Hitner,  H. Nagle, Barbara. (2015). Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous system, Pharmacology Introduction: 7th edition. (pp 61). McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions.

 

What happens in the arteries in the sympathetic effect? Vasoconstriction happens. While in the parasympathetic effect most arteries are not supplied by the parasympathetic nerves.

What happens in the heart? The sympathetic effect increases the heart rate and  it also causes Atriventicular conduction. It also  increases the contraction of the heart. In the parasympathetic effect the decrease in the heart rate and in the antriventicular conduction happens . It also decreases in its contraction.

What happens in the intestines, the GI and the secretions? The sympathetic effect decreases while the parasympathetic effect increases.

In the post ganglionic neurotransmitter within the sympathetic effect, norepinephrine is released. While in the parasympathetic effect acetylcholine is released.

What happens in the pupil of the eye? Dilation happens in the sympathetic effect. While in the parasympathetic effect constriction happens.

What happens in the respiratory passages? In the sympathetic effect bronchodilation happens. While in the parasympathetic effect bronchoconstriction happens.

What happens in the bladder? In the sympathetic effect relaxation happens. While In the parasympathetic effect  contraction happens.

In the urinary sphincter contraction happens, in the sympathetic effect. while in the parasympathetic effect relaxation happens.

Hitner provides us with a chart in chapter 5 that provide these facts (65).

Hitner,  H. Nagle, Barbara  (2015). Drugs Affecting the Sympathetic Nervous System, Pharmacology Introduction: 7th edition. (pp 65). McGraw-Hill Learning solutions.

The sympathetic division cointains receptors that are subdivided. These receptors are called alpha and beta receptors. Each of them divide into two parts making them 4 receptors which are known as the alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2. Hitner states this in chapter 5, “Alpha and beta receptors are subdivided into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 (66). Alpha 1 can be found at the smooth muscle membranes of arteries, veins also in the sphincters of the urinary and the gastrointestinal tract. Hitner lets us know in chapter 6, “Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors are found predominantly on smooth muscle membranes of arteries, veins, and sphincters of the urinary and gastrointestinal tract” (71). Beta 2 can be found in the smooth muscle of the coronary  and skeletal blood vessels. Also at the bronchiole smooth muscle. Hitner states this in chapter 6, “The predominant beta receptor in the smooth muscle of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscle is the beta-2 receptor” (71). This lets us know where alpha 2 can be found. Beta 1 receptors can be found in the heart. Hitner mentions this in chapter 6, “In the heart, the predominant beta receptors are classified as beta-1 receptors, and when stimulated by NE or EPI, they increase heart rate and force of contraction” (71). On the other hand beta 2 are found in the smooth muscle of the coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and also in the bronchiolar smooth muscle. Hitner states this in chapter 6,  “The predominant beta receptor in the smooth muscle of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscle is the beta-2 receptor” (71).

Hitner,  H. Nagle, Barbara  (2015). Drugs Affecting the Sympathetic Nervous System, Pharmacology Introduction: 7th edition. (pp 66). McGraw-Hill Learning solutions.

Hitner,  H. Nagle, Barbara  (2015). Drugs Affecting the Parasympathetic  Nervous System, Pharmacology Introduction 7th edition (pp 71). McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions.

Hitner,  H. Nagle, Barbara. (2015). Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous system, Pharmacology Introduction: 7th edition. (pp 64). McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions.