become more powerful over time, stating that the perk system "forms around the way you play, but allows for tweaking so that you retain a sense of control".[93] The user interface was also praised by reviewers for its accessibility;[93][95][103] Bedford complimented its "elegant design" which succeeded Oblivion's comparatively complex interface.[101]The art style of the game world drew acclaim from many reviewers, who welcomed the departure from Oblivion's Cyrodiil. Jason Schreier of Wired described the land of Skyrim as a "Viking-inspired treasure trove of flavor and charm", noting its contrast to Cyrodiil, which he considered generic by comparison.[99] The Staff at Edge magazine described Cyrodiil as a "patchwork of varying terrains", praising the more consistent design of Skyrim.[104] Shibley praised "the lack of copy-and-paste level design that's plagued Bethesda's previous games, ... giving a lived-in and handcrafted look to the world".[100] Bedford noted that the improved graphical fidelity over Oblivion allowed the game world to feel more lifelike, praising the "misty mountain setting, complete with swirling fog and high-altitude snowstorms".[101] An editor for PC PowerPlay praised the diversity of the dungeon design.[105] Andrew Reiner of Game Informer cited criticisms that Oblivion faced for repetitive dungeons, noting that "the composition of each dungeon is largely unique and individualized" in Skyrim. He also favored the design choice to have a quick route out of a dungeon leading from its last room, eliminating a problem he identified Oblivion as having, where the player would clear a dungeon and then have to go all the way back to the beginning to exit it.[103] Many reviewers praised the large number of things to do in the world outside of the main story.[93][101][103] Tom Francis of PC Gamer noted that it was difficult to explore the world without becoming distracted by things to do, stating that, "it's hard to walk for a minute in any direction without encountering an intriguing cave, a lonely shack, some strange stones, a wandering traveller, [or] a haunted fort".[97]Reviewers welcomed the ability to dual-wield weapons and magic.[95] An editor for PC PowerPlay felt that the dual-wielding ability "transforms the tactical scope of each combat encounter".[105] Shibley noted that the dual-wielding option gave the player more freedom to experiment with combat, writing that, "the ability to apply a spell to each hand ... generates huge potential for getting creative with your spell combinations".[100] However, reviewers were critical of the melee combat, feeling that it had not been improved upon as much as other areas in the game.[93][100][101][104] Justin McElroy of Joystiq felt that "what should be thrilling fights in Skyrim are often weighed down by the same clunky melee system Oblivion suffered from".[106] Onyett described the melee combat as "flat" and "floaty", and that "many times it feels like you're slicing air instead of a mythical creature's flesh".[95] Francis agreed with this sentiment, stating that, "too much of the time, you wave your weapon around and enemies barely react to the hits".[97]The game received minor criticism in several other areas. The quality of the main quest divided some reviewers. While Reiner praised the main quest as "superbly penned" and "Bethesda's best effort to date",[103] Butts and Francis criticized the fact that the story was delivered primarily through conversations and quest journals, rather than through the player's own interactions.[97][102] While the dragon battles were well-received, some reviewers observed flaws in the AI for dragons. Onyett pointed out their "predictable attack patterns",[95] which Francis agreed with, claiming that "fighting them never changes much: you can just ignore them until they land, then shoot them from a distance when they do".[97] Reiner felt that, due to the repetitiveness of their attack patterns, the dragons were not challenging enough for low-level players.[103] Edge pointed out a curve in difficulty for players who favored archery and magic, as dragons were difficult to attack while airborne.[104] Many reviewers noted glitches while playing Skyrim,[93][95][99][104][107] some game-breaking.[97][100][103][106][108] Nick Cowen of The Guardian pointed out that the game's glitches were a trade-off for its ambitious scope, and that he had experienced glitches that forced him to reload earlier saves.[108] Edge began their review by criticizing the lack of polish, while still acknowledging many areas in the game which made up for it.[104]Technical issuesAt the launch of Skyrim, many technical issues of varying severity were reported. Some examples include a texture down-scaling issue on the Xbox 360 version when the game was run from the hard drive;[109] crashes, slowdown and frame rate issues on the PlayStation 3 version when save files exceeded 6 MB,[110] commonly occurring due to extended gameplay times;[111] and various crashes and slowdowns on the Windows version. According to Skyrim's director Todd Howard, the notion that bugs were caused by "restrictive RAM"[112] is incorrect. Howard said, "It's literally the things you've done in what order and what's running."[113]Since release, several patches were published to address technical issues and improve overall gameplay. Patch 1.2 was released on November 29, 2011, to fix some of the game's issues;[114] however, some players reported new bugs in the game following the patch, including more frequent game crashes.[115] Patch 1.3 was released on December 7, 2011, to improve stability, further address known issues, and fix some problems that were introduced in version 1.2.[116] Patch 1.4 was released on February 1, 2012, for the PC. Another list of issues and bugs were addressed in this patch, and Skyrim launcher support for Skyrim Workshop (PC) was provided.[117] Patch 1.5 was released on March 20, 2012, for the PC. Numerous bugs were fixed, and new archery/spellcasting kill cams were included.[118] On April 12, 2012, Bethesda announced that Kinect support would be coming for the Xbox 360 version of Skyrim, with over 200 voice commands.[119] Patch 1.6 was released on May 24, 2012, for the PC. This includes a new feature: mounted combat.[120] Patch 1.7 was released on July 30, 2012, for the PC,[121] and 1.8 was released on November 1, 2012, for the PC.[122] These two introduced only minor bugfixes. Patch 1.9 was released on March 18, 2013. In addition to providing various bug fixes, this patch also added new features, most prominently the new "Legendary" difficulty, and "Legendary" skills, which effectively remove the level cap.[123]An unofficial patch attempts to fix remaining issues unattended by the official patches.[124][125] It lists hundreds[126] of gameplay, quest, and other bugs that it fixes in the game and its add-ons.[127][128]SalesDuring the first day of release, Steam showed over 230,000 people playing Skyrim concurrently.[129] Within two days of the game's launch, 3.4 million physical copies were sold. Of those sales, 59% were for the Xbox 360, 27% for the PS3, and 14% for the PC.[130] In the first week of release, Bethesda stated that 7 million copies of the game had been shipped to retailers worldwide, and that total sales through the following Wednesday were expected to generate an estimated US$450 million.[131][132] By December 16, 2011, this had risen to 10 million copies shipped to retail and around US$620 million.[133] Additionally, Valve stated that it was the fastest selling game to date on their Steam platform.[133] Steam's statistics page showed the client breaking a five million user record by having 5,012,468 users logged in on January 2, 2012. The total number of sold copies on the PC platform is difficult to confirm because Valve does not publicly publish digital sales.[134] Shortly after its release, Skyrim was the most-played game on Steam by a huge margin, with double the number of players as Team Fortress 2, the second-placed game.[135] In the United Kingdom, Skyrim was the 9th best selling title of 2012.[136] In June 2013, Bethesda announced that over 20 million copies of the game had been sold.[137] Regarding sales on the PC, Todd Howard stated in an interview with Rock, Paper, Shotgun that, "Skyrim did better than we've ever done on PC by a large, large number. And that's where the mods are. That feeds the game for a long time."[138] Electronic Entertainment Design and Research, a market research firm, estimates that the game has sold 22.7 million copies worldwide.[139] In November 2016, Howard announced that Skyrim had sold over 30 million copies.[140]AwardsReceptionAwardsPublication AwardIGN,[141] GameSpot[142]GameSpot Readers' Choice[142] PC Game of the YearSpike TV,[143] IGN,[144]IGN Readers' Choice,[144] X-Play,[145] GameSpot,[146] GameSpy[147] RPG of the YearSpike TV,[143] X-Play,[145]Machinima.com,[148] GameSpot,[149]GameSpot Readers' Choice,[149]1UP.com Favorite Game,[150] Game Revolution,[151] GameSpy[152]Joystiq,[153] Interactive Achievement Awards[154] Overall Game of the YearSkyrim received awards from numerous gaming sites and publications. IGN and GameSpot named Skyrim "PC Game of the Year".[141][142] It also received GameSpot's "Readers' Choice" award.[142] The game received the "RPG of the Year" award from Spike TV,[143] IGN,[144] X-Play,[145] GameSpot[146] and GameSpy.[147] It received "Overall Game of the Year" wins from Spike TV,[143] Giant Bomb,[155] X-Play,[145] Machinima.com,[148] GameSpot,[149] 1UP.com,[150] Game Revolution,[151] GameSpy,[152] Joystiq,[153] and the Interactive Achievement Awards.[154] It was voted No. 1 in Good Game's top 100 video games of all time[156] and No. 1 in PC Gamer's "The 100 Greatest PC Games of All Time".[157] In Giant Bomb's 2017 Game of the Year Awards, the game was a runner-up for "2017's Old Game of the Year".[158] The VR version was nominated for "Best Virtual Reality Game" at the Gamescom 2017 Awards;[159] for the Coney Island Dreamland Award for Best Virtual Reality Game and the Tappan Zee Bridge Award for Best Remake (along with the Switch version) at the New York Game Awards 2018;[160] for "Excellence in Technical Achievement" and "VR Game of the Year" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards;[161][162] and for "Best VR/AR Game" at the 2018 Game Developers Choice Awards.[163][164] At the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, the VR version was nominated for "Control Design, VR", "Direction in Virtual Reality", and "Sound Mixing in Virtual Reality", while the Switch version was nominated for "Costume Design".[165][166] The VR version won the award for "Best VR Game" at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards.[167][168]LegacyCritics often consider Skyrim among the best video games of all time.[169][170][171][172] Skyrim has been credited by developers as a direct influence on later games, such as Valheim and The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild.[173][174] The game has received credit for popularizing large-scale open worlds in fantasy role-playing games, influencing the settings of installations in game series including The Witcher and Dragon Age.