-It coal started from the discovery of smelting iron ore by using coke with was a purified form of coal instead of charcoal

-This then allowed iron to be made

-Coal was used as a source of power

-it could create heat energy and then was used as mechanical energy

-the mechanical energy came from steam engines which then became very popular due to its success

-there was a limited quantity of coal they could produce in the beginning

-the demand of coal was there due to iron and steam; the technology then improved which allowed the coal to increase even more

-there are many reasons why coal’s demand went up: population increase, domestic market increase, etc..

-as steam engines needed coal it also impacted the coal industry

-there is a debate about coals importances to the Industrial Revolution

-studies have shown the coalfields were grown much more in European cities and did cause an economic growth and rise in living standards

-Coal did also have some cons to it as it made the air very polluted

-the working class had to live through the pollution everyday which was well known for how bad it is for their health

-the pollution seemed to also have an effected on child development and was affecting the people a lot

https://www.thoughtco.com/coal-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221634

https://www.economicsobservatory.com/what-can-we-learn-from-the-role-of-coal-in-the-industrial-revolution

• China invented paper money and led world in exports -> silk and china

• China had the biggest population in the world during the Industrial Revolution

• Invented things like gunpowder, printing, paper, compasses

• Had a free enterprise, but tried imposing monopolies on salt and iron with failure of enforcement

• During Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) China faced enviromental problems

• Previous populations growth led to land shortages, depletion of natural resources (wildlife, biomass fuels, etc.)

• 1860s: Qing statesmen receive new tools from outside China -> increase country’s power (military hardware)

• Acquired steam engines, steamships, and railroads (1876) -> revolutionized transportation

• Chinese elites purchased/operated machines for spinning and weaving cotton, woolen threads, and textiles for pumping water from mine shafts

  • tested machines for digging irrigation canals, water wells, and ploughing agricultural fields

• Infrastructure relied on energy from coal, location of coal mines and extraction became an issue

  • Money & coal & other materials were short in supply, and officials were not ready to accept new technology-> didn’t want machines to exhaust national supplies of minerals

• Historians conclusion: Chinas early industrialization was unsuccessful as it didn’t prevent the country’s loss of sovereignty to foreign empires

Link: https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/9918-the-historical-roots-of-china-s-industrial-revolution-2/

• Initially invented as a pump in the 1960s, eventually had a substantial transformation on the dynamics of travel and industry

• The correlation of steam and railroads would rival the domination of canals

• The first steam-powered road vehicle was invented by Richard Trevithick in 1901, however, it was let down by the bad quality of the roads

• Trevithick invented the first steam railway engine that could run on its purpose-built tracks in 1803

• George Stephenson invented the Locomotion 1 train which transported the first railway passengers from Stockton to Darlington in northeastern England

• George Stephenson's son, Robert Stephenson, made the Rocket, and he entered it in the Rainhill Trials

• The Rainhill Trials were competitions to search for the greatest locomotive for use on the new railway line planned to link Manchester to Liverpool, which opened in 1830

• Birmingham was connected to London in 1838, and passengers could take the train from the capitol to Bristol in 1841, creating an explosive growth of popularity for the railways

• The 'railway mania' was what the quick spread of railway tracks in Britain became to be known as

• There were over 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of rail lines by 1870

• The first steam-powered ferry was the Hibernia, carrying passengers between Holyhead in Wales and Dublin in Ireland

• Isambard Kingdom Brunel used a steam engine to power his huge ships, the SS Great Western, SS Great Britain, and the SS Great Eastern

• Travel across the Atlantic became faster than ever before

• Steam-powered cotton looms were used in textile factories by 1789, a machine first invented by Edmund Cartwright between 1784 and 1786 and first had effective use in factories owned by Richard Arkwright

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

• Some historians beloved that India was the most important manufacturer in world trade and produced around 25% of the world’s industrial output at the time

• In 1750 this textile production shifted to Britain and de-industrialized India

• India’s economy was based on exports of the cotton textiles manufactured there and inspired European industrialization

• India’s textile output relied on hand-loom technology and this was now done on machine in Britain—Britain made sure that the Indian’s never got a hold of this technology

• The Indian economy collapsed and laborers lost their jobs and ended up working in cash-crop agriculture and became an exporter of cotton.

