​Essentially, news is information that is new, significant, and/or interesting to a wide audience.

​Journalists often assess an event's newsworthiness based on certain elements, which include:

• ​Timeliness/Immediacy: How recent or current the event is.

• ​Impact/Consequence: How many people the event affects and how seriously.

• ​Proximity: How close the event is geographically or by interest to the audience.

• ​Prominence: Whether the event involves well-known people, places, or things.

• ​Conflict: Stories involving disagreement or struggle (man vs. man, nature, etc.).

• ​Human Interest: Stories that appeal to emotion, often focusing on personal experiences or struggles.

• ​Novelty/Oddity: Anything unusual, strange, or surprising.

here’s the structure:

1. Newsworthy event → tells the main event briefly (what happened).

2. Background event(s) → explains details like who, when, where, why, and how.

3. Source → includes comments, opinions, or statements from people involved or witnesses.

​1. Main Event / Newsworthy Event

​This is the summary of the most important or newsworthy event being reported. It serves as the opening of the news item, immediately capturing the reader's attention by stating what happened. It often answers the What and Where of the event in a concise form.

​2. Elaboration / Background Event(s) (

​This section elaborates on the main event, providing essential details and context. It typically addresses the remaining journalistic questions:

• ​Who was involved (participants).

• ​When it happened (time).

• ​Where exactly it happened (place/circumstance).

• ​How and Why the event occurred (the background and circumstances leading up to the event). This part gives a fuller picture, allowing the reader to understand the event's sequence and context.

​3. Source(s) (

​This final part contains comments, statements, or opinions related to the event. The sources can be:

• ​Participants in the event.

• ​Witnesses to the event.

• ​Authorities (e.g., police, government officials).

• ​Experts on the topic. Sources lend credibility and a deeper perspective to the news, often using direct or indirect speech (saying verbs) to quote individuals.

1. 📰 Newsworthy Event

→ this part tells the main event or important news briefly — what happened, to whom, and where.

example: “A fire destroyed 20 houses in Jakarta yesterday.”

2. 📖 Background Events

→ this part gives details of the event such as how, why, when, and who was involved.

example: “The fire started from an electrical short circuit at 3 a.m. Residents tried to put out the fire before firefighters arrived.”

3. 💬 Source

→ this part contains comments, opinions, or statements from people involved, like witnesses or authorities.

example: “According to the local police, no one was injured in

the incident.”

This section presents the most crucial information of the news story in a concise summary.

It answers the most important questions (who, what, where, when, why, and how) at the beginning of the text, like a headline that extends into the first paragraph.

2. Background Events / Elaboration

This part of the text expands on the main event by providing additional details.

It includes elaboration on the participants, the causes of the event, and the time and place.

3. Sources

This section provides the credibility of the news by including information from those involved in the event.

It contains comments, quotes, and statements from participants, witnesses, and experts on the subject.

"News Item Text" typically refers to the main body of written content in a news article or report. It encompasses the factual details, descriptions, quotes, and narrative that convey the core information of a news story, excluding elements like headlines, bylines, images, or metadata.

Context and Usage

• Journalism: In traditional media, it's the prose that readers consume to learn about events, often structured with an introduction (lead), body, and conclusion.

• Digital and Data Processing: In APIs (e.g., news aggregators like Google News or RSS feeds) or machine learning datasets (e.g., for text summarization or sentiment analysis), "news item text" denotes the extracted or raw textual data from a news source, used for processing or analysis.

• Examples: For a news article about a weather event, the text might describe the storm's impact, expert quotes, and forecasts, while the headline ("Hurricane Approaches Coast") and photo captions are separate.

1. Using past tense → because it tells about events that already happened.

example: “The accident occurred yesterday.”

2. Using action verbs → to show actions or events.

example: “The team won, the fire destroyed, the police arrested.”

3. Using saying verbs → to report what people said.

example: “He said, the witness reported, the officer stated.”

4. Focusing on participants → usually specific people, groups, or places involved in the news.

example: “President Joko Widodo,” “residents,” “Jakarta city.”

5. Using adverbs of time and place → to tell when and where the event happened.

example: “on Monday,” “in Bandung.”

It tells the newsworthy events or important happenings in the world

"News Item Text is a type of text that contains information about events or incidents that are happening or have happened, usually delivered through mass media such as newspapers, television, radio, or online news portals. Its purpose is to inform, educate, and entertain readers about actual and factual events or incidents."

The purpose of a News Item Text is to inform readers about what is happening in the world, often answering the 5 Ws (who, what, where, when, and why) and sometimes

• ​Tenses:

  • ​Predominant use of the Simple Past Tense (for completed events being reported).

