Discussion Board Unit 2 by https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81 en-us 2023-06-20 00:49:08 UTC 2023-06-20 04:14:30 UTC hello@padlet.com Two divisions of the ANS and alternate names associated with each. morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627617018 Sympathetic Nervous System - Fight, fright, flight.
* Adrenergic
Parasympathetic Nervous System - Rest and digest
* Cholinergic]]> 2023-06-20 02:15:01 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627617018 Neurotransmitters for Sympathetic Nervous System morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627622554 Acetylcholine (ACH)-cholinergic
*NT released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings (both systems)

Norepinephrine (NE)-adrenergic
*NT released at postganglionic nerve endings
*synthesized from dopamine 
*released by adrenal medulla and neurons

Epinephrine (EPI)-adrenergic
*acts on adrenergic receptors
*produced by adrenal medulla

Dopamine (DA)
*sympathetic and CNS neurotransmitter 
*precursor to NE 
*stimulates many receptors (alpha, beta, dopaminergic); different actions based on dose given
*Most of the brain’s dopamine is produced in the midbrain by neurons that connect to the striatum, where the dopamine is released.
]]> 2023-06-20 02:19:09 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627622554 Neurotransmitters for Parasympathetic Nervous System morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627628134 *NT released at ganglia is ACH (cholinergic)

*NT released at postganglionic nerve endings is ACH (cholinergic)
]]> 2023-06-20 02:23:33 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627628134 Sources morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627638116 How dopamine drives brain activity | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology

& 

Part 1 and Part 2 ANS powerpoints in blackboard for this course

]]> 2023-06-20 02:32:34 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627638116 The receptors of Sympathetic nervous system with the main locations of each receptor morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627661934 Alpha 1: Found on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, most arteries and veins.
*Smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction -> Increased BP
*Dilation of pupils - mydriasis
*Stimulated by NE & EPI (catecholamines)

Alpha 2: Relaxation/inhibition; PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE. Found on adrenergic nerve ending.
*Decreases contraction of smooth muscle -> Vasodilation, lowers BP
*Decreases releases of NE/regulates the release
*negative feedback system

Beta 1: Location on the heart - STIMULATION
* INCREASES force of contraction (+inotropic)
* INCREASES heart rate (+chronotropic)
* INCREASES conduction (+dromotropic)
* Stimulated by NE & EPI (stronger effect by EPI)

Beta 2: Located on smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, coronary arteries - RELAXATION
* Smooth muscle relaxation
* Bronchodilation
* Uterine relaxation
* Relaxation of coronary arteries and skeletal muscle blood vessels - vasodilation
* Stimulated by EPI only

]]> 2023-06-20 02:52:34 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627661934 The receptors of Parasympathetic nervous system with the main locations of each receptor morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627666081 Muscarinic: 
* located on cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands
* at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings  
* decrease HR, bronchoconstriction, ­ digestion, ­ GI secretions, and ­ urination, pupillary constriction

Nicotinic 1 (Nn): 
* at ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves (synapse area) 

Nicotinic 2 (Nm): 
*somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle  
•If stimulated, muscle contracts. (Somatic Nervous system-voluntary control; division of Peripheral Nervous System)

(ALL are stimulated by ACH)
]]> 2023-06-20 02:55:54 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627666081 The end organ responses that occur when each transmitter is stimulated in the Parasympathetic nervous system. morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627691677 Heart - Decreases heart rate and AV conduction
Intestines, GI motility, and secretions - increased
Postganglionic neurotransmitter - AcH released
Pupil of the eye - Constriction (miosis)
Respiratory passages, lower - bronchoconstriction
Urinary bladder - Contraction
Urinary sphincter - Relaxation]]> 2023-06-20 03:18:15 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627691677 Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627694100 Pg. 60 - Pharmacology: An Introduction with Additional Material]]> 2023-06-20 03:20:57 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627694100 The end organ responses that occur when each transmitter is stimulated in the sympathetic nervous system morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627716529 Adrenal medulla - release of epinephrine
Arteries - vasoconstriction
Heart - Increases heart rate and AV conduction & Increases contractility
Intestines, GI motility, and secretions - Decreased
Postganglionic neurotransmitter - norepinephrine released
Pupil of the eye - Dilation (mydriasis)
Respiratory passages, lower - Bronchodilation
Urinary bladder - relaxation
Urinary sphincter - contraction]]> 2023-06-20 03:48:01 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627716529 Drug classifications for sympathetic nervous system morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627724994 •Sympathomimetics: drugs that mimic the sympathetic system (adrenergics, agonists)

•Sympatholytics: drugs that work against the sympathetic system (adrenergic blocking, blockers, inhibitors, antagonists)

Alpha 1: Adrenergic Agonists Drugs
1. ephedrine (Adrenalin®)-increases BP
2. phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)- increases BP, nasal decongestant
Uses: severe allergic reactions/anaphylaxis, shock, cardiac arrhythmias
Alpha 1: Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
1. prazosin (Minipress®)-HTN
2. terazosin (Hytrin®) -HTN, BPH
3. doxazosin (Cardura®)-HTN, BPH
Uses: Hypertension, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonists Drugs
1. dobutamine
Uses: treatment of shock, increases blood pressure, and increases heart function
Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists Drugs
1. albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)-bronchodilator
2. terbutaline (Brethine®)-bronchodilator, uterine relaxant
3. formoterol (Foradil®)-bronchodilator
4. salmeterol (Serevent®)-bronchodilator
Uses: asthma, respiratory illness/disease, preterm labor