• Mid-eighteenth century — Britain demanded India for cotton which was spun into yarn and threads to produce textiles

• These inexpensive textiles became abundant in the market and India’s products couldn’t compete with them

• This de-industrialization caused wide-spread famines, mass migration, De-stabilization of markets throughout the region

• Jobless textile laborers were kicked off their lands and were unable to eat as their wages declines, taxes increased, and the price of rice and food rose

• India was once dominant in global textile manufacturing and trade and their clothes were worn through Persia and China

• The Mughal empire had created a vast and safe infrastructure that supported a strong export trade system of cotton cloth to make this happen

• This empire’s hand-made cloth industry kept people employed and they also provided safe ports for international business which encouraged private traders to expand trade networks

• It’s prosperity ended by the mid-eighteenth century and the Mughal empire lost its grip on rival leaders and European merchants gained more control of the region

• As the empire started to decline merchants and leaders in each region of India tried to form alliances with with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English trace companies

• The English east india company was established in 1600, this was one of the companies made by the alliances, they also didn’t consider Europe a threat to the authority of the Mughal state

• Through the merchants and bankers lots of money was now flowing around the local economy, most of it was from slice and gold originally from the americas

• This cash was not staying in India and was going to foreign companies who were buying cash crops in India and turned them into finished products in Europe And some of it wasn’t used to pay foreign mercenaries

• Wars were fought as the Mughal empire was breaking up

• Europeans became involved in politics and military rivalries in Mughal state to gain greater access to the land and goods and they wanted

• India was slowly absorbed into the British empire one piece at a time as the east India’s company gained control of land through treaties

• The British government created conditions that helped their commercial goals but hurt Indian people—rice farmers that couldn’t pay taxes were evicted and larger plantations would be created to grow more cotton for England

• Cotton fields replaced rice fields causing food prices to rise and a series of famines hit India in 1769, 1783, amd 1791 — resulted in 30 million deaths

• Indians saw the their hope for political independence linked to economic self-reliance (swadeshi)

• Students and laborers took action first in bengal and then in other places by heaping British factory-made pants, vests, coats, and bowler hats into piles in the streets and burnt them.

• Non-violent freedom fighter such as Gandhi encouraged Indians to wear home-spun cloth (Kadhi) in their traditional styles and to stop wearing western fashion

• Gandhi promoted the idea of men and women both using spinning-wheels at home

• In 1931 the first flag adopted by the Indian national congress had a spinning wheel to represent India’s industrial past

Sources:

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins#:~:text=Some%20historians%20believe%20that%20India,production%20had%20shifted%20to%20Britain.

• Transformed from a cotton industry to a highly mechanized industry where the only job for workers was to ensure the machines never stopped.

• Driven by the desire to cut upon costs.

• Initially, cotton and yarn products were bought from those who made it in their homes.

• It was manually done so as one person operated a manual spinning wheel while another  operated a hand powered loom.

• John Kay invented the textile shuttle in 1733 which allowed for a faster weaving stage.

• Entrepreneurs realized that if they put all of the workers of a specific industry in one place, it would cut down on costs and be more efficient.

• James Hargreaves then invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764.

• The Spinning Jenny could spin eight cotton threads at the same time which would then speed up production and cut labor costs.

• Richard Arkwright created the water frame which was patented in 1769.

• The water frame allowed for fingers and thumbs to be replaced with rollers in a cotton spinning machine.

• More machines were invented but it ended of with Howe’s sewing machine.

• As a result of the newly specialized machines, many people were left without a job.

• These people then revolted and called themselves Luddite’s.

• However, much of the time, these Luddites were either deported or persecuted.

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/#:~:text=During%20the%20Industrial%20Revolution%20(1760,and%20weaving%20machines%20never%20stopped.

• It was first invented as a pump in the 1960s, but was later altered with machinery which resulted in a more efficient and powerful substitute for human labor.

• The steam engine produces steam through heated water which is 1500 times more voluminous. Eventually, the steam cools and is condensed back into water, which creates a vacuum. The vacuum is then able to suck water in, thus creating power. 

• The first inventor of the steam engine was Thomas Newcomen. However, James Watt and Matthew Boulton would later make major improvements to the steam engine that would improve efficiency. They separated the hot and cool parts of the machine which were causing problems with efficiency. 

• The steam engine came in all sizes and was an extraordinarily complex piece of machinery. By 1800 Britain boosted over 2,500 steam engines which were used in mines, factories, and cotton mills. Steam engines led to the successful overproduction of coal, which caused many European countries such as France or Germany to utilize steam engines in coal mines.

• As steam engines kept on evolving there was an important improvement that was made to control the steam expansion, thus conserving fuel. After the improvement was made, steam engines ran cheaper than ever and could be virtually used anywhere. 

