Biology Revision Notes by Student - Tehani Nguyen https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak en-us 2022-09-15 07:23:29 UTC 2022-09-15 07:48:18 UTC hello@padlet.com Living Organisms- Mrs Gren nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297790405 Living organisms-
-Require nutrition
-They respire
-They excrete their waste
-They respond to their surroundings
-They move
-They control their internal conditions
-They reproduce
-They grow and develop]]> 2022-09-15 07:26:11 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297790405 Mrs H Gren nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297791317 M
R
S

Homeostasis- The maintenance of a constant internal enviroment. 

G
R
E
N]]> 2022-09-15 07:26:56 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297791317 Are viruses living? nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297791723 Viruses are not considered living as they cannot reproduce on their own. They require another living cell, or “host.”]]> 2022-09-15 07:27:16 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297791723 Movement nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297792242  Movement | an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.]]> 2022-09-15 07:27:41 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297792242 Respiration nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297792679  Respiration | the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism.]]> 2022-09-15 07:27:58 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297792679 Sensitivity nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297793131 Sensitivity | the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses.]]> 2022-09-15 07:28:18 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297793131 Growth nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297793466  Growth | a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.]]> 2022-09-15 07:28:32 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297793466 Reproduction nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297793760  Reproduction | the processes that make more of the same kind of organism]]> 2022-09-15 07:28:47 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297793760 Excretion nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297794135  Excretion | removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxicmaterials, and substances in excess of requirements.]]> 2022-09-15 07:29:05 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297794135 Nutrition nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297794571  Nutrition | taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water.]]> 2022-09-15 07:29:24 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297794571 Classification explained nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297795929
  • All living organisms can be classified into groups based on certain criteria. 

  • One of the simplest forms of classification is to split all living things into 5 Kingdoms.

  • The 5 kingdoms are called animals, plants, fungi, protoctists and bacteria.

  • Viruses are non-living and therefore classified separately. 

    • ]]>     2022-09-15 07:30:28 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297795929     Eukaryotic organisms nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297797128 -Plants
    -Animals
    -Fungi
    -Protoctists
    These 4 groups are eukaryotic organisms as their cells all possess a nucleus.

    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:31:29 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297797128     Bacteria nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297797389 Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms as their cells don’t have a nucleus.]]> 2022-09-15 07:31:42 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297797389 Plants nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297798137
    • They are multicellular
    • They contain chloroplasts
    • Carry out photosynthesis therefore they are autotrophic (make their own food)
    • Have cellulose cell walls
    • Store sugar such as starch or sucrose

    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:32:22 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297798137     Plants- Two categories nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297798732 They fall into two categories
    Non-flowering plants
    And 
    Flowering plants

    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:32:57 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297798732     Animals nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297799105
  • They are multicellular
  • They do not photosynthesise because they feed from other organisms (heterotrophic)
  • They are capable of moving from one place to another
  • They do not have cell walls or chloroplasts so they do not photosynthesise
  • They have nervous coordination (plants do not have a nervous system)
  • Store carbohydrates as glycogen 



    • ]]>     2022-09-15 07:33:15 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297799105     Animals- Two categories nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297799926 Invertebrates
    (do not have a spinal column, some still have spines)
    And
    Vertebrates

    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:34:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297799926     Fungi nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297800473
  • They can be multicellular or unicellular (single celled)
  • They have a cell wall made of chitin (pronounced kytin) made of a network of fibres called mycelium of hyphae which have many nuclei
  • Feed by saprophytic nutrition using extracellular (they are heterotrophic). Using enzymes to feed from things around them which they absorb. 
  • They live on dead and decomposing material, breaking it down. 
  • Store carbohydrate as glycogen (like us)



    • ]]>     2022-09-15 07:34:30 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297800473     Fungi- Multicellular or single celled? nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297801930 Both!
    Single celled example- Yeast
    Multicellular example- Mucor (bread mould)



    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:35:39 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297801930     Protoctists nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297802406
    • A strange collection of simple organisms that do not into the other groups therefore they are known as the “dustbin” kingdom.
    • Some are like animals some are more like plants
    • Most are single celled.
    • Most are microscopic

    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:36:04 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297802406     Protoctist examples nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297803016 More animal like- Amoeba
    More plant like- Chlorella


    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:36:33 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297803016     Kingdoms – Bacteria nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297804090
  • They are small, single celled organisms
  • They have a cell wall made of peptidogycan
  • Some of them have a capsule or slime layer
  • They are prokaryotic (no nucleus)
  • They do have genetic material, even without a nucleus
  • Some species have flagella for movement 
  • Some contain plasmids (small loops of DNA)
  • Have one circular chromosome
  • Some can photosynthesise
  • Largest kingdom

    • ]]>     2022-09-15 07:37:26 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297804090     Bacteria nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297805037 2022-09-15 07:38:12 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297805037 Bacteria examples nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297806374 Rod shaped- Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Used in the production of yogurt from milk)
    Spherical shaped- Pneumococcus (Causes the disease pneumonia)



    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:39:23 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297806374     What is a Pathogen? nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297807871 In biology, a pathogen in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ.
    A variety of microorganisms can cause disease. Pathogenic organisms are of five main types: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms.]]>     2022-09-15 07:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297807871     Viruses nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297810289
  • Not made of cells,  and do not carry out any of the normal ‘characteristics’ of living organisms.
  • Much smaller than bacteria cells.
  • All are parasites (live and reproduce in a host causing it harm).
  • Made of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
  • All natural viruses cause disease. They can infect every type of living organism.



    • ]]>     2022-09-15 07:42:37 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297810289     Virus examples- nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297811952 Tobacco mosaic virus-
    Prevents the formation of chloroplasts in plants.

    HIV-
    Destroys the immune system causing AIDS

    Influenza-
    Causes the ‘flu’



    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:43:50 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297811952     Cell Structure nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297815081 Cell wall-
    Rigid outermost layer, provides support

    Vacuole-
    Stores toxic waste as well as useful products

    Chloroplasts-
    Contain green pigments that traps sunlight and turns it into sugars by the process of photosynthesis. 

    Ribosomes-
    Produce proteins 

    Cell membrane-
    Made of proteins. Separates cell from external environment. 

    Nucleus-
    Control centre of cell. Contains DNA. 

    Cytoplasm-
    Contains organelles

    Mitochondria-
    Powerhouse of cell. Contains energy stored in food into energy rich molecules that the cell can use. 



    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:45:55 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297815081     Plant Vs Animal Cells nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297816083 2022-09-15 07:46:40 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297816083 Stem Cells nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297816922
    Why might some people not agree with the use of stem cells?

    Some opponents of stem cell research argue that it offends human dignity or harms or destroys human life. Many religious groups and others oppose stem cell research involving the use and destruction of human embryos. - (The Case Against Embryonic Stem Cell Research)

    ]]>     2022-09-15 07:47:21 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297816922     Cell Differentiation- Importance nguyent29_1 https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297818209 Cell differentiation is the process of stem cells becoming more specialized. Cell differentiation is important because it creates diversity in life on Earth, creates diversity within the cells of our body and allows cells to create unique structures that fit their individualized functions.]]> 2022-09-15 07:48:18 UTC https://padlet.com/nguyent29_1/5wzx1s2s6v6bblak/wish/2297818209