The First Industrial City 3B by Elizabeth Welsh https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio en-us 2022-12-22 11:26:00 UTC 2026-02-21 08:21:42 UTC hello@padlet.com Jasper Shaffer https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2427594755 Title: Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution In The Industrial City
  1. In the 19th-Century Manchester coal was being used as a great way of energy for powering industry 
  2. World’s first industrial city but has big difficult history of urban air pollution
  3. Manchester’s cotton mills would fill with polluted coal smoke from the coal-powered steam engines
  4. This time is called ‘the smoke nuisance.’
  5. First steam-powered cotton mill was built in Manchester at Shudehill in 1782 by Richard Arkwright 
  6. There were around 500 smoking industrial chimneys by the mid-1840s 
  7. Coal smoke even with it being known for its negativity on health was also known as a sign of a thriving industry
]]> 2022-12-22 17:28:30 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2427594755 John Dalton: Atomic Theory https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2427595183 John Dalton (1766-1844)
-Manchester-based scientist 
-helped advanced our knowledge on research 
-born in Cumbria
-“Every particle of water is like every other particle of water; every particle of hydrogen is like every other particle of hydrogen... Chemical analysis and synthesis go no farther than to the separation of particles one from another, and to their reunion. No new creation or destruction of matter is within the reach of chemical agency.” -John Dalton

Atomic Theory
-Formulated the law of Partial Pressures in 1801
-pressure of mixed gas os the sum of the pressures that each of its components would exert if occupying the same space
-Henry Roscoe, a later chemist from Manchester, told dalton the reasons why constituents of gaseous mixture remain homogeneously mixed
-New system of chemical philosophy


]]> 2022-12-22 17:29:12 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2427595183 The Bottingtons Brewery- By Richard Nawracaj https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2427605001 -Boddingtons beer originated in 1778 and was brewed in Manchester under the ownership of Thomas Caister and Thomas Fray  
-In 1848 ownership was reassigned to Henry Boddingtons
- Through the year 1870-1880 the brewery modernized and in 1877 became the largest brewery in Manchester 
-During this period it was one of only 30 breweries to be producing over 100,000 kegs a year
-This was the first company in Manchester to be equipped with telephones that went between the different sites
-The company was able to survive the Great Depression and in 1940 it’s buildings survived multiple German bombing raids
-After being bought by the Whitbread Beer Company the breweries went through more modernization and in 1994 were averaging 400,000-600,000 kegs a year
-In 2012 the brewery was finally retired after 227 years of service, production was moved to South Whales
-The brewery was a key part in supplying alcoholic beverages to the people of Manchester and thanks to them, water born diseases were much less than what they could have been do to the consumption of beer over dirty drinking water]]> 2022-12-22 17:50:22 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2427605001 How Chemist John Dalton Helped People Understand Color Blindness https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2428106978 Elizabeth Ramirez

  • Chemist John Dalton was 26 and living in Manchester when he began to realize that he saw color different than others.
  • He the first account of color blindness to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1794, and the condition had been named after him, Daltonism.
  • Dalton often used for the time everyday objects as a reference point to compare and describe his perception of color. An example of this was when he described a “green woollen cloth, such as is used to cover tables appears to me a dull, dark, brownish red colour.”
  • After having samples of his DNA tested relatively recently, in 1995, we now know that Dalton has red-green color blindness, or deuteranopia. DNA analysis showed that he lacked the gene that coded for the receptor sensitive to medium wavelength, or often green, light.
  • Dalton himself speculated that the vitreous humor, the jelly-like part of his eyes, was tinted blue, so as to act like a filter. He had asked for this eyes to be examined after his death.
  • On the day after he died, on July 28, 1844, a local doctor named Joseph Ransome performed an autopsy, and the vitreous humor showed to be perfectly colorless.
  • Dalton’s eyes were retained by the Literary and Philosophical Society, which Dalton was the President of for nearly 30 years, which donated them to the Museum of Science and Industry in 1997.