[175]Skyrim spawned a number of noteworthy Internet memes that circulated as image macros or video parodies and achieved viral popularity. These including the dragon shout "Fus ro dah",[176] and variations or adaptations of the phrase "I used to be an adventurer like you, then I took an arrow in the knee."[177]During an interview in 2018, Todd Howard attributed Bethesda's frequent re-releases of the game to the "millions" of people still playing Skyrim.[178]References Reilly, Jim (January 11, 2011). "New Elder Scrolls V Skyrim Details". IGN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2011. Reparaz, Mikel (July 2011). "Dragonborn (The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim)". PlayStation Official Magazine. United States (47): 48–57. Onyett, Charles (March 31, 2011). "The Elder Scrolls Evolved: What's New in Skyrim". IGN. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2011. Hanson, Ben (January 26, 2011). "The Art Of Skyrim". Game Informer. Retrieved February 12, 2011. Bertz, Matt (January 28, 2011). "Inside Skyrim's Menu System Overhaul". Game Informer. Retrieved January 28, 2011. 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statement WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434832308 2023-01-05 16:02:24 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434832308 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434845740 2023-01-05 16:14:19 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434845740 ight bet- brooklyn Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434945081 2023-01-05 17:46:02 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2434945081 Look man, Schitt's Creek (stylized as Schitt$ Creek) is a Canadian television sitcom created by Dan Levy and his father, Eugene Levy, that aired on CBC Television from 2015 to 2020. It consists of 80 episodes spread over six seasons.[1][2] Produced by Not a Real Company Productions[3] and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, it follows the trials and tribulations of the formerly wealthy Rose family. After their business manager embezzles the family business, Rose Video, the family loses its fortune and relocates to Schitt's Creek, a small town they once purchased as a joke.[4] Now living in a motel, Johnny (Eugene Levy) and Moira (Catherine O'Hara)—along with their adult children, David (Dan Levy) and Alexis (Annie Murphy)—must adjust to life without wealth.[4]The series concept came from Dan Levy, who wondered how wealthy families, as frequently depicted on American reality television, would react if they lost all their money.[5] He developed the series with his father, Eugene, before pitching it to several Canadian and American networks. It was first sold to CBC Television in Canada, and secured final funding to start production in its sale to Pop in the United States.[6] Although limited in popularity for its first few seasons, its appearance on Netflix after its third season is credited for its rise in stature, attributed to the "Netflix bump" and a dynamic social media presence.[7]Schitt's Creek received critical acclaim and garnered a cult following, particularly for its writing, humour and acting. It has won various accolades, including two ACTRA Awards and 18 Canadian Screen Awards.[8][9] It is the first Canadian comedy series to be nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Comedy Series.[10] It also received two Screen Actors Guild Awards, including Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and a total of 19 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series twice.[11][12][13] It received 15 of these nominations for its sixth and final season, setting a record for most Emmy nominations for a comedy series's final season.[13] For its portrayal of LGBTQ+ people, it received three nominations for a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, winning twice.[14][15]At the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, the series' final season swept all seven major comedy awards. It was the first time a comedy or drama series received all seven awards; Dan Levy notably received Outstanding Comedy Series, Writing and Directing for a Comedy Series (sharing the last with Andrew Cividino). It set records for winning all four major acting categories (Lead Actor/Actress and Supporting Actor/Actress) for O'Hara, Murphy and both Levys—a first for a comedy or drama series;[16] for most Emmy wins by a comedy series in a single season (beating The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel's 2018 record); and for most Emmy nominations and wins by a comedy series in its final season.Contents1 Synopsis2 Cast and characters3 Episodes4 Development4.1 Conception4.2 Casting4.3 Production4.4 Filming style and locations4.5 Music5 Broadcast5.1 Original broadcast5.2 Other broadcasts5.3 Syndication6 Reception and accolades6.1 Critical response6.2 Awards and nominations7 Other media7.1 Home media7.2 Promotional8 Possible film9 References10 External linksSynopsisThe wealthy Rose family—video store magnate Johnny (Eugene Levy), his wife and former soap opera actress Moira (Catherine O'Hara), and their pampered adult children David (Dan Levy) and Alexis (Annie Murphy)—lose their fortune after being defrauded by their business manager. They rebuild their lives with their sole remaining asset: a small, remote town in Ontario named Schitt's Creek, which Johnny bought for David as a joke birthday gift in 1991.[4]The Roses are forced to relocate to Schitt's Creek, moving into two adjacent rooms in a run-down motel. While the family adjusts to their new lives, their well-to-do attitudes conflict with the town's more provincial residents, including mayor Roland Schitt (Chris Elliott), his wife Jocelyn (Jenn Robertson) and their son Mutt (Tim Rozon), the motel's manager Stevie Budd (Emily Hampshire), town council members Ronnie Lee (Karen Robinson) and Bob Currie (John Hemphill), veterinarian Ted Mullens (Dustin Milligan), and Jazzagal member and Café Tropical waitress Twyla Sands (Sarah Levy).[4]Cast and charactersEugene Levy as Johnny Rose, a former video store chain owner, generally the most levelheaded of the Rose familyCatherine O'Hara as Moira Rose, the eccentric former star of the soap opera Sunrise BayDaniel Levy as David Rose, the pretentious son of Johnny and MoiraAnnie Murphy as Alexis Rose, the flighty socialite daughter of Johnny and Moira, who gets involved in a self-imposed love triangle with Ted and MuttJennifer Robertson as Jocelyn Schitt, the mayor's down-to-earth wife and local schoolteacherEmily Hampshire as Stevie Budd, a sardonic clerk at the motel where the Roses reside, who becomes David's best friend and brief friend-with-benefitsTim Rozon as Mutt Schitt (starring seasons 1–2; guest seasons 3–4), Roland and Jocelyn's provincial son and Alexis's love interestChris Elliott as Roland Schitt, the posturing, nosy, easily offended mayorDustin Milligan as Ted Mullens, the town's veterinarian and Alexis's love interestSarah Levy as Twyla Sands, the ditzy yet troubled Café Tropical waitress and later ownerJohn Hemphill as Bob Currie, proprietor of Bob's Garage and a member of the town councilKaren Robinson as Veronica "Ronnie" Lee, a member of the town council and a leading member of the Jazzagals who frequently butts heads with PatrickRizwan Manji as Ray Butani (starring seasons 2–5; recurring season 1), the town's only real estate agent and a former town council member, who has a variety of other businessesRobin Duke as Wendy Kurtz (starring season 2; guest season 5), dress shop owner and David's former employerSteve Lund as Jake (starring season 3; guest seasons 2, 4 and 6), a furniture maker and love interest for both David and StevieNoah Reid as Patrick Brewer (starring seasons 3–6), David's business partner and later husbandEpisodesMain article: List of Schitt's Creek episodesSeason Episodes Originally airedFirst aired Last aired113 January 13, 2015 March 31, 2015213 January 12, 2016 March 29, 2016313 January 10, 2017 April 4, 2017413 12 January 9, 2018 April 10, 20181 December 19, 2018514 January 8, 2019 April 9, 2019614 January 7, 2020 April 7, 2020SpecialApril 7, 2020DevelopmentConceptionDan Levy came up with the idea for the show while watching reality television. "I had been watching some reality TV at the time and was concentrating on what would happen if one of these wealthy families would lose everything. Would the Kardashians still be the Kardashians without their money?"[5] He turned to his father Eugene to help develop the show, who came up with the series title. Dan decided to make the location of Schitt's Creek vague, but has said that it is in Canada.[17][18]The premise of being forced to move to a town they once bought as a joke was inspired by actress Kim Basinger's $20 million purchase of the town of Braselton, Georgia in 1989.[19][20][21][22][23] Eugene Levy said, "My wife had an idea for a television show about boomers not having money or moving in with their kids. Their situation was described as being up sh–'s creek [sic]. It just made us laugh. Then my son Daniel came in with an article one day about an actress, Alec Baldwin's ex-wife (Basinger), who bought a town. She was hoping that film people would come to the town to use it as a location area and she lost a lot of money. The idea of wealthy people buying a town went back to the Schitt's Creek idea."[24]The Levys initially pitched the show to several networks in Canada and the United States. Cable networks HBO and Showtime passed on the series, while a broadcast network in America and the CBC in Canada expressed interest. The show was first sold to the CBC, but the Levys decided against major U.S. broadcasters after getting nervous about their reputation for creative interference. Schitt's Creek eventually found a U.S. home on Pop TV after striking a deal with network head Brad Schwartz, who had previously hired Dan on MTV Canada.[6]During the early stages of development, various networks suggested the title of the show be changed to avoid the vulgar word. The Levys resisted these suggestions and argued "Schitt" was a legitimate last name. To prove their point, they brought pages copied from a phone book to the CBC showing listings for individuals with the "Schitt" surname. The CBC agreed and allowed the Levys to keep the original title.[25]Dan Levy initially envisioned the series ending with season five, but agreed to a sixth season after receiving a two-year renewal following the show's fourth season.[26]CastingCatherine O'Hara was the series creators' first choice for the role of eccentric family matriarch, Moira Rose. O'Hara had previously worked with Eugene Levy on SCTV and several of Christopher Guest's films. She initially turned down Levy's offer to star, citing "laziness" and an aversion to long-term projects. Levy reached out to another (unnamed) actress, but continued to court O'Hara for the role. O'Hara eventually agreed to participate in the presentation pilot with no obligation to continue in the role after Schitt's Creek was ordered to series. After the show was picked up by the CBC, O'Hara agreed to continue in the role.