  • ​Use of the Simple Present Tense (to suggest urgency, report ongoing events, or for headlines).

• ​Verbs:

  • ​Frequent use of Action Verbs (or Material Processes) to describe what happened.

  • ​Use of Reporting Verbs (or Saying Verbs) to quote or attribute information and statements to sources. Examples include said, announced, claimed, told, confirmed.

• ​Sentence Structure and Style:

  • ​Concise Language: The writing is direct, straightforward, and avoids excessive jargon or flowery language.

  • ​Focus on the 5Ws and 1H: The article aims to answer Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How.

  • ​Use of Adverbs: Adverbs of time, place, and manner are used to provide specific circumstances and details about the event (e.g., yesterday, in the capital, swiftly).

  • ​Attribution/Sources: Information is often attributed to participants, witnesses, or authorities, frequently using direct or reported speech.

  • ​Third Person Narration: News reports are typically written in the third person (he, she, they, it).

  • ​Headlines: Headlines are often short, telegraphic, and may omit articles, auxiliary verbs, or the verb "to be" for brevity.

in short:

> 🗞️ the purpose is to give factual information about recent events to the audience.

Saying Verbs: These verbs introduce direct or indirect quotes from sources, such as said, told, reported, and stated.

Adverbs of Time and Place: Indicate when and where the event occurred, with examples like Yesterday or Kuala Lumpur.

Action Verbs: Words that describe an action, like crashed, evacuated, or announced.

Simple Language: News texts aim to be clear and concise, avoiding overly complex vocabulary.

Material Processes: Verbs that describe what happened during an event, such as death of a veteran actor.

Newsworthy Event – tells the main event or what happened.

Background Events – gives details about the event, such as who was involved, where, and why it happened.

Sources – gives comments, statements, or opinions from witnesses or experts

1. Newsworthy Event (Orientation): This section introduces the event or news being reported, providing background information and setting the context. It answers the questions "what", "where", and "when".

2. Background Event (Background Information): This section provides more detailed information about the event, including the causes, consequences, and relevant context. It helps readers understand the significance and relevance of the news.

3. Sources (Sources/Comments): This section often includes quotes or statements from relevant individuals or organizations, providing additional insights, perspectives, or reactions to the news.

However, some sources may group the structure into fewer parts, such as:

1. Headline

2. Lead (Newsworthy Event)

3. Body (Background Event and Sources)

The structure may vary depending on the specific news article or publication. But the three-part structure is a common and widely accepted format.

2) Elaboration / Background Event(s): Provides the necessary details and context for the main event, answering the 5W+1H questions (What, Who, When, Where, Why, and How).

Source(s) / Resource of Information: Includes comments, quotes, or statements from participants, witnesses, authorities, or experts, lending credibility to the report.

🧩 Struktur Teks News Item

1. Main Event (Main News / Newsworthy Event)

→ Bagian ini menjelaskan kejadian utama atau apa yang terjadi.

Contoh:

A strong earthquake struck the city of Padang on Sunday morning.

2. Background Events (Elaboration)

→ Menjelaskan detail kejadian seperti waktu, tempat, penyebab, atau dampak.

Contoh:

The 6.8 magnitude quake destroyed several buildings and injured dozens of people.

3. Source (Source of Information)

→ Berisi komentar, pendapat, atau pernyataan dari saksi atau pejabat terkait.

Contoh:

The head of the disaster agency said that emergency teams had been deployed to help victims.

---

🗞️ Ciri-ciri News Item

Berisi peristiwa nyata (factual).

Ditulis dengan gaya formal dan objektif.

Menggunakan past tense karena melaporkan kejadian yang sudah terjadi.

Sering menggunakan quotations (kutipan) dari narasumber.

---

📘 Contoh Singkat

Title: Floods Hit Jakarta Again

Main Event: Heavy rain caused severe flooding in several areas of Jakarta yesterday.

Background: Hundreds of houses were submerged, and many residents were forced to evacuate.

Source: According to the National Disaster Agency, the water level reached up to 1.5 meters in some places.

---

Like Reporting Fact, Keeping the Public updated and establishing context.

1. Use of action verbs (material processes) → e.g., happen, attack, rescue, build.

2. Use of saying verbs (verbal processes) → e.g., said, reported, announced, told.

3. Use of thinking verbs (mental processes) → e.g., believe, feel, think, hope.

4. Use of past tense → because news usually reports events that have already happened.

5. Use of adverbs of time and place → e.g., yesterday, last night, in Jakarta, at school.

6. Use of passive voice → to focus on the event rather than the doer, e.g., The victim was taken to the hospital.

7. Use of proper nouns → for names of people, places, or organizations, e.g., President Joko Widodo, UNICEF, Surabaya.

8. Use of direct and indirect speech → to quote or report what someone said.

Generic Structure of News Item Text:

1. Newsworthy Events

- Contains information about the event or incident that is happening or has happened.