]]> 2022-12-23 19:27:57 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2428106978 Programming Patterns: The Story Of The Jacquard Loom | Estefani Cholula Martinez https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2429910159
  • His Jacquard machine that made it possible for complex and detailed patterns to be manufactured by unskilled workers
  • His invention that spread caused the cost of fashionable and highly attractive patterned cloth
  • The fashionable and attractive cloth could now be mass produced 
  • It becomes affordable to wide market for consumers and not only to the wealthiest in the society 
  • Before the Jacquard system was invented there was a weaver’s assistant that was known as a draw boy had to sit at the top of a loom 
  • The assistant had to hand operate it and had to raise and lower the wrap threads to make the pattern cloth which was the slow way of making the pattern cloth 
  • The key to success of his invention was of its use of the interchangeable cards that had small holes punched into them 
  • The cards that had small holes punched into them had instructions for weaving a pattern 

    • ]]>     2022-12-28 15:29:04 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2429910159     James Joule the Scientist- Harleen Parhar https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431041275
  • James P. Joule was born in Sanford 1818 and was a son of a well known brewer
  • He was enamored by scientific things from a young age and soon became one of the leading figures in his time of the atomic theory
  • He made his first law back in 1841 that showed the amount of heat produced and flowing within the conductor
  • Joule had helped discover the First Law of Thermodynamics due to his ideas 
  • He continued on his experiments, and he showed that heat could be produced by electric currents which had gone against the Caloric theory 
  • The caloric theory suggested that heat was a type of fluid which flowed throughout the body, however Joule believed that it had to do with motion that prevented heat from dying out
  • His ideas and experiments that had been rejected ended up leading to be the backbone of the First Law of Thermodynmaics

    • ]]>     2022-12-31 21:30:44 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431041275     Tiny clogs and child poverty https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431241155 Abby Caputo
    -Clogs were the work shoes worn by the industrial Manchester women 
    -Children who wore clogs never owned them
    -Most shoes were lended by Charter Street Ragged School to children whose families couldn’t afford to buy shoes 
    -The shoes are stamped to stop poor children or there families from selling them for money
    -Cotton shortages and low demand for cloth shut down mills which meant workers would go without wages
    -Many struggled to afford food, clothes, and a place to live 
    -‘Ragged’ schools like Charter Street provided food, clothing, and basic education to Manchesters poorest people 
    ]]>     2023-01-01 17:39:51 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431241155     Manchester’s Cycling Story https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431688619
  • • In wealthy areas around Europe in the early 1800s bicycles, or ‘velocipedes’, human powered vehicles started to be. 
  • • Denis Johnson sold hundreds and even opened a number of ‘riding schools’ near his premises in London’s Covent Garden.
  • • This first craze in ‘hobby horses’ or ‘dandy horses’, as they became known, was taken up by the wealthy in Regency era society.
  • • Manchester’s innovative thinkers quickly saw the potential of these machines.
  • • ‘Boneshaker’ bicycle, made by Andrew Muir, Salford, 1868.
  • • People who could afford to, and had the leisure time to spare, started to indulge in new ways of accessing the city and beyond.
    • - Esmeralda C.

    ]]>     2023-01-02 15:20:46 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431688619     Worlds first synthetic dye, by Soham Kumar https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431708693 1) 161 years ago on the date of August 26th, 1856. The first ever synthetic dye was patented by William Henry Perkin.
    2) Worked on a task set by a head of chemistry and was working on carrying out experiments using a substance called aniline, a colorless aromatic oil from coal tar. 
    3) The experiment made him oxidize the aniline using a chemical called potassium dichromate which produced a black color, but when the color was removed, it created a dye.
    4) He named the unique dye ‘mauveine’
    5) The discovery changed the dyeing industry and made Perkin gain a large fortune. It also helped establish the modern chemical industry as well. 
    6) After perkins use of coal tar, it was used as a waste product only good on waterproofing a fabric. 
    7) Perkin patented his product on 26th August, 1856. He then produced many more dyes and now has a collection and is shown in the Science and Industry museum.  ]]>     2023-01-02 15:52:38 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431708693     Tiny clogs and child poverty in the industrial revolution https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431785824 Dhaanvi Sharma

    - clogs were shoes that women, children, and men wore to work.

    - clogs were given to children by charter street ragged school because their families couldn’t afford them.

    - families could not sell the shoes again because the clogs were CSRS loaned 

    - clogs were added to the gallery so that people could see how the lives of industrial workers were.

    - there were good wages for work but since work was never reliable many families went into poverty and didnt have enough money to afford food, clothes, and shelter.

    - One of Manchesters worst slum district offered food, clothing, and education to the poor.

    - Having cotton in Manchester gave people work to do and because of that they were able to have a little money to live off. Cotton made Manchester be filled with indgenious makers and profit seekers. ]]>     2023-01-02 18:12:20 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431785824     ANCOATS: FROM COTTON TO COOL https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431828114
  • Ancoats in 1849,was set apart form Manchester’s burgeoning industrialization. It grew fast by hamlet into booming industrial.
  • The way they make proper network is by canals,steam belching cotton mill’s ,but people where shock and scared when the observed form far.
  • The contract between Angus and Acosta had most recent write ups.
  • In Manchester’s most recent neighborhood was rank top 20 for the coolest places to live in. 
  • Textile mills is what they more interested. Textile mills was need for power and machinery for cotton factories.
  • In the factories the bought raw products and ship out their products for sale.
  • Although most of the thing out side sand inside were destroyed they found soap,dominos that was made with wood and bones ,and a dish. Most of theses thing were remarkable for the industrial revolution.
    • ]]>     2023-01-02 19:50:57 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431828114     The Worlds First Synthetic Dye by Kriish Kotapati https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431875405 -The world's most memorable manufactured color, known as mauveine, was created by William Henry Perkin in Manchester in 1856.

    -Perkin was a youthful scientific expert who was endeavoring to incorporate quinine, a medication used to treat jungle fever, when he coincidentally found the mauveine color.

    -The disclosure of mauveine reformed the material business, as it took into consideration the development of splendidly shaded textures at a lower cost and for a bigger scope than was beforehand conceivable.

    -Preceding the disclosure of mauveine, colors were removed from plants and creatures, which made them costly and restricted in variety.

    -The progress of mauveine ignited a flood of development in the substance business, prompting the improvement of numerous other engineered colors and shades.

    -Perkin's disclosure made him a well off man, and he proceeded to lay out an effective substance organization that delivered a scope of colors and different synthetic compounds.

    -The revelation of mauveine and the improvement of other engineered colors assumed a critical part in the development of Manchester as a modern community during the Modern Upset.]]>     2023-01-02 22:07:40 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431875405     Manchester’s smoke nuisance: air pollution in the industrial city - Ashrita Billanuka abillan1 https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431900753
  • Burning fossil fuels is the biggest impact to air pollution. 
  • During the 19th century, Coal was established as the dominant source of energy for the powering industry, in Manchester
  • Because of the industrial air pollution, people suffered from dismal, dark skies, dirty homes and clothes, 
  • This urban air pollution was known at the time as “the smoke nuisance”
  • At Shudehill in Manchester in 1782, Richard Arkwright built the first ever steam-powered cotton mill.
  • Smoking industrial chimneys were increasing and so was the coal smoke
  • Smoke became a signifier of economic success and technological progress.

    • ]]>     2023-01-02 23:44:59 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431900753     Arkwright’s Water Frame - Drew Offenberg https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431956283 - The spinning water frame was created in 1775 by Richard Arkwright 

    - The main purpose of a spinning water frame was to spin cotton over and over until the frame creates a yarn made of cotton

    - The water frame boomed the overall mass production of cotton yarn 

    - The frame is driven from a wooden wheel that was moved by water to power the spinning of cotton

    - A second purpose for Arkwright’s Water Frame was to thin out cotton that came from land sources such as farms

    - The spinning water frame was first created in Cromford, England which then was brought over to factories in Manchester

    - Arkwright’s spinning water frame consisted of cotton fibers, leather, unknown metal and an unidentified type of wood

    ]]>     2023-01-03 01:45:04 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431956283     The First Synthetic Dye | Muzamil Kakar https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431981984 - The manufacturer was William Henry Perkin. 