[27]Annie Murphy was offered the role of spoiled socialite Alexis Rose after actress Abby Elliott was unable to continue due to scheduling conflicts.[28] Murphy was on the verge of giving up on acting since she had not worked in over two years when she got an email inviting her to audition for the role.[29] She first auditioned in Los Angeles, where Dan Levy said she stood out due to her "wonderfully natural likability."[30] Eugene Levy was unsure of Murphy's casting because she did not possess the blonde hair he had pictured for the role of Alexis. Murphy was subsequently called back for a second audition for a different role, sarcastic motel clerk Stevie Budd. After this audition, Dan Levy convinced his father that Murphy could dye her hair blonde, and she was officially cast as Alexis Rose.[28]Emily Hampshire was cast as the deadpan motel clerk, Stevie Budd, after auditioning for the role in Los Angeles. She originally requested to submit a taped audition on account of her nerves and recurring hive breakouts. Hampshire ultimately agreed to audition in person, but states she has no recollection of the experience. According to Daniel Levy, who was present for the process, Hampshire gave a "great" audition, then proceeded to lift her shirt over her head to hide and slowly rocked back and forth. Levy later told Hampshire he found her audition "charming", and she was offered the part of Stevie.[31]Noah Reid was offered the role of David's business partner and love interest, Patrick Brewer, in season three. Dan Levy was socially familiar with Reid and invited him to audition on the suggestion of Stacey Farber.[32] Reid had never watched the show before he auditioned and was unsure how long the character would be a part of the series.[33][34] Dan Levy was not present during the audition process and did not "chemistry test" with Reid before he was cast.[26]Other cast regulars Chris Elliott and Sarah Levy were given the roles of Roland Schitt and Twyla Sands, respectively, without auditioning. Elliott says when Eugene Levy offered him the role of the town mayor, he thought, "Why would I say no?"[35] Sarah Levy, the daughter of Eugene and sister of Dan, was asked to be a part of the show before it was fully developed.[36] She says she was glad not to be cast as Alexis, as being out of her family's orbit on the show allowed her to "do [her] own thing."[37]ProductionSchitt's Creek is produced by Not a Real Company Productions in association with CBC and Pop TV.[3] Pop TV joined the production team in season two after the series' first season was produced solely in association with CBC.[38] ITV Studios Global Entertainment also partnered with the CBC and Pop to distribute the show worldwide.[6] Eugene Levy, Dan Levy, Fred Levy (Eugene's brother),[39] Andrew Barnsley, and Ben Feigin have served as executive producers throughout the show's entirety.[40][41][42] Other executive producers have included writers Kevin White (seasons two and three) and David West Read (seasons five and six).[40][41][43][44] Eugene Levy served as showrunner alongside co-creator and son, Dan Levy, during the series' first season; Dan Levy took over as sole showrunner beginning in season two.[45]Schitt's Creek was part of a "new direction" in programming taken by both CBC and Pop TV during the 2014–15 television season.[46] Premiering alongside 12 new primetime shows on CBC, the series represented one of the network's efforts to produce more "serialized, scripted" content, as well as more "cable-like" shows.[46][47][48] The series was also the first original, scripted program to air on Pop TV after its re-branding in January 2015. Formerly known as TV Guide Network, Pop TV was re-branded as a channel "filled with optimism, passion, funny and excitement".[49]Filming style and locationsSchitt's Creek was filmed using a single camera set-up with no live audience or laugh track.[50] The interior scenes for the first two seasons were filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios in Port Lands area of Toronto,[25] while interior scenes for season three were shot at Dufferin Gate Studios in (Etobicoke) Toronto.[51] Interior scenes were also filmed at Revival Studios in (Leslieville) Toronto for an unknown number of seasons.[52] The remainder of the series is filmed on location in Goodwood, the Regional Municipality of Durham in the Greater Toronto Area, Brantford and Mono, where the motel scenes are filmed.[53] Goodwood was one of 30 towns scouted for the fictional location of Schitt's Creek before production of the series began in 2014.[54] The Canadian Press wrote June 27, 2019 that Goodwood had become a "tourist hot spot" as filming for the current season concluded.[55]The series was filmed in several additional locations during its run. The opening shot of the first season features Lisa Vanderpump’s former Beverly Park estate in Los Angeles as the facade of the Rose family estate. Interior shots of the Rose family estate were filmed on location in a Sistine Chapel-inspired mansion in Toronto (30 Fifeshire Road near Bayview Avenue and York Mills Road).[54] Main Street Stouffville served as a filming location for an unspecified number of scenes (Thicketwood Veterinary Hospital) in the series' first two seasons. Applewood Farm and Winery in Stouffville was also used. Scenes involving the fictional retailer, Blouse Barn, in seasons two and three were filmed on location on Main Street Unionville in Markham.[56][57] In the season four episode "The Jazzaguy," scenes involving a spa retreat were filmed on location at Monte Carlo Inn in Vaughan, Ontario.[58] Exterior filming also took place at Rattlesnake Point in Milton for season five's "The Hike".[59] In season six's "Smoke Signals", the series shot on location at Graydon Hall Manor, a wedding venue in Toronto.[60] The series also filmed in Bay-Adelaide Centre and Toronto-Dominion Centre for the season six episode "The Pitch".[52] Additional filming for several season six episodes took place at a local motel in Brantford.[61]The former Hockley Motel in Mono, where the exterior shots of the Rosebud Motel were filmed, was marketed for sale by its owners in November 2020.[62]MusicThe Schitt's Creek soundtrack is composed by Canadian film and television composer/songwriter Maribeth Soloman.The show features several musical performances from its main and supporting characters. The majority of these performances feature the town singing group, the Jazzagals. The Jazzagals' main members are Moira Rose, Jocelyn Schitt, Twyla Sands, Ronnie Lee, and Gwen Currie. Throughout the series, they covered "It's Raining Men"; "Baby, I'm Yours"; "Takin' It Home"; "Silent Night"; and "Islands in the Stream".[63]In season one's "Carl's Funeral", Moira sings an unaccompanied version of "Danny Boy" as a distraction when Johnny's eulogy goes awry. She performs the same song a second time later in the episode.[63]In season two's "The Motel Guest", Schitt's Creek's mayor Roland Schitt stays for the night next door to the Roses and plays the song "Don't Cry Out Loud" sung by Melissa Manchester loud continually, annoying Johnny and Moira.[64]In season four's "Asbestos Fest", David and Moira perform a duet known as "The Number". This medley of holiday songs was regularly performed at the annual Rose Christmas party and included "Oh Come, All Ye Faithful", "Deck the Halls", and "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen". The song was arranged by Moira's portrayer, Catherine O’Hara.[65]In season four's "Open Mic", Patrick sings an acoustic cover of Tina Turner's "The Best" as a declaration of love to David. The song was arranged and performed by Patrick's portrayer, Noah Reid.[66] After airing on Schitt's Creek, Reid's version of the song was released on Spotify and iTunes, where it reached No. 1 on the Canadian charts. All proceeds from the single were donated to the Ontario charity, LGBT Youth Line.[67]In season five's "The Hospies", Alexis auditions for a community theatre production by singing "A Little Bit Alexis", the theme song from her "critically reviewed, limited reality series" of the same name. Alexis's portrayer, Annie Murphy, who wrote and performed the song for the show, says she drew inspiration from the pop songs of Paris Hilton and Lindsay Lohan. Menno Versteeg and Nixon Boyd of the Canadian band Hollerado also helped produce the song.[68] "A Little Bit Alexis" was released as a single on Spotify and iTunes, where it reached No. 28 on the Canadian charts.[69] Partial proceeds from the single were donated to MusiCounts, a Canadian organization providing music resources to schools in need.[70]In season five's "Life Is a Cabaret", several main characters perform "Willkommen" from the musical Cabaret. Stevie also sings a second number, "Maybe This Time", as her Cabaret character, Sally Bowles, in the same episode.[71] Both songs were performed in front of a live audience during filming.[72]In season six's "Happy Ending", the series finale, the Jazzagals sing a cappella versions of James Morrison's "Precious Love" and Tina Turner's "The Best" at David and Patrick's wedding. Noah Reid's Patrick also sings a portion of Mariah Carey's "Always Be My Baby" as part of his wedding vows to David in the same episode.[73]BroadcastOriginal broadcastSchitt's Creek has been co-broadcast in Canada and the United States since 2015. It premiered on the CBC in Canada on Tuesday, January 13, 2015, at 9:00 pm/9:30 pm NT with back-to-back episodes.[74] It made its United States debut on Pop TV on Wednesday, February 11, 2015, at 10:00 pm ET/PT.[75][76] Pop moved the series to an 8:00 pm ET/PT time slot with an encore broadcast at 11:00 pm ET/PT for seasons two through four; then returned it to its original 10:00 pm ET/PT time slot for season five.[40][41][42][77] The series maintained staggered premieres throughout its first five seasons, with new episodes debuting in Canada before being broadcast in the US. This changed in the final season, with new episodes broadcast simultaneously in Canada and the US.[2] The series finale aired on April 7, 2020 at 8:00 pm ET; followed by a one-hour behind-the-scenes retrospective documentary, Best Wishes, Warmest Regards: A Schitt's Creek Farewell.[78] In the US, the series finale was Schitt's Creek's highest-rated episode ever and was simulcast on Logo TV and Comedy Central, which had recently become sibling networks to Pop TV through the ViacomCBS merger.[79]Other broadcastsAs of 2019, the series was also airing on 4Music in the UK; Comedy Central in India; FX Asia; and ABC Comedy in Australia.[80][81] It was previously broadcast in New Zealand by TV2 and TVNZ on Demand, in Australia by ABC and its iView streaming service, and on Comedy Central in India.[82][83] The five seasons appeared, though not always together, on different streaming television services worldwide. Netflix carried the first five seasons and later six for viewers in the U.S., UK, Ireland, France, Japan, Australia and South Africa.[84] IMDb TV, a streaming service available through IMDb, and CW Seed, a streaming service for the American CW network, also carries the first five seasons for viewers in the U.S.