]]> 2023-06-20 03:59:41 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627724994 Drug classifications for parasympathetic nervous system morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627728252 Parasympathomimetics: drugs that mimic the parasympathetic system (agonists, cholinergics)

Parasympatholytics: drugs that work against parasympathetic system (antagonists, anticholingerics)

Colinergics/Parasympathomimetics: DIRECT
1. acetylcholine-used for miosis, cataract and other eye surgeries
MOA: pupil constriction
2. pilocarpine (Pilocar® )-used for glaucoma
MOA: pupil constriction; decreases amount of fluid in eye; decreases  intraocular pressure
3. bethanechol (Urecholine®)-used for urinary retention and ileus/intestinal stasis
MOA: stimulates muscarinic receptors of bladder and GI tract to prevent constipation and urinary retention post-op and in the elderly
Colinergics/Parasympathomimetics: INDIRECT
MOA:
* inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse
*increases ACH
Drugs:
*neostigmine (Prostigmin®)
Uses: urinary retention and intestinal stasis/ileus, reversal of anticholinergic- rocuronium bromide (Zemuron®) with respiratory paralysis from anesthesia by increasing ACH at the nicotinic 2 (Nm) receptors on skeletal muscle, treatment for myasthenia gravis
Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics
1. atropine -antidote for cholinergic poisoning
*increase HR, decreases vagus nerve activity (parasympathetic), pre-op med-slows digestion and urination, mydriasis
2. dicyclomine (Bentyl®)- used for GI disorders (ulcers, colitis, IBS)
decreases GI secretions and motility
3. ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)-bronchodilation


]]> 2023-06-20 04:04:26 UTC https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627728252 Drug list Examples morganberd https://padlet.com/morganberd/5y7cwunxf5j6ir81/wish/2627735204 Autonomic Nervous System 
I.          Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists
                ephedrine
                phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
 
II.        Adrenergic Agonists
epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
     
III.      Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers
                  prazosin (Minipress®)
                      terazosin (Hytrin®)
                      doxazosin (Cardura®)
 
IV.      Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists
                      dobutamine
 
V.       Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
                      formoterol (Foradil®)
                  albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)
                      terbutaline (Brethine®)
 
VI.     Beta Blockers
  1. Nonselective
                      nadolol (Corgard®)
                      propranolol (Inderal®)
                      timolol (Blocadren®)
  1. Selective
                      atenolol (Tenormin®)
                      metoprolol (Lopressor®)
 
VII.    Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist
                      acetylcholine
                      pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
                  bethanechol (Urecholine®)
 
VIII.    Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents
      neostigmine (Prostigmin®)
 
IX.  Anticholinergics
                        atropine
                        dicyclomine (Bentyl®)
 
Somatic System

I.       Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
  1. Peripherally Acting
  • Depolarizing Agent
succinylcholine
  • Non-depolarizing Agent
rocuronium bromide (Zemuron®)
  • Direct Acting
dantrolene (Dantrium®)
  
  1. Centrally Acting
            cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril®)
            carisoprodol (Soma®)
            methocarbamol (Robaxin®)
            orphenadrine citrate (Norflex®)
            chlorzoxazone  (Parafon Forte DSC®)
            metaxalone (Skelaxin®)
                                                         
Respiratory System and Allergy Drug Therapy
 
  I. Mast Cell Stabilizers
cromolyn Sodium (Intal®, Nasalcrom®)
 
  II. Bronchodilators
  1. Sympathomimetics/beta-2 agonists  (Short and long acting)
  albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)
  formoterol (Foradil®)                                                                 
terbutaline (Brethine®)                                                       
salmeterol (Serevent®)
              
  1. Xanthine Derivatives
  theophylline (Theo-Dur®)
  aminophylline (Paladron®)
 
III. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists/Inhibitors
  montelukast (Singulair®)
 
IV. Anticholinergics
  ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)

V. Combination Bronchodilators
ipratropium bromide + albuterol sulfate (Combivent®)
 
VI. Antihistamines
  1. Generation I (sedating)
brompheniramine (Dimetapp®)
chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton®)
clemastine (Tavist®)
diphenhydramine (Benadryl®)
hydroxyzine (Atarax®)
promethazine (Phenergan®)
azelastine (Astelin®, Astepro®)
 
  1. Generation II (non-sedating)
loratadine (Claritin®)
fexofenadine (Allegra®)
cetirizine (Zyrtec®)
 
VII. Corticosteroids (asthma or allergic rhinitis, inhaled or nasal)
budesonide (Rhinocort®, Pulmicort®)
mometasone (Nasonex®, Asmanex®)
fluticasone (Flonase®, Flovent®)
flunisolide (Nasalide®)
triamcinolone (Nasacort®, Azmacort®)
 
VIII. Antitussives
a. Narcotic
hydrocodone (Hycodan®)
codeine/guaifenesin (Robitussin AC®)
 
b. Non-narcotic
dextromethorphan/guaifenesin (Robitussin DM®)
benzonatate  (Tessalon Perles®)
 
  IX. Decongestants
oxymetazoline (Afrin®)
pheniramine (Dristan®)
phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
pseudoephedrine (Sudafed®)
 
  X. Expectorants
guaifenesin (Robitussin®, Mucinex®, Organidin®)


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