Mesopelagic Zone Essay by Eagle With Da Shoes

Fact: Body Para #1

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 19:01:11 UTC

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QUOTE: Body Para #2

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Fact: Body Para #2

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QUOTE: Body Para #3

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Fact: Body Para #3

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 19:20:15 UTC

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Fact: MISC.

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QUOTE: MISC

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Thought: MISC.

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Thought: Body Para #1

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Thought: Body Para #2

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Thought: Body Para #3

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P1 QUOTE: Mesopelagic zone

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 19:39:23 UTC

The part of the pelagic zone of the ocean that extends from the base of the epipelagic zone,
The temperature at the bottom of the mesopelagic zone is 10°C and the pressure through the zone ranges from 2 MPa at the upper margin to 7–10 MPa at the base.

Allaby, Michael. "mesopelagic zone." A Dictionary of Ecology. : Oxford University Press, , 2015. Oxford Reference. Date Accessed 1 Aug. 2023 .

P1 QUOTE: Ocean Divisions

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 19:39:24 UTC

The ecological regions into which the oceans are divided horizontally and vertically. Open water comprises the pelagic zone, the water adjacent to the ocean floor the benthic zone

Allaby, Michael. "ocean divisions." A Dictionary of Ecology. : Oxford University Press, , 2015. Oxford Reference. Date Accessed 1 Aug. 2023 .

P1 Fact: Diagram of Ocean divisions

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 20:34:12 UTC

P1 QUOTE: Pelagic zone

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 20:37:01 UTC

Waters of the open ocean, extending from the edge of the continental shelf. The zone is subdivided horizontally on the basis of conditions obtaining at different depths into the epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssalpelagic, and hadalpelagic zones.

Allaby, Michael. "pelagic zone." A Dictionary of Ecology. : Oxford University Press, , 2015. Oxford Reference. Date Accessed 1 Aug. 2023 .

QUOTE: Body Para #1

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 20:46:17 UTC

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P2 QUOTE: Pelagic zone

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 20:50:06 UTC

Plants and algae in the pelagic zone directly or indirectly support most of the ocean’s animal life.
(epipelagic zone, 0 to 650 feet, or 0 to 200 meters)
pelagic zone is further subdivided by depth into the mesopelagic zone (650 to 3,280 feet, or 200 to 1,000 meters)

"Pelagic zone." Environmental Encyclopedia, edited by Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Gale, 2011. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2644151030/GPS?u=farm12971&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fe0a3721. Accessed 1 Aug. 2023.

P1 QUOTE: Ocean Zones

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 20:58:11 UTC

"Ocean zones are regions of the ocean that contain distinctive plant and animal life."

Newton, David E. "Ocean Zones." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by Katherine H. Nemeh and Jacqueline L. Longe, 6th ed., vol. 5, Gale, 2021, pp. 3180-3182. Gale In Context: High School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX8124401757/GPS?u=farm12971&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=ef093353. Accessed 1 Aug. 2023.

P1 FACT: Euphotic and Dysphotic

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 21:59:56 UTC

euphotic dysphotic
(“eu-” = good, “photo-” = light)
(“dys-” = poor)

Newton, David E. "Ocean Zones." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by Katherine H. Nemeh and Jacqueline L. Longe, 6th ed., vol. 5, Gale, 2021, pp. 3180-3182. Gale In Context: High School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX8124401757/GPS?u=farm12971&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=ef093353. Accessed 1 Aug. 2023.

P1 QUOTE: The benthic realm

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 22:01:55 UTC

The benthic realm includes all of the ocean floor and extends from the coast to the deepest parts of the ocean.