[85][86] The series first season is available from July 14, 2021, in Italy, through the streaming platform Mediaset Infinity+.[87]In December 2019, fans on social media accused UK television station 4Music of censoring some scenes featuring "intimate dialogue" and kissing between the show's LGBTQ characters.[88] Co-creator and star, Dan Levy, also addressed the alleged censorship on social media calling it "highly disturbing" and "dangerous". 4Music responded to the allegations of censored kissing with an apology, stating that the removal of a kiss between two male characters was "human error" and would be restored for future broadcasts. The station did not specifically respond to the allegations of censored dialogue between LGBTQ characters.[89]Additional accusations of censorship were made in October 2020 when co-creator and star, Dan Levy, called out Comedy Central India for editing a same-sex kiss between two male characters in a promotional clip posted to Comedy Central India's Twitter account. Levy noted via social media that Schitt's Creek is "a show about the power of inclusivity" and censoring gay intimacy was a "harmful statement against that message".[90][91]In April 2022, Hulu acquired the U.S. streaming rights to Schitt's Creek. All six seasons of the series began streaming exclusively on the service starting on October 3.[92]SyndicationIn 2018, Debmar-Mercury, a division of Lionsgate, acquired the U.S. syndication rights to Schitt's Creek. The series is scheduled to debut in syndication with the Fox Television Stations serving as the flagship group throughout the U.S. during the fall 2020 television season.[93] The series also began airing reruns of series on Comedy Central on October 2, 2020.[94] In December 2021, Fox Television Stations announced an end of syndication of the show at the close of the 2021–2022 television season.[95]Reception and accoladesCritical responseCritical reception for Schitt's CreekSeason Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic1 68% (28 reviews) 64 (11 reviews)2 100% (6 reviews) —3 — —4 100% (13 reviews) —5 100% (18 reviews) —6 100% (41 reviews) 95 (4 reviews)The first season of Schitt's Creek received generally positive reviews. It holds an approval rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 ratings averaging 6.38/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The title is one of the best jokes of Schitt's Creek, but performances from Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara give the writing a comedic boost."[96] On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 64 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[97] Vinay Menon of the Toronto Star wrote that the show "is one of the best CBC comedies in years".[98] After being picked up by Pop, the Los Angeles Times described the show as "very funny, beautifully played, [and] sometimes touching,"[99] although Mike Hale of The New York Times called Schitt's Creek "drab and underwritten".[100]Subsequent seasons of Schitt's Creek were more positively received, with the show growing in popularity after debuting on Netflix in January 2017.[101] On Rotten Tomatoes, seasons 2, 4, 5 and 6 have approval ratings of 100%, with season 4's consensus reading, "The comedic real estate value rises for Schitt's Creek in its fourth year, the series gradually maturing into appointment viewing with a big, beating heart beneath its absurdity."[102][103][104] The final season's consensus reads: "Witty, warm, and with just the right blend of wisdom and wisecracks, Schitt's Creek's final season is the perfect farewell to the Roses and the town that changed their lives."[105] On Metacritic, the final season has a score of 94 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[106] Bridget Read of Vogue wrote that while the series "started off with typical fish out of water scenarios," it has "fully come into its own, with a whole cast of Twin Peaks-meets-Christopher-Guest-universe characters that are as equally endearing".[107] In New York Magazine, Maggie Fremont wrote that "the show takes a few episodes to get into its groove, but once it does, you'll never want to leave".[108] The series has placed on annual best-of lists published by The A.V. Club,[109] Esquire,[110] Glamour,[111] The Guardian,[112] The New Yorker,[113] and Variety.[114] In 2019, the series was named "The Best Show on TV Right Now" by TV Guide.[115]The series has also been praised for its portrayal of a pansexual character, played by Dan Levy,[116][117] as well as for how David's sexuality and subsequent relationship with Patrick are simply accepted by the other characters with no expressions of homophobia in the storyline.[118]Awards and nominationsSee also: List of awards and nominations received by Schitt's CreekIn 2015, Schitt's Creek's first season received two Directors Guild of Canada awards from three nominations. At the 2016 ceremony, season 1 received nine Canadian Screen Awards from 16 nominations. Schitt's Creek's second season received 13 nominations at the 5th Canadian Screen Awards.[119] In 2018, the series received nominations from the US-based MTV Movie & TV Awards and the Critics' Choice Television Award. In 2019, the series was nominated for 15 Canadian Screen Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards, winning the award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Comedic Role (Catherine O'Hara) and Best Comedy Program or Series at the Canadian Screen Awards. The same year, the series won Dorian Awards for TV Comedy of the Year and Unsung TV Show of the Year from the Society of LGBTQ Entertainment Critics.[11][120][121] In 2020, the sixth and final season was nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards.[122][123] This broke the record for the most Emmy nominations given to a comedy series in its final season.[124] During the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, the show became the first ever comedy or drama series to sweep the four acting categories (Outstanding Lead Actor, Outstanding Lead Actress, Outstanding Supporting Actor, Outstanding Supporting Actress) and one of only four live action shows, along with All in the Family, The Golden Girls, and Will & Grace where all the principal actors have won at least one Emmy Award.[125] In 2021, it won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series.[126]Other mediaHome mediaSchitt's Creek has been distributed on DVD in the United States via Lionsgate Home Entertainmant, and in Canada by Entertainment One. In the United Kingdom, the series was released in it entirety through ITV Studios. It has also been made available in Australia and New Zealand from Acorn DVD.Season Release date Ref(s)Region 1(U.S.) Region 1(Canada) Region 2(UK) Region 4(Australia) Region 4(New Zealand)1 — August 11, 2015 — — — [127]2 — April 26, 2015 — — — [128]1–2 November 1, 2016 — — — — [129]3 — April 11, 2017 — — — [130]1–3 — — — April 5, 2017 May 24, 2017 [131][132]4 — — — February 6, 2019 March 14, 2019 [133][134]5 — — — August 7, 2019 September 13, 2019 [135][136]6 — — — June 17, 2020 June 12, 2020 [137][138]1–6 10 November, 2020 October 6, 2020 June 29, 2020 August 26, 2020 August 27, 2020 [139][140]PromotionalDuring the show's later seasons, the main cast participated in a series of interactive fan events. A live audience promotional tour known as Schitt's Creek: Up Close & Personal featuring cast members Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara, Dan Levy, Annie Murphy, Emily Hampshire, and Noah Reid premiered in September 2018 in Los Angeles. The event included behind-the-scenes stories; a live question and answer session with the cast; and an audience participation trivia game. Following the initial event's success, the tour was expanded to include stops in several additional US and Canadian cities in 2019. Daniel Levy stated that the tour was meant to both promote the show and thank fans for their support.[141]In November and December 2019, Schitt's Creek's US broadcaster, Pop TV, staged two immersive fan events in Los Angeles and New York City. These events allowed participants to visit the titular town via a series of "reimagined" sets featured on the show.[142]To promote the series' sixth and final season in January 2020, CBC and Pop TV commissioned "groundbreaking" billboards featuring a same-sex kiss between the show's engaged couple, David and Patrick.[143] Series creator Dan Levy said it felt "irresponsible" not to put the characters kissing on a billboard, as it isn't "something we see every day" and is "banned in multiple countries."[144]In June 2020, the cast of the show was featured in the YouTube "Dear Class of 2020" event performing the Mariah Carey song "Hero", with Carey herself making a surprise appearance.[145]Toronto mayor John Tory announced that on Monday, September 21, 2020, the CN Tower would be lit up in gold to celebrate the Schitt's Creek record-breaking sweep of every top comedy award at the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards.[146]In conjunction with the series finale, the one-hour documentary special Best Wishes, Warmest Regards: A Schitt's Creek Farewell was also broadcast by both CBC and Pop.[147]Possible filmFollowing the series finale, Daniel Levy was asked about the possibility of a feature film. While not committed to an idea at the time, he has expressed interest should such an idea materialize. "To be honest, this is the best way we could have ever ended the show. If there is an idea that pops into my head, it has to be really freaking good because this is a nice way to say goodbye. Fingers crossed we get a nice idea popping into our head soon. I would love to work with these people again."[148]References Levy, Dan (March 21, 2019). "To Our Dear Fans...pic.twitter.com/FIXjD3gbzA". Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2019.[self-published] Bennett, Anita (September 17, 2019). "'Schitt's Creek' Gets Premiere Date For Sixth & Final Season On Pop TV". Deadline. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2019. Cummins, Julianna (February 11, 2014). "SCTV alums Levy and O'Hara to star in CBC comedy". Playback. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2015. "SCTV Stars Levy and O'Hara Reunite for a Forthcoming CBC Sitcom Called Schitt's Creek". Canada.com. February 10, 2014. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Martin, Michael (March 9, 2015). "Dan Levy Discusses Schitt's Creek, His Eyebrows & Being a Sex Object". Out.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018. Adalain, Josef (January 16, 2019). "The Unlikely Rise of Schitt's Creek". vulture.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019. "Schitt's Creek: Everything You Need to Know About the Emmys' Favorite Comedy". www.vanityfair.com. September 20, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020. "Room, Schitt's Creek Dominate Canadian Screen Awards". Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2017. "Winners: The 18th Annual ACTRA Awards in Toronto | Markets Insider". markets.businessinsider.com. February 22, 2020. 