The Supreme Court ruled that Enslaved people were not deemed citizens of the US and ruled the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional

This meant that enslaved people were not protected under the rights given in the constitution.

The 13th amendment abolished slavery throughout the US

Additionally, indentured servitude was abolished

This amendment came 2 years after the emancipation proclamation, which freed slaves from "rebellious"(southern) states

This amendment has been used in cases such as Jones vs Mayer

The 14th amendment gave citizenship to all who were born or naturalized in the US

An important part of this amendment was the equal protection clause, which gave equal protection under law

The equal protection clause has been used in numerous supreme court cases, such as Brown vs Board of Education.

The 14th amendment gave all male citizens the right to vote

Previously, African Americans were not given the right to vote, but were able to voice their opinions during elections

The 15h amendment was used in court cases like United States vs Reese

The Jim Crow Laws were local laws that imposed segregation between white people and black people.

These laws were put into place in many Southern states

Jim Crow laws were overturned after the Civil Rights Act of 1964

The "separate but equal" doctrine was upheld as constitutional, and led to over half a century of racial injustice for non-white Americans

Brown vs Board of Education was one of the cases that started ending the "separate but equal" doctrine

After the Plessy vs Ferguson ruling, the separate but equal doctrine was put in place

This meant that separation was mandated through laws and enforced, creating a divide between white people and black people throughout the US, but specifically in the Southern states.

De Jure segregation would go on until the Civil rights Movement in the 1960s.

The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote

This occurred after years of women suffrage movements and protests.

The 19th amendment was used in the court case Breedlove vs Suttles

In 1957, a group of Black students were enrolled in a segregated school

This caused protests and harassment from white people who were against the idea

Combined with other incidents surrounding civil rights, the civil rights movement gained interest in the late 50s and early 60s

A Black student was denied the right to go to a all white school that was near her house

The Supreme Court ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional as it violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment

This case overturned Plessy vs Ferguson, which followed the doctrine "separate but equal"

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination due to race, color religion, sex, etc.

Voting rights and desegregation of public schools were also strengthened through this act.

One case that used the civil rights act of 1964 was Bostock vs Clayton County

The voting rights act of 1965 banned voting discrimination based on race

After the 15th amendment, many African Americans were still discriminated from voting

Along with thee Civil Rights Act of 1964, it was a landmark act in the civil rights movement

De Facto Segregation occurred after the "Separate but Equal" Doctrine was deemed unconstitutional

This means that while laws did not mandate "separate but equal", the practice was still put in place by certain people.

Also known as executive Order 11246, employment discrimination was deemed illegal

The term has been used to describe college admissions

Affirmative Action has been used in court cases like Bakke vs University of California

This case started when a Texas women challenged a law that did not allow her to get an abortion as she wasn't a health risk

Roe vs Wade affirmed that under the constitution, women have the right to an abortion

Recently, Roe vs Wade was overturned, which gave the states the right to decide

Allan Bakke applied to medical school, but was rejected due to his age.

the Supreme Court ruled that college admissions based on race violated the 14th amendment, specifically the equal protection clause

This program allowed Mexicans to work in farms in the US

Millions of Mexicans came to the US for work

Many were treated poorly at the farms

Pete Hernandez was indicted for murder by an all white jury without Mexican Americans

The exlclusion of Mexican Americans from jury violated the equal protection clause

This case led to increased rights for Mexican Americans

Mexican American students' parents sued a school district that segregated latino students

courts used the equal protection act to end segregation in school in CA

This case was a stepping stone to Brown vs BOE

Riots that took place in LA involving white servicemen and Mexican American residents

the white servicemen beat and detained the mexican americans during the riot

eventually,the riots sparked civil rights debates on mexican americans