• Even though steam engines were only thought to be used for coal mining, they would soon open the doors for an advanced method of transportation.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/#

By Rishaan Trivedi

• Before 1750, India was the main manufacturers for textiles since they produced about 25% of the world’s industrial output during this time

• After 1750, this changed dramatically, and by mid nineteenth century textile production shifted to Britain due to the de-industrialization of India

• The strong economy of India was based on cotton textile exports and became devastated due to European industrialization and commercial changes

• Textile output of India relied on hand-loom technology, but was taken over by machines in Britain which caused British industrialist to not allow India to get their hands on them

• As a result, India’s economy collapsed with many laborers losing their jobs so they had to work in cash-crop agriculture-specifically raw cotton-to survive

• Then India started exporting cotton, but the process took a hundred years(de-industrialization) and this meant that much of the profit went to Britain and not to India where most cotton was

• Mid-eighteenth century many English merchants demanded raw cotton from India instead of textile and this was shipped to English mills where it was spun into yarn and threads to mass produce textiles

• Many inexpensive factory-made textile entered markets in England, Europe, and India due to this and handmade fabrics in Indian markets couldn’t compete with this lower priced abundant English goods putting people who made them out of work

• Negatively impacted Indias long time industrial development

• De industrialization caused wide-spread famines, mass migrations and de-stabilization of markets throughout the region

• Hundreds of thousands of displaced, now jobless textile laborers got evicted from lands and unable to eat as wages declined, taxes increased, and food prices rose

  
  

  
  

  https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins#:~:text=Some%20historians%20believe%20that%20India,production%20had%20shifted%20to%20Britain.

• Water wheels, animals and humans would power many machines before the steam engine was created, which was somewhat expensive.

• The steam engine was invented so that coal could be extracted more efficiently and cheaply.

• There would also be less malfunctions as the water wheels would often not work in cold weather.

• There were approximately 9.5 million steam-powered machines in Britain by 1907.

• Thomas Savery was the creator of a patented pump that harnessed the power of steam, but the power was limited.

• Steam engines could be used anywhere due to is being more powerful, being cheaper, and less fuel to run machines.

• James Watt improved the efficiency of the steam engine, later with the help of Matthew Boulton.

• This improved version of the steam engine was often called the separate condenser because he increased the efficiency of the condensing action.

• With the help of the Wilkinson brothers, Watt was able to create his steam engine with much better parts that were made of iron, which made sure that hardly any steam escaped.

• The expansion engine was an improvement for the steam engine that shut off the heat source of the machine before the steam expanded, which saved fuel.

• Richard Trevithick created the railways and the high-pressure steam engine in 1801.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

• Prior to the invention of the steam engine, machines were either powered by animals, humans, or water wheels.

• In 1689, Thomas Savery invented a patented water pump that pumped water by moving up and down which limited use, was not compatible with machines, and tended to explode.

• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed the steam engine which was used in Stamford coal mines, it what expensive to run, unlike Savery’s water pump it did not explode.

• Newcomen’s machine was able to suck 5,000 gallons each hour out of a 153 foot deep mine shaft.

• Later, James Watt contributed to Newcomen’s invention, in 1763, he added a separate condenser to the engine saving fuel.

• In 1781, James Watt along with the help of former toy manufacturers Boulton and Murdoch built the ‘rotary action steam engine’, which was able to power machinery.

• Watt kept messing with his machine until it had only used a quarter of the coal that Newcomen’s machine, allowing it to be used in tin and copper mines where coal was costly to acquire.

• A lot of industrialization had occurred before the use of the steam engine, the improvement of the steam engine was held back, as it was really costly and the first steam engines required an abundance of coal.

• In 1780, textiles were slow to acquire technology since it was costly, however, the cost of the steam engine began to fall.

• In 1820, steam and water power were even, but by 1830, steam power surpassed, increasing productivity of the textile industry.

• The steam engine came in many sizes, by 1800, Britain boasted more than 2,500 steam engines, many being used in mines, cotton mills, and manufacturing factories.

• Coal mining boosted, as these engines were powered by coal and steam engines became very popular in coal mines in other European countries, such as Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Links:

• https://www.thoughtco.com/steam-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221643

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

• Thomas Newcomen made the most successful steam engine, to clear water out of mines.

• The result of less water in the mines allowed for more coal gathered from the mines, allowing more steam engines for even less water in the mine. ( the cycle continues )

• James Watt made more efficient steam engines which allowed the birth of railroads and steam engines and improved efficiency in cotton mills.

• Watt is now the unit of measuring energy in the modern world

• Steam engines affected the iron and coal industries greatly in a few ways, first, coal was even more important now as it was required to power engines, which increased the demand for coal. Iron was used because steam became used to power bigger and larger furnaces, increasing its demand as well

• Steam engines quickly became one of the most important factors in the revolution as they began to power many different factories, machines, and transport alike.

• The original reason to attempt and create steam engines was due to people trying to resolve power problems, and they created an excellent solution.