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The show will return to the network to air reruns starting Friday October 2, 2020. The CW also began airing reruns as part their late night schedule weeknights at 11PM/10c. =@SchittsCreek | TONIGHT | 10 PMpic.twitter.com/4XQPRBh923". @comedycentralin. January 16, 2019. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2019.[self-published] "When will Season 5 of 'Schitt's Creek' be on Netflix?". What's on Netflix. September 10, 2019. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2020. Petski, Denise (August 4, 2019). "'Schitt's Creek': CW Seed Acquires Off-Season Streaming Rights To Pop TV Comedy – TCA". Deadline. Retrieved August 16, 2019. IMDb TV (March 21, 2020). "PSA: Schitt's Creek seasons 1–5 Are Free on IMDb TV! No Subscription Required". twitter.com. Retrieved March 23, 2020.[self-published] "Schitt's Creek 1". Mediaset Infinity. Retrieved July 31, 2021. Street, Mikelle (December 23, 2019). "Dan Levy Is Calling Out a Network for Censoring 'Schitt's Creek'". out.com. Retrieved December 23, 2019. Linnell, Christine (December 23, 2019). "Dan Levy Calls Out UK Channel for Editing Gay 'Schitt's Creek' Scenes". advocate.com. Retrieved December 23, 2019. @danjlevy (October 6, 2020). "You showed the kiss between two women, you showed the kiss between a woman and a man, then removed the kiss between two men? This is a show about the power of inclusivity. The censorship of gay intimacy is making a harmful statement against that message. #loveislove" (Tweet) – via Twitter. Ramos, Dino-Ray (October 6, 2020). "Dan Levy Says Comedy Central India Censoring of Same-Sex Kiss on 'Schitt's Creek' "Harmful" to Inclusivity". Deadline. Retrieved October 7, 2020. Bergeson, Samantha (April 28, 2022). "Netflix Was Huge for 'Schitt's Creek' — Now It's Going to Hulu". IndieWire. Retrieved April 28, 2022. Andreeva, Nellie (October 3, 2019). "Fox Television Stations Acquire Comedy 'Schitt's Creek'". 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Retrieved March 2, 2021.External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to Schitt's Creek.Official website at CBCOfficial website at Pop TVSchitt's Creek at epguides.comSchitt's Creek at IMDbvteSchitt's CreekAwards for Schitt's CreekCategories: Schitt's Creek2015 Canadian television series debuts2020 Canadian television series endings2010s Canadian LGBT-related comedy television series2010s Canadian sitcoms2010s Canadian satirical television series2010s LGBT-related sitcoms2020s Canadian LGBT-related comedy television series2020s Canadian sitcoms2020s Canadian satirical television seriesBest Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winnersCanadian LGBT-related sitcomsCBC Television original programmingEnglish-language television showsFictional populated places in OntarioGay-related television showsGemini and Canadian Screen Award for Best Comedy Series winnersPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winnersPrimetime Emmy Award-winning television seriesTelevision series about actorsTelevision series about familiesTelevision series by ITV StudiosTelevision series by Lionsgate TelevisionTelevision shows filmed in OntarioTelevision shows set in OntarioWorks about social classWorks set in motelsNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch WikipediaMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonateContributeHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload fileToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemPrint/exportDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsWikiquoteLanguagesالعربيةDeutschEspañolFrançais한국어Bahasa IndonesiaItalianoРусский中文18 moreEdit linksThis page was last edited on 26 December 2022, at 17:59 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. 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Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435777357 2023-01-06 15:40:33 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435777357 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435793999 2023-01-06 15:56:33 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435793999 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435794263 2023-01-06 15:56:49 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435794263 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435796830 2023-01-06 15:59:35 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435796830 You know when Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity,[3] which affects more than 280 million people of all ages (about 3.5% of the global population).[4] Classified medically as a mental and behavioral disorder,[5] the experience of depression affects a person's thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings, and sense of well-being.[6] The core symptom of depression is said to be anhedonia, which refers to loss of interest or a loss of feeling of pleasure in certain activities that usually bring joy to people.[7] Depressed mood is a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and dysthymia;[8] it is a normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one; and it is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. It may feature sadness, difficulty in thinking and concentration and a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping. People experiencing depression may have feelings of dejection, hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. It can either be short term or long term.Contents1 Factors1.1 Life events1.2 Personality1.3 Alcoholism1.4 Bullying1.5 Medical treatments1.6 Substance-induced1.7 Non-psychiatric illnesses1.8 Psychiatric syndromes1.9 Historical legacy2 Measures3 Creative thinking4 Theories5 Management6 Epidemiology7 History8 See also9 References10 External linksFactorsAllegory on melancholy, from circa 1729–40, etching and engraving, dimensions of the sheet: 42 × 25.7 cm, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)Life eventsAdversity in childhood, such as bereavement, neglect, mental abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or unequal parental treatment of siblings can contribute to depression in adulthood.[9][10] Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the survivor's lifetime.[11]Life events and changes that may influence depressed moods include (but are not limited to): childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress (such as from work, education, family, living conditions etc.), a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, etc.), bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, or catastrophic injury.[12][13][14][15][16] Adolescents may be especially prone to experiencing a depressed mood following social rejection, peer pressure, or bullying.[17]The global pandemic of COVID-19 has negatively impacted upon many individuals' mental health, causing levels of depression to surge, reaching devastating heights. A study conducted by the University of Surrey in autumn 2019 and May/June 2020 looked into the impact of COVID-19 upon young people's mental health. This study is published in the Journal of Psychiatry Research Report.[18] The study showed a significant rise in depression symptoms and a reduction in overall wellbeing during lockdown (May/June 2020) compared to the previous Autumn (2019). Levels of clinical depression in those surveyed in the study were found to have more than doubled, rising from 14.9 per cent in Autumn 2019 to 34.7 per cent in May/June 2020.[19] This study further emphasises the correlation that certain life events have with developing depression.PersonalityChanges in personality or in one's social environment can affect levels of depression. High scores on the personality domain neuroticism make the development of depressive symptoms as well as all kinds of depression diagnoses more likely,[20] and depression is associated with low extraversion.[21] Other personality indicators could be: temporary but rapid mood changes, short term hopelessness, loss of interest in activities that used to be of a part of one's life, sleep disruption, withdrawal from previous social life, appetite changes, and difficulty concentrating.[22]AlcoholismAlcohol can be a depressant which slows down some regions of the brain, like the prefrontal and temporal cortex, negatively affecting rationality and memory.[23] It also lowers the level of serotonin in the brain, which could potentially lead to higher chances of depressive mood.[24]The connection between the amount of alcohol intake, level of depressed mood, and how it affects the risks of experiencing consequences from alcoholism, were studied in a research done on college students. The study used 4 latent, distinct profiles of different alcohol intake and level of depression; Mild or Moderate Depression, and Heavy or Severe Drinkers. Other indicators consisting of social factors and individual behaviors were also taken into consideration in the research. Results showed that the level of depression as an emotion negatively affected the amount of risky behavior and consequence from drinking, while having an inverse relationship with protective behavioral strategies, which are behavioral actions taken by oneself for protection from the relative harm of alcohol intake. Having an elevated level of depressed mood does therefore lead to greater consequences from drinking.[25]BullyingSocial abuse, such as bullying, are defined as actions of singling out and causing harm on vulnerable individuals. In order to capture a day-to-day observation of the relationship between the damaging effects of social abuse, the survivor's mental health and depressive mood, a study was conducted on whether individuals would have a higher level of depressed mood when exposed to daily acts of negative behavior. The result concluded that being exposed daily to abusive behaviors such as bullying has a positive relationship to depressed mood on the same day.The study has also gone beyond to compare the level of depressive mood between the victims and non-victims of the daily bullying. Although victims were predicted to have a higher level of depressive mood, the results have shown otherwise that exposure to negative acts has led to similar levels of depressive mood, regardless of the victim status. The results therefore have concluded that bystanders and non-victims feel as equally depressed as the victim when being exposed to acts such as social abuse.[26]Medical treatmentsDepression may also be the result of healthcare, such as with medication induced depression. Therapies associated with depression include interferon therapy, beta-blockers, isotretinoin, contraceptives,[27] anticonvulsants, antimigraine drugs, antipsychotics, hormonal agents such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist,[28] magnetic stimulation to brain and electric therapy.Substance-inducedSeveral drugs of abuse can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, and from chronic use. These include alcohol, sedatives (including prescription benzodiazepines), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs such as heroin), stimulants (such as cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants.[29]Non-psychiatric illnessesMain article: Depression (differential diagnoses)Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, neurological conditions,[30] and physiological problems, including hypoandrogenism (in men), addison's disease, cushing's syndrome, pernicious anemia, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, stroke,[31] diabetes,[32] and cancer.[33]Psychiatric syndromesMain article: Depressive mood disordersA number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The mood disorders are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include major depressive disorder (MDD; commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and dysthymia, a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a major depressive episode. Another mood disorder, bipolar disorder, features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, cognition, and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression.[34] When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a seasonal affective disorder. Outside the mood disorders: borderline personality disorder often features an extremely intense depressive mood; adjustment disorder with depressed mood is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode;[35]: 355  and posttraumatic stress disorder, a mental disorder that sometimes follows trauma, is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.[36]Historical legacyMain article: Dispossession, oppression and depressionResearchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of racism and colonialism may create depressive conditions.[37][38]MeasuresMeasures of depression as an emotional disorder include, but are not limited to: Beck Depression Inventory-11 and the 9-item depression scale in the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).[39] Both of these measures are psychological tests that ask personal questions of the participant, and have mostly been used to measure the severity of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report scale that helps a therapist identify the patterns of depression symptoms and monitor recovery. The responses on this scale can be discussed in therapy to devise interventions for the most distressing symptoms of depression.[7] Several studies, however, have used these measures to also determine healthy individuals who are not experincing depression as a mental disorder, but as an occasional mood disorder. This is substantiated by the fact that depression as an emotional disorder displays similar symptoms to minimal depression and low levels of mental disorders such as major depressive disorder; therefore, researchers were able to use the same measure interchangeably. In terms of the scale, participants scoring between 0–13 and 0–4 respectively were considered healthy individuals.[25]Another measure of depressed mood would be the IWP Multi-affect Indicator.[40] It is a psychological test that indicates various emotions, such as enthusiasm and depression, and asks for the degree of the emotions that the participants have felt in the past week. There are studies that have used lesser items from the IWP Multi-affect Indicator which was then scaled down to daily levels to measure the daily levels of depression as an emotional disorder.[26]Creative thinkingDivergent thinking is defined as a thought process that generates creativity in ideas by exploring many possible solutions. Having a depressed mood will significantly reduce the possibility of divergent thinking, as it reduces the fluency, variety and the extent of originality of the possible ideas generated.[41]Some depressive mood disorders might have a positive effect for creativity. Upon identifying several studies and analyzing data involving individuals with high levels of creativity, Christa Taylor was able to conclude that there is a clear positive relationship between creativity and depressive mood. A possible reason is that having a low mood could lead to new ways of perceiving and learning from the world, but it is unable to account for certain depressive disorders. The direct relationship between creativity and depression remains unclear, but the research conducted on this correlation has shed light that individuals who are struggling with a depressive disorder may be having even higher levels of creativity than a control group, and would be a close topic to monitor depending on the future trends of how creativity will be perceived and demanded.[42]TheoriesSchools of depression theories include:Cognitive theory of depressionTripartite Model of Anxiety and DepressionBehavioral theories of depressionEvolutionary approaches to depressionBiology of depressionEpigenetics of depressionManagementMain article: Management of depressionDepressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal temporary reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a side effect of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition which may benefit from treatment. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2009 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of mild depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor.[43] Physical activity can have a protective effect against the emergence of depression.[44]Physical activity can also decrease depressive symptoms due to the release of neurotrophic proteins in the brain that can help to rebuild the hippocampus that may be reduced due to depression.[45] Also yoga could be considered an ancillary treatment option for patients with depressive disorders and individuals with elevated levels of depression.[46][47]Reminiscence of old and fond memories is another alternative form of treatment, especially for the elderly who have lived longer and have more experiences in life. It is a method that causes a person to recollect memories of their own life, leading to a process of self-recognition and identifying familiar stimuli. By maintaining one's personal past and identity, it is a technique that stimulates people to view their lives in a more objective and balanced way, causing them to pay attention to positive information in their life stories, which would successfully reduce depressive mood levels.[48]Self-help books are a growing form of treatment for peoples physiological distress. There may be a possible connection between consumers of unguided self-help books and higher levels of stress and depressive symptoms. Researchers took many factors into consideration to find a difference in consumers and nonconsumers of self-help books. The study recruited 32 people between the ages of 18 and 65; 18 consumers and 14 nonconsumers, in both groups 75% of them were female. Then they broke the consumers into 11 who preferred problem-focused and 7 preferred growth-oriented. Those groups were tested for many things including cortisol levels, depressive symptomatology, and stress reactivity levels. There were no large differences between consumers of self-help books and nonconsumers when it comes to diurnal cortisol level, there was a large difference in depressive symptomatology (signs and symptoms) with consumers having a higher mean score. The growth-oriented group has higher stress reactivity levels than the problem-focused group. However, the problem-focused group shows higher depressive symptomatology.[49]There is limited evidence that continuing antidepressant medication for one year reduces the risk of depression recurrence with no additional harm.[50] Recommendations for psychological treatments or combination treatments in preventing recurrence are not clear.[50]There are empirical evidences of a connection between the type of stress management techniques and the level of daily depressive mood.[41]EpidemiologyMain article: Epidemiology of depressionDepression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, the United Nations (UN) health agency reported, estimating that it affects more than 300 million people worldwide – the majority of them women, young people and the elderly. An estimated 4.4 percent of the global population has depression, according to a report released by the UN World Health Organization (WHO), which shows an 18 percent increase in the number of people living with depression between 2005 and 2015.[51][52][53]Depression is a major mental-health cause of disease burden. Its consequences further lead to significant burden in public health, including a higher risk of dementia, premature mortality arising from physical disorders, and maternal depression impacts on child growth and development.[54] Approximately 76% to 85% of depressed people in low- and middle-income countries do not receive treatment;[55] barriers to treatment include: inaccurate assessment, lack of trained health-care providers, social stigma and lack of resources.[56]The stigma comes from misguided societal views that people with mental illness are different from everyone else, and they can choose to get better only if they wanted to.[57] Due to this more than half of the people with depression do not receive help with their disorders. The stigma leads to a strong preference for privacy.The World Health Organization has constructed guidelines – known as The Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) – aiming to increase services for people with mental, neurological and substance-use disorders.[56] Depression is listed as one of conditions prioritized by the programme. Trials conducted show possibilities for the implementation of the programme in low-resource primary-care settings dependent on primary-care practitioners and lay health-workers.[58] Examples of mhGAP-endorsed therapies targeting depression include Group Interpersonal Therapy as group treatment for depression and "Thinking Health", which utilizes cognitive behavioral therapy to tackle perinatal depression.[56] Furthermore, effective screening in primary care is crucial for the access of treatments. The mhGAP adopted its approach of improving detection rates of depression by training general practitioners. However, there is still weak evidence supporting this training.[54]HistoryMain article: History of depressionThe term depression was derived from the Latin verb deprimere, "to press down".[59] From the 14th century, "to depress" meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits. It was used in 1665 in English author Richard Baker's Chronicle to refer to someone having "a great depression of spirit", and by English author Samuel Johnson in a similar sense in 1753.[60]In Ancient Greece, disease was thought due to an imbalance in the four basic bodily fluids, or humors. Personality types were similarly thought to be determined by the dominant humor in a particular person. Derived from the Ancient Greek melas, "black", and kholé, "bile",[61] melancholia was described as a distinct disease with particular mental and physical symptoms by Hippocrates in his Aphorisms, where he characterized all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time" as being symptomatic of the ailment.