    - He was a Research Chemist and an experimenter

    - Created in 1856, August 26

    - He was working on a task set for him, he was carrying out 
    different experiments using aniline. It is a colorless aromatic oil from coal tar.

    - He eventually oxidized the aniline with potassium dichromate which created a dye. He named the dye Mauveine

    - This creation caused Perkin to earn a lot of money and establish the modern chemical industry.

    - Coal tar became a product for waste on waterproofing fabric

    - Perkins eventually patented his product.

    ]]>     2023-01-03 02:26:43 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2431981984     Slums and Suburbs: Water and Sanitation in the First Industrial City-Ashley Ramirez https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2432056341 -in 1847, only 11,000 of the 47,000 houses in town had a piped water supply 
    -many homes relied on a shared tap or stand pipe in the street while other homes drew their water from shallow wells or streams.
    -Manchester’s manufacturing industries dumped gallons of contaminated water and tonnes of solid waste into the rivers.
    -the build-up of waste in Manchester’s rivers heightened the city’s vulnerability to flooding.
    -in 1851, Manchester Corporation completed the first stage of a huge project to supply Manchester with water from Longdendale in the Peak District.
    -The engineering project began in 1885 and water from Thirlmere finally reached Manchester in 1894, effectively ending the problem of supplying the city with adequate water. 
    -in the 1890s, Manchester Corporation finally constructed a series of intercepting sewers that carried waste away for treatment to a new sewage works at Davyhulme. 
    ]]>     2023-01-03 04:21:47 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2432056341     Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution In The Industrial City - Jesus V https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2432056824 - Industrialization in 19-century Manchester polluted the city and caused massive health problems for its inhabitants.
    - According to the “WHO” 7 million people die every year from diseases caused by exposure to fine particles in polluted air.
    - About everyone is impacted by air pollution, but more likely in those low and middle-income countries where 9 out of 10 deaths from air pollution occur.
    - The climate crisis makes clear the urgent need to use cleaner, sustainable sources of energy.
    - Air-polluting emissions primary source is the practice of burning fossil fuels as an energy source.
    -  Richard Arkwright built the first ever steam-powered cotton mil was built at Shudehill in Manchester in 1782.
    - Despite causing dreadful living conditions for Manchesters residents and workers, coal smoke was associated with thriving industry.


    ]]>     2023-01-03 04:22:40 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2432056824     Worlds First Synthetic Dye by George Mekhaeil https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2432480493
    1. The world’s first synthetic dye was made on August 26, 1856 making it 166 years old.
    2. It’s a collection that is held at the Museum of Science and Industry which was a loan made from the family line of Wiilliam Perkin.
    3. August Wilhelmina con Hofmann was the head of the Royal College of Chemistry, who assigned Perkin a certain task and this happened when he was only 18 years old.
    4. Hofmann was clear to create a synthetic form of quinine, which is one of the many treatments for malaria.
    5. In fact, mauveine was a color mauve that Perkin decided to name it that.
    6. It helped design the modern chemical industry because his discovery changed the dying industry.
    7. While Dr. Plater was researching Perkin's invention he discovered that Perkin kept a secret and that secret was that Perking developed ways of producing aniline purple and he did this because he didn't want France and Germany to know since they were his components.

    ]]>     2023-01-03 14:23:18 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2432480493     Anocoats: From Cotton to Cool | Stephanie Zelada https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2432937580
  • This was Union Street in Ancoats in 1849.
  • The worlds first industrial city was Manchester. 
  • Lots of contrast between Angus Reach’s reaction to Ancoats.
  • A women’s shoe from the 18th century was discovered hidden in the roof.
  • Ancoats’ network of canal branches, developed in the early 19th century.
  • They discovered a delicate dish that was made in 1896.
  • It wasn’t until the end of the 19th century that living conditions in Ancoats began to improve.

    • ]]>     2023-01-03 22:52:43 UTC https://padlet.com/elizabethwelsh2/5uvcizyyyj5i9xio/wish/2432937580