• Thomas Newcomen and James Watt were responsible for the first two, most effective steam engines

• https://www.thoughtco.com/steam-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221643

• Before the invention of the steam engine, many machines were powered by animals or humans

• Thomas Newcomen made the most successful steam engine, to clear water out of the mines

• Newcomen's machine was able to suck 5,000 gallons each hour out of a 153 foot deep mine shaft

• James Watt made more efficient steam engines which allowed the birth of railroads and steam engines

• Watt is now the unit of measuring energy in the modern world

• The steam engine came in many sizes

• By 1800, steam and water power were even, but by 1830, steam power surpassed, increasing productivity of the textile industry

• Steam engines became very popular in coal mines in other European countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands

• Steam engines would soon open the doors for an advanced method of transportation

• By 1800, Britain boosted over 2,500 steam engines which were used in mines, factories, and cotton mills.

• Steam engines led to the overproduction of coal

Links:

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/#

• In 1709, in the village of Coalbrookedale was where Abraham Darby discovered how to smelt iron ore using coke (a purified form of coal)

• Because of this iron production greatly grew in Britain- all of this was possible with coal.

• This iron produced from coal was used to build bridges, railroads, and machines and engines which powered cotton factories, steamships, and locomotives

• Coal was also used as a source of power, the heat energy it created was made into mechanical energy due to the steam engine

• The first steam engine was created by Thomas Newcomen was made to pump water from coal mines

• This steam engine allowed the supply of coal to greatly increase

• The mining of coal was labor intensive and most of the working age men worked to mine the coal

• Coal started as a major source of energy in the Industrial Revolution (1700s- 1850) and slowly became the dominant source of energy during this time period

• However, during the 1900s coal slowly dissolved as a source of energy because of oil and natural gas which was used way more

• coal expanded and increased growth of lands during the Industrial Revolution

• Coal however also was detrimental to the health of people, one third of the urban mortality penalty for infants in the 1850s was caused by coal and pollution.

• Coal also had a negative effect on the employment growth in British cities

Source: https://www.economicsobservatory.com/what-can-we-learn-from-the-role-of-coal-in-the-industrial-revolution

• John Roebuck: credited with inventing a way to mass-produce sulfuric acid by using lead chambers (in the middle of the 18th century)

• Sulfuric Acid was directly used to bleach, and also:

              >> to produce more effective chlorine bleaches

              >> to manufacture bleaching powder

• 1799: the manufacturing of bleaching powder had been perfected by Charles Tennant in Glasgow at his St. Rollox factory

• These new bleaching techniques, apart from the natural ones (using sunlight, rain, sour milk, and urine), allowed for rapid bleaching which greatly helped the British cotton industry

• Sulphuric acid met the requirements for the cotton-textile industry

• Following this, the chemical industry started to specialize the needs of other industries, the alkali industry in specific, making sulphuric acid a key contributor to the alkali industry (regarding alkali in products such as soap, glass, etc)

• This led to NICOLAS LEBLANC’S establishment of the Leblanc soda process in 1791 France (another alkali process - one of the main) which contributed to the mass production of soda

Modern Day

• Sulfuric acid is one of the most important chemicals

• It is a dense, colorless, oily and corrosive liquid

• Can be prepared industrially by the reaction of water and sulfur oxide (sulfur dioxide + oxygen)

• Typically (currently) used in the making of fertilizers, pigments,  dyes, explosives, detergents, drugs, inorganic salts and acids, and the processes of petroleum refining and metallurgy (art of extracting metal from their ores, and modifying it for use)

• Sulfuric acid can also be used as the electrolyte in lead-acid storage batteries

• Pure sulfuric acid does not exist in nature, though in some cases, it can be produced by the result of volcanic activity

https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/Chemicals

Source: Why Didn’t China Have an Industrial Revolution Before Europe Did? | American Enterprise Institute - AEI

• Cotton is a renewable source used in many clothes and household items such as towels and drapes found many years before the Industrial Revolution

• Cotton plantation owners in America had originally bought slaves from Africa to harvest and clean the cotton by hand in the Southern heat without getting paid

• New England would receive the cotton and would spin and dye the material before the sent it to Britain from them to make finished goods

• In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which separated the cotton fibers from the seeds much faster then by hand making the production of cotton grow

• Labor for picking the seeds might have decreased but this only made the cotton business more profitable creating more demand for slaves as more

• Most of cotton came from India because they had more workers getting paid a lower wages so even without industrializing they were able to produce cotton fast creating profit

• Cotton from different countries has then exported to Britain’s factories were workers controlled machines with spools of cotton that then turned into clothes and other items

• Since the process of making these goods was less complicated and time consuming they became cheap and more accessible to people from different social backgrounds

• After these finished goods were made they were exported back to the countries that Britain had economic relationships with such as America

• Eventually countries such as Japan would make their own factories to produce goods at an even cheaper price domestically

Source:https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Cotton-Industry/

Source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/10/28/why-the-industrial-revolution-didnt-happen-in-china/

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins#:~:text=Some%20historians%20believe%20that%20India,production%20had%20shifted%20to%20Britain

https://academic.oup.com/book/7358/chapter/152152209#

Website: https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/world-history/industrial-revolution-in-india/