Lit Review by AVA SINGH https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o en-us 2022-11-08 15:57:24 UTC 2023-01-19 16:08:01 UTC hello@padlet.com New age of "big data" wave as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375261100 DEFINE it. 
WHY is it important?
evidence: 2 sources from drive (PUT EVIDENCE HERE)
also 2 cornerstone sources need be ]]> 2022-11-08 16:02:10 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375261100 Loopholes as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375268840 sarah brayne: "In both cases, we found processes of professional resistance, including foot-dragging and data obfuscation, fueled by similar fears of surveillance and deskilling"

"When we were able to read through the defendants’ files, we realized that the risk scores sheets were often placed towards the end of the file; they were generally not annotated, in contrast to the first 50 pages of the file. "]]> 2022-11-08 16:06:40 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375268840 Overrides as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375269729 canada source: "Even when judges are made aware that a risk-assessment instrument is being applied, objective results achieved on one or more assessment instruments are regularly ‘‘overridden’’ by formal ministry policies in several provinces"]]> 2022-11-08 16:07:08 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375269729 Resistance to Implementation from legal professionals as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375270575 2022-11-08 16:07:34 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375270575 why these are bad/ineffective for implementation as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375272528 2022-11-08 16:08:35 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375272528 Arguments against RAIs as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375278300 2022-11-08 16:11:53 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375278300 as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375278822 This leads to.... STIGMA....which leads to ineffective implementation due to ]]> 2022-11-08 16:12:11 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375278822 Argument pro-RAIs as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375281284 2022-11-08 16:13:37 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375281284 Context/intro: as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375284994 2022-11-08 16:15:36 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375284994 What is RAI? as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375285515 Christin A source: "risk-assessment tools typically provide an estimate of an offender’s risk of recidivism or failure to appear when on bail, often expressed in a range of “low” to “high” risk." 


How RAI is comprised:
Virginia source: "offender characteristics and demographics, current offense information, prior adult criminal record, and prior juvenile contact with legal authorities."
Picard-fritsche: "based on correlations between common risk factors (e.g., unemployment, lack of education, criminal history) and race”"]]> 2022-11-08 16:15:50 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375285515 how does AI play a role in this? as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375288217 RAIs are used for not only sentencings, but " also commonly used to guide policing, bail decisions, diversion
programs, prison assignment and programming, probation and parole supervision, discretionary parole
decisions, and reentry programs" overdue debate

]]> 2022-11-08 16:17:20 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375288217 Why is it so important? current controversy around AI: as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375299262 2022-11-08 16:23:40 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375299262 Exclusion of RAI findings from court cases as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375307683 can lead to not as much evidence in case which can skew results

sarah brayne: "When we asked a judge whether he considered risk scores when making decisions, he said that he usually did not..."
even when RAI's decisions ARE considered, due to the stigma that revolves around the tools, canada umpire source found that "in some jurisdictions that administer a risk/needs assessment as part of the investigative process, by express policy, those drafting PSRs either avoid referring to the use of the assessment, or pointedly exclude the result from the report to the court, or both.
THIS IS INEFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION.]]> 2022-11-08 16:28:08 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375307683 How CJS system operates with and without AI as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375317366 2022-11-08 16:33:42 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375317366 Enforces/exacerbates racial bias and discrimination as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375319277 Tay evidence 1: "“One of the problems of AI is that false data results and racist data—implicit and intentional—may also be produced, leading to disparate outcomes. 
USE THIS IF I HAVE ROOM IN WC:“Tay” was an AI bot designed and released by Microsoft Corporation in 2016.162 It was designed to mirror the language patterns of a nineteen-year-old girl and programmed to learn all human interactions by interacting with people via Twitter.163 Within sixteen hours, Tay had to be shut down due to several racist, anti-Semitic, and sexually charged messages in response to other Twitter users.”

-propublica evidence 2: their study concluded that "Black defendants were still 77 percent more likely to be pegged as at higher risk of committing a future violent crime and 45 percent more likely to be predicted to commit a future crime of any kind."

Overdue debate: "“Professor Harcourt argues that risk factors like prior arrests are essentially ‘‘proxies for race,’’ and that further expanding the influence of criminal history by incorporating it into risk assessments in sentencing and parole will exacerbate existing racial disparities."