P1 Thought: Water depth vs. Light penetration

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 22:03:37 UTC

Water depth vs. Light penetration

P2 QUOTE: Light and fish behavior: the science behind our night-fishing tactics

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 22:09:04 UTC

most of it has to do with capturing prey for food.
One example of chumming with light is the way that recreational swordfishermen tie light sticks to their leaders. Light sticks are transparent plastic luminescent cylinders that contain chemicals that react to produce light when mixed.
Swordfish have hit the Johnson-Sea-Link submarines on more than one occasion,
Other predators such as oilfish and night sharks are also attracted to light and often take bait on swordfish long-lines.
Other predators such as oilfish and night sharks are also attracted to light and often take bait on swordfish long-lines.
There is an entire community of animals that migrate from as deep as 3,000 feet to the surface every night as the sun goes down.
sunset and sunrise animals near the surface will be silhouetted and easy to find by predators,

Gilmore, R. Grant. "Light and fish behavior: the science behind our night-fishing tactics." Florida Sportsman, vol. 42, no. 9, Sept. 2010, p. 53. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A237137389/GPS?u=farm12971&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=183e1bbb. Accessed 1 Aug. 2023.

P2 QUOTE: The Disappearing Twilight Zone.

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 22:18:45 UTC

In the upper ocean, tiny plant-like organisms called phytoplankton convert carbon from the atmosphere into organic matter through the process of photosynthesis.

This formation of organic matter, along with other waste matter produced by ocean organisms, produces "marine snow." This helps initiate the ocean's complex food web as organic matter and other carbon-based products sink away from the surface and move through the depths of the ocean.

Twilight zone animals consume matter near the upper ocean during the night and return to the deeper waters during the day,
The study suggests that up to 40% of twilight zone creatures could disappear by the end of the century.

"The Disappearing Twilight Zone." Youngzine, 29 May 2023, p. NA. Gale In Context: High School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A751979670/GPS?u=farm12971&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=6345c454. Accessed 1 Aug. 2023.

P1 QUOTE: Diving into the Twilight Zone.

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 22:28:48 UTC

The Twilight Zone, known scientifically as the mesophotic zone, is an area of ocean between the shallows and the deepest, darkest depths. Here in the dimly lit waters, some 30-200 metres below the surface, researchers have found areas of 'forest' that stretch across the sea floor. Unlike the kelp beds and seagrass meadows that grow close to coasts,
mesophotic ecosystems,

It took weeks for Bardout and his team to find their first Arctic forest--the first, he believes, to have ever been studied.

arine animal forests are all formed from communities of filter-feeding animals,

These different species create a canopy on the ocean floor,

if all these ecosystems are interconnected, then the destruction of one of them could also have dramatic consequences for the others.'

Cottam, Bryony. "Diving into the Twilight Zone." Geographical, vol. 95, no. 6, June 2023, pp. 8+. Gale In Context: High School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A751791036/GPS?u=farm12971&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=1fb03534. Accessed 1 Aug. 2023.

P1 QUOTE: Ocean Zones

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-01 22:33:22 UTC

The mesopelagic zone is found from 600 to 3,000 feet (200 to 900 meters), where only about 1 percent of sunlight penetrates. It is not completely dark, but there is not enough sunlight to power photosynthesis. That means that the water at these depths contains less oxygen than the layers closer to the surface.

"Ocean Zones." UXL Encyclopedia of Science, edited by Amy Hackney Blackwell and Elizabeth Manar, 3rd ed., UXL, 2015. Gale In Context: High School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2644300711/GPS?u=farm12971&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=ebc49f8a. Accessed 1 Aug. 2023.

P1 QUOTE: Wikipedia Mesopelagic Zone

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-02 17:44:32 UTC

The temperature variations are large; from over 20 °C (68 °F) at the upper layers to around 4 °C (39 °F) at the boundary with the bathyal zone.^[5] The variation in salinity is smaller, typically between 34.5 and 35 psu.
The Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel, where sound travels the slowest due to salinity and temperature variations, is located at the base of the mesopelagic zone at about 600-1,200m.
euphotic zone where light promotes photosynthesis.

Wikipedia

P2 QUOTE: Wikipedia Mesopelagic zone

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-02 17:54:25 UTC

There is so much biomass in this migration that sonar operators in World War II would regularly misinterpret the signal returned by this thick layer of plankton as a false sea floor.^[18]^[19] Estimates of the global biomass of mesopelagic fishes range from 1 gigatonne (Gt) based on net tows to 7–10 Gt based on measurements using active acoustics
The mesopelagic is home to a significant portion of the world's total fish biomass.
with exceptions in the Arctic Ocean.
mesopelagic fish biomass at about one billion tons.
A more recent study concluded mesopelagic fish could have a biomass amounting to 10 billion tons

Wikipedia

P2 QUOTE: Wikipedia Mesopelagic zone

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-07 15:57:44 UTC

The mesopelagic zone occupies about 60% of the planet's surface and about 20% of the ocean's volume, amounting to a large part of the total biosphere.^[2] It hosts a diverse biological community that includes bristlemouths, blobfish, bioluminescent jellyfish, giant squid, and a myriad of other unique organisms adapted to live in a low-light environment.