[62]During the 18th century, the humoral theory of melancholia was increasingly being challenged by mechanical and electrical explanations; references to dark and gloomy states gave way to ideas of slowed circulation and depleted energy.[63] German physician Johann Christian Heinroth, however, argued melancholia was a disturbance of the soul due to moral conflict within the patient.In the 20th century, the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin distinguished manic depression. The influential system put forward by Kraepelin unified nearly all types of mood disorder into manic–depressive insanity. Kraepelin worked from an assumption of underlying brain pathology, but also promoted a distinction between endogenous (internally caused) and exogenous (externally caused) types.[64] Around 1980, Kraepelin defined the term manic depression, which is also known as bipolar disorder. This mental health condition causes people to have mood swings, such as emotional highs and lows. Manic depression and bipolar disorder are considered the same thing because of these mood swings.[citation needed]Other psycho-dynamic theories were proposed. Existential and humanistic theories represented a forceful affirmation of individualism.[65] Austrian existential psychiatrist Viktor Frankl connected depression to feelings of futility and meaninglessness.[66] Frankl's logotherapy addressed the filling of an "existential vacuum" associated with such feelings, and may be particularly useful for depressed adolescents.[67][68]Researchers theorized that depression was caused by a chemical imbalance in neurotransmitters in the brain, a theory based on observations made in the 1950s of the effects of reserpine and isoniazid in altering monoamine neurotransmitter levels and affecting depressive symptoms.[69] During the 1960s and 70s, manic-depression came to refer to just one type of mood disorder (now most commonly known as bipolar disorder) which was distinguished from (unipolar) depression. The terms unipolar and bipolar had been coined by German psychiatrist Karl Kleist.[64]In July 2022, British psychiatrist Joanna Moncrieff, also psychiatrist Mark Horowtiz and others proposed in a study on academic journal Molecular Psychiatry that depression is not caused by a serotonin imbalance in the human body, unlike what most of the psychiatry community points to, and that therefore anti-depressants don't work against the illness.[70][71] However, such study was met with criticism from some psychiatrists, who argued the study's methodology used an indirect trace of serotonin, instead of taking direct measurements of the molecule.[72] Moncrieff said that, despite her study's conclusions, no one should interrupt their treatment if they are taking any anti-depressant.[73]See alsoAttribution (psychology)Biopsychosocial modelDepression in childhood and adolescenceDiathesis–stress modelExistential crisisFeelingLocus of controlMelancholiaMixed anxiety–depressive disorderReferences "Depression". 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Media related to Depression (mood) at Wikimedia CommonsClassification DICD-10: F32.8MeSH: D003863DiseasesDB: 3589vteEmotions (list)Authority control: National libraries Edit this at Wikidata UkraineGermanyCzech RepublicCategories: Depression (mood)EmotionsNeuropsychologyMental statesNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch WikipediaMain pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonateContributeHelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload fileToolsWhat links hereRelated changesSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemPrint/exportDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsWikiquoteLanguagesDeutschEspañolFrançais한국어ItalianoРусскийTiếng Việtייִדיש中文75 moreEdit linksThis page was last edited on 12 December 2022, at 10:46 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435994228 2023-01-06 19:29:18 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2435994228 20 minutos sin el zaza Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2438289389 2023-01-09 18:55:50 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2438289389 Chat reset! WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439393714 no more old messages. ]]> 2023-01-10 14:29:57 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439393714 hey Liam are you on right now WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439396514 2023-01-10 14:31:32 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439396514 you know that feeling when you like men Average_Celeste_Enjoyer https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439546978 2023-01-10 15:57:48 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439546978 i was born at a very young age WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439689247 2023-01-10 17:21:28 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439689247 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439693495 2023-01-10 17:24:06 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439693495 MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN, TRUMP 2024 RAAAH🦅🇺🇸 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439763070 2023-01-10 18:07:32 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439763070 god bless your mom-ica AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439764608 2023-01-10 18:08:34 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439764608 We reunite today brothers in the cult of bumshala Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439775531 2023-01-10 18:15:38 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439775531 "amogus sus" Average_Celeste_Enjoyer https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439892535 2023-01-10 19:36:22 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439892535 i love men Average_Celeste_Enjoyer https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439924820 men i love]]> 2023-01-10 19:59:24 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2439924820 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440771560 2023-01-11 13:00:24 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440771560 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440906732 2023-01-11 14:36:13 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440906732 Papa john paul Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440910335 2023-01-11 14:38:21 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440910335 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440914265 2023-01-11 14:40:58 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440914265 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440916551 2023-01-11 14:42:30 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2440916551 men Average_Celeste_Enjoyer https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2441079742 *slurp*]]> 2023-01-11 16:24:24 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2441079742 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2441320942 2023-01-11 19:06:05 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2441320942 BEAT THE CHILD Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442260201 2023-01-12 13:35:24 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442260201 BURN THE RICE FIELD Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442264032 2023-01-12 13:38:29 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442264032 What the hell puss in boots Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442266252 2023-01-12 13:40:09 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442266252 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442316624 2023-01-12 14:15:16 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442316624 The FitnessGram™ Pacer Test is a The FitnessGram™ Pacer Test is a multistage aerobic capacity test that progressively gets more difficult as it continues. The 20 meter pacer test will begin in 30 seconds. Line up at the start. The running speed starts slowly, but gets faster each minute after you hear this signal. [beep] A single lap should be completed each time you hear this sound. [ding] Remember to run in a straight line, and run as long as possible. The second time you fail to complete a lap before the sound, your test is over. The test will begin on the word start. On your mark, get ready, start. AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442454364 2023-01-12 15:42:28 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442454364 GET JACK BACK Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442454586 2023-01-12 15:42:35 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442454586 29parkerb1 https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442487202 2023-01-12 16:03:34 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442487202 Average_Celeste_Enjoyer https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442797966 2023-01-12 19:54:34 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442797966 Suggestion Average_Celeste_Enjoyer https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442799449 Add a few sections that take up the whole screen that are completely clean chats so we can go there when teachers are looking.]]> 2023-01-12 19:55:45 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2442799449 козел WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2443058324 2023-01-13 02:20:46 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2443058324 bazooka hotwheel (not the one i own) 29kelloren https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2443568493 2023-01-13 13:31:07 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2443568493 i am homosexual Average_Celeste_Enjoyer https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446875019 this is dead]]> 2023-01-17 14:03:51 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446875019 29parkerb1 https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446919708 2023-01-17 14:31:51 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446919708 no context. 29parkerb1 https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446921602 2023-01-17 14:33:00 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446921602 can i be admin 29parkerb1 https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446926043 2023-01-17 14:35:47 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446926043 nah 29parkerb1 https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446930073 pussy in booty]]> 2023-01-17 14:38:18 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446930073 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446930207 2023-01-17 14:38:22 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2446930207 brandon is here WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447018827 2023-01-17 15:27:44 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447018827 some times you just wanna DictionaryDefinitions from Oxford Languages · Learn moreSearch for a wordsis·sy/ˈsisē/DEROGATORY•INFORMALnounnoun: sissy; plural noun: sissies; noun: cissy; plural noun: cissiesa soft, timid, or oversensitive person, or a boy or man viewed as being overly interested in things traditionally associated with women."he would hate the other boys to think he was a sissy"Similar:cowardweaklingnamby-pambycrybabybabymilquetoastsoftiesnowflakechickenmilksopmama's boywetweedbig girl's blousejessieponcepantywaistcupcakepussysookpoltroonadjectiveadjective: sissy; comparative adjective: sissier; superlative adjective: sissiest; adjective: cissy; comparative adjective: cissier; superlative adjective: cissiestsoft, timid, or oversensitive, or overly interested in things traditionally associated with women."they still think that dancing is a sissy thing for guys to do"Similar:cowardlyweakfeeblespinelesseffeminateeffetelimp-wristedwomanishunmanlysoftwetweedywimpishwimpysissyishsissifiedswishyyellowyellow-belliedcandy-assedOriginmid 18th century (in the sense ‘sister’): from sis1 + -y2.Translate sissy toChoose languageUse over time for: sissyFeedback WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447020464 2023-01-17 15:28:47 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447020464 cursed hot wheel WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447027238 they turn into a balll and when you throw them on the ground they turn into a car]]> 2023-01-17 15:32:51 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447027238 romance WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447028438 2023-01-17 15:33:36 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447028438 44 14'39.77n 7 46'10.71e Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447271658 2023-01-17 18:04:58 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447271658 27°48′05.6″N 97°27′15.2″W Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447283480 2023-01-17 18:13:25 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447283480 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447409656 2023-01-17 19:39:17 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447409656 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447416007 2023-01-17 19:43:51 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447416007 Jack i was saying hi like an npc in the cience room door and you didnt see me Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447427834 2023-01-17 19:52:37 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2447427834 oh no >:{ WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2448429265 2023-01-18 14:39:37 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2448429265 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2448678633 2023-01-18 17:13:19 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2448678633 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2448819469 2023-01-18 18:49:47 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2448819469 SOON WE WILL BE HARVESTING MANGOES IN TAHITI Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2448854917 2023-01-18 19:15:15 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2448854917 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2449805242 2023-01-19 13:51:23 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2449805242 guys we have to kill this thig AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2449862451 2023-01-19 14:28:43 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2449862451 expensivey WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2449895748 2023-01-19 14:49:10 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2449895748 double door?!?!?1?1/1/?!?!?!?!/1!1/1/1/!?!/1?!?!1 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2449904530 2023-01-19 14:54:40 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2449904530 guys what if i told you i said dick randomly, its a disorder AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2450404359 2023-01-19 21:22:21 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2450404359 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2451243540 2023-01-20 16:02:24 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2451243540 i died to a spider WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2451402097 2023-01-20 18:14:47 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2451402097 s u c c Average_Celeste_Enjoyer https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2451421727 dickdickdickmine]]> 2023-01-20 18:33:15 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2451421727 now listen here, you little *classical music* WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2453187418 2023-01-23 13:08:53 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2453187418 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2453188611 2023-01-23 13:09:57 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2453188611 this car is worth 3m dollars WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2453191858 and they cut it up and widebody it]]> 2023-01-23 13:13:00 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2453191858 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2453198112 2023-01-23 13:18:25 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2453198112 Real. Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2454658403 2023-01-24 13:37:52 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2454658403 banana meth Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2454996148 2023-01-24 16:54:52 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2454996148 I GOT FUCKICNG DIDMNDS WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2459022340 2023-01-27 14:31:51 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2459022340 New logo WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2463209192 2023-01-31 15:39:16 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2463209192 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2464977459 2023-02-01 17:45:45 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2464977459 guys we sticking banananananananana WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2464980504 2023-02-01 17:47:43 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2464980504 haha take that AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2466216281 🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿🗿]]> 2023-02-02 14:33:27 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2466216281 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2466220704 2023-02-02 14:36:12 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2466220704 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2466223314 2023-02-02 14:37:44 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2466223314 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2466362193 2023-02-02 15:59:09 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2466362193 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2467622875 2023-02-03 14:14:20 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2467622875 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2467670312 2023-02-03 14:46:17 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2467670312 oh yes daddy 29kurake1 https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2467896594 2023-02-03 17:35:50 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2467896594 Gmpae mm Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2470352706 2023-02-06 16:18:35 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2470352706 frick you AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2472194954 2023-02-07 17:43:08 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2472194954 yeah, i'm fine people are just a little mean sometimes AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2473602631 2023-02-08 15:18:12 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2473602631 topless man in staggant water Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2475258301 2023-02-09 16:12:50 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2475258301 AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2476587036 2023-02-10 15:38:32 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2476587036 3 days since the last communication with outside members of this hierarchy society, I instruct urgent care of thy rest place Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2480107913 2023-02-13 18:53:44 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2480107913 Jack are you in school? Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2481948652 2023-02-14 14:14:53 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2481948652 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2482090893 2023-02-14 15:18:22 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2482090893 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2482140141 2023-02-14 15:40:23 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2482140141 music padlet AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2493009077 2023-02-23 18:55:13 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2493009077 GUYS COME BACK TO SCHOOL WAAAAAAAAAH WAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAH WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2496396027 wah.]]> 2023-02-27 14:01:29 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2496396027 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499891530 2023-03-01 17:18:15 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499891530 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499894866 2023-03-01 17:20:37 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499894866 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499896485 2023-03-01 17:21:43 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499896485 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499899551 2023-03-01 17:23:44 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499899551 five nights at freddys WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499900940 2023-03-01 17:24:44 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499900940 99088E nebula robotics team WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499903452 2023-03-01 17:26:11 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2499903452 29durbine1 https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2501371841 when takeing a giant shit

]]> 2023-03-02 16:23:45 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2501371841 jack unmute AgentAntiVenom https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2503145678 2023-03-03 21:53:52 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2503145678 WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2511954713 2023-03-10 14:55:51 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2511954713 Skywalker_ https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2514849719 2023-03-13 17:58:53 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2514849719 https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2557081609 2023-04-17 14:32:16 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2557081609 does anyone ever use this anymore WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2617125625 2023-06-07 13:18:04 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2617125625 this is so nostalgic dude RIP WeedEater https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2740259582 2023-10-10 16:11:02 UTC https://padlet.com/WeedEater/3/wish/2740259582