]]> 2022-11-08 16:34:43 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2375319277 does not enforce racial bias and discrimination as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2383194091 -wisconsin supreme court source: in fact, even supreme court orders have argued against this, for example the wisco supreme court.....
evidence: "The judge concluded that “the use of gender as a factor in the risk assessment served the nondiscriminatory purpose of promoting accuracy…..Moreover, as COMPAS uses only publicly available data and data provided by the defendant, the court concluded that Loomis (defendant) could have denied or explained any information that went into making the report and therefore could have verified the accuracy of the information used in sentencing.”

in fact, states that  (us courts evidence): it can be argued that current criminal courts are "biased against poor minorities due to a wide variety of reasons ….and therefore, regardless of the degree of bias, risk assessment tools informed by objective data can help reduce racial bias from its current level. It would be a shame if policymakers mistakenly thought that risk assessment tools were somehow worse than the status quo
they concluded: “In all instances, we failed to find evidence of predictive bias by race in the COMPAS."
]]> 2022-11-14 16:16:10 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2383194091 decreases personal bias as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2383194530 Sarah Brayne source: "As one captain explained, relying on data rather than human interpretation helped avoid misallocating resources"
Demichele: "unstructured human judgment is flawed and routinely results in "inconsistent assessment of base rates, poor understanding of probabilities of outcomes, and little understanding of the influence of irrelevant information""]]> 2022-11-14 16:16:26 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2383194530 new age of "big data wave" pt 2 as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2408609474 this "big data" seen in many ways, for example, the integration of AI into healthcare, is a cause of concern for some... very CONTROVERSIAL...
- healthcare evidence:
""Although AI can offer potential solutions to combat human bias, it can also widen existing divisions in the provision of health care. The most obvious concern is the inequitable deployment of new technologies…Innovative solutions such as personalized medicine are usually very costly and thus are likely to remain unavailable to poor and vulnerable groups, exacerbating inequalities in access to and the quality of health care."
Another example of this big data is ARAIs in the CJS system. "In sentencing, their use is largely new and remains fast-expanding: today at least twenty states use these tools in some or all sentencing decisions, and many more plus the federal government are considering reforms that would introduce them" Overdue debate source

]]> 2022-12-05 04:57:59 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2408609474 decreases prison overcrowding/recidivism as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409367402 "“Their supporters believe these tools can to reduce overcrowding in jails by reliably identifying low-risk offenders who could be released" Christin A source

"In particular, risk assessment tools can help reduce recidivism by clarifying when intensive supervision or treatment is truly needed. This is a compelling justification for their use, since recidivism rates among justice-involved populations remain frustratingly high. In a national study consisting of a cohort of more than 400,000 state prisoners released in 2005, for example, 41 percent were re-arrested within a year following release" Picard-fritsche]]> 2022-12-05 16:01:00 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409367402 RAIs are unreliable as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409367627 This can have dire effects
COPS pretrial source: “A lack of reliability can have devastating
consequences for defendants and the broader community…... For example, if mistakenly rated as high risk, a low-risk defendant may not be recommended for release on bond. Alternatively,a high-risk defendant misclassified as low risk could be released on bond.” 

]]> 2022-12-05 16:01:09 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409367627 GAP: as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409415526 2022-12-05 16:29:13 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409415526 What am i examining in my project? as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409416258 and how does it connect to previous studies?]]> 2022-12-05 16:29:39 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409416258 What is my gap? as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409420147 cornerstone sources]]> 2022-12-05 16:32:04 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409420147 WHY i am filling this gap as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409421121 why should anyone care? whats the importance of my findings/how can they contribute]]> 2022-12-05 16:32:36 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2409421121 legal professionals' concern with privacy and surveillance as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2411199657 cornerstone sources]]> 2022-12-06 19:37:27 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2411199657 why is shreveport important location-wise? as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2414541200 2022-12-08 16:13:43 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2414541200 METHODS as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2433745433 2023-01-04 16:26:11 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2433745433 the interview method: as99268 https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2433746799 -justification for why i am interviewing
-what type of interviewing? semi structured? why this?
-what type of sampling? purposive? random? why?]]> 2023-01-04 16:27:12 UTC https://padlet.com/as99268/5wes8v62hdim0q7o/wish/2433746799