Wikipedia

P2 QUOTE: Wikipedia Mesopelagic zone

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-07 16:00:00 UTC

Mean particle sinking rates are 10 to 100 m/day.
The variability in sinking rates is due to differences in ballast, water temperature, food web structure and the types of phyto and zooplankton in different areas of the ocean.^[13] If the material sinks faster

Wikipedia

P3 QUOTE: Pollution, Marine debris

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-07 17:08:03 UTC

"Marine debris, specifically in the plastic form, have been found in every ocean basin"

Wikipedia mesopelagic zone

P3 QUOTE: Pollution, Marine debris

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-07 17:09:28 UTC

One of the most critical issues is ingestion of plastic debris, specifically microplastics.

Wikipedia mesopelagic zone

P3 Fact: Pollution, Marine debris

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-07 17:12:27 UTC

☆Most mesopelagic fish migrate to the surface for food. Many fish feed on plankton, which are mixed with microplastics.

☆ research has shown that even zooplankton are consuming the microplastics themselves.

☆Mesopelagic prey fish play an important role in the food chain. Predators will be affected and the whole food chain will be contaminated.

☆ In 2018, approximately 73% of approximately 200 fish sampled in the North Atlantic had consumed plastic.

Wikipedia mesopelagic zone

P3 Fact: Human impacts, fishing

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-07 17:29:10 UTC

fishing using the trawling technique poses a large threat to bycatch and the carbon cycling process. It poses a risk to bycatch because trawl nets do not discriminate with fish, many types of unwanted fish could be caught in the net.
Fish also produce Co2.

Wikipedia mesopelagiz zone, Fishing

P3 QUOTE: Fish are crucial in oceanic carbon cycle

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-07 17:51:17 UTC

Fish may play a more important role in the marine carbon cycle than previously thought, a new study shows. Researchers have found that fish excrete prodigious amounts of a mineral, calcium carbonate, that had been thought to come almost exclusively from marine plankton such as shelled algae.

Kwok, R. Fish are crucial in oceanic carbon cycle. Nature (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2009.30

P3 QUOTE: Marine Organisms in the Twilight Zone Under Threat of Warming Due to Climate Change

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-07 17:58:43 UTC

"By the end of the century, global warming is expected to reduce almost 40% of life forms within the twilight zone, formally known as the mesopelagic zone. This was reported from a study conducted by a group of researchers at the University of Exeter."

The Science Times
https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/43639/20230508/marine-organisms-twilight-zone-under-threat-warming-due-climate-change.htm#:~:text=The%20Dark%20Side%20of%20Climate,at%20the%20University%20of%20Exeter.

MISC Fact: Life in the ocean’s ‘twilight zone’ could disappear due to the climate crisis

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-07 18:07:27 UTC

P3 Fact: microplastic ingestion by zooplankton

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-08 23:19:47 UTC

Here, we show
19 that microplastics are ingested by, and may impact upon, zooplankton

Cole, Matthew; Lindeque, Pennie; Fileman, Elaine; Halsband, Claudia; Goodhead, Rhys; Moger, Julian; Galloway, Tamara S. (2013-06-06). "Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (12): 6646–6655.

P3 Fact: Human impacts, fishing

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-08 23:42:42 UTC

John, St; A, Michael; Borja, Angel; Chust, Guillem; Heath, Michael; Grigorov, Ivo; Mariani, Patrizio; Martin, Adrian P.; Santos, Ricardo S. (2016). "A Dark Hole in Our Understanding of Marine Ecosystems and Their Services: Perspectives from the Mesopelagic Community". Frontiers in Marine Science. 3. doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00031

Fact: MISC The real Twilight Zone

bennythegreat3000 — 2023-08-11 17:38:52 UTC

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