- Explains what happened, who was involved, and where the event took place.

2. Background Events

- Contains additional information related to the event or incident.

- Explains the causes, chronology, and impact of the event or incident.

3. Sources

- Contains information about the sources used in the news.

- Can be in the form of statements from witnesses, experts, or other relevant parties.

2. Background Events → gives details about the event (who, when, where, why, how).

3. Source → gives comments or opinions from people involved (witnesses, authorities, etc).

Use of action verbs (e.g., attacked, reported, happened).

Use of saying verbs (e.g., said, told, informed).

Use of adverbs of time and place (e.g., yesterday, at the city hall).

Focus on specific participants (people, places, or organizations).

This section presents the core event or important news briefly. It answers the fundamental questions of what happened, to whom, and where. It usually forms the headline and the first paragraph.

2.)Background Events (or Elaboration):

This part provides the necessary details and context for the main event. It elaborates on the news by answering the other key questions: how, why, and when the event took place, and who else was involved.

3.)Source (or Source of Information):

This final section includes comments, opinions, or statements from people related to the event, such as participants, witnesses, authorities, or experts, lending credibility to the report.

🗞️ Language Features of News Item Text:

1. Use of past tense → to tell events that already happened.

Example: The flood destroyed many houses.

2. Use of action verbs → to describe actions.

Example: hit, damaged, killed, evacuated.

3. Use of saying verbs → to report statements.

Example: said, reported, told, announced.

4. Use of adverbs of time and place → to show when and where.

Example: yesterday, last night, in Jakarta.

5. Focus on specific events and participants → tells about real people, places, or events.

---

🗣️ Artinya singkat:

1. Pakai past tense.

2. Gunakan kata kerja tindakan (action verbs).

3. Gunakan kata kerja ucapan (saying verbs).

4. Ada keterangan waktu & tempat.

5. Fokus

pada peristiwa nyata dan tokoh tertentu.

1. Newsworthy Event – the main event or core of the news.

2. Background Event – details or causes of the event.

3. Source – comments or statements from witnesses or authori

ties.

2. Use of action verbs → e.g. hit, attacked, caused, rescued.

3. Use of saying verbs → e.g. said, reported, told, explained.

4. Focus on specific participants → e.g. The President, The Police, The Victims.

5. Use of adverbs of time and place → e.g. yesterday, last night, in Jakarta.

The purpose of a News Item Text is to inform readers about important, interesting, or newsworthy events that happen in the world.

🗣️ Artinya:

Tujuan News Item Text adalah memberi informasi kepada pembaca tentang peristiwa penting atau menarik yang terjadi di sekitar kita.

---

In short:

➡️ To inform the readers about newsworthy events.

➡️ Untuk memberi tahu pembaca tentang peristi

wa penting.

In simple words:

The purpose is to tell people about real, important, and recent events.

Example:

A news item tells readers about an accident, a natural disaster, a government decision, or a sports result anything newsworthy

1. *Factual language*: Using language that is accurate and based on facts.

2. *Objective language*: Using language that is neutral and unbiased.

3. *Formal language*: Using language that is formal and professional.

4. *Third-person perspective*: Using the third-person point of view (he, she, they, etc.).

5. *Past tense*: Using past tense verbs to describe events that have occurred.

6. *Specific details*: Using specific details about time, place, and people involved.

7. *Quotes*: Using direct quotes from witnesses, experts, or other relevant parties.

To inform the audience about current events or important issues in a factual and objective way.

Example (Short News Item Text):

Headline:

Floods Hit Jakarta, Hundreds Evacuated

Lead:

Jakarta, October 20 – Heavy rains caused severe flooding in several parts of Jakarta on Sunday, forcing over 500 residents to evacuate their homes.

Body:

The flooding began early in the morning after continuous rainfall throughout the night. Local authorities have set up emergency shelters and distributed food supplies to affected families. “We’re doing everything we can to ensure people’s safety,” said Mayor Andi Pratama.

2.)Use of Action Verbs (Material Processes): Verbs are used to describe the main actions or events (e.g., hit, damaged, evacuated).

3.)Use of Saying Verbs (Reporting/Verbal Processes): These verbs are used to introduce quotes or statements from sources, lending credibility to the report (e.g., said, reported, announced, stated).

4.)Use of Adverbs of Time and Place: Adverbs provide specific details on when and where the event happened (e.g., yesterday, in Jakarta).

5.)Focus on Specific Participants: The text uses proper nouns to identify specific people, places, or organizations involved in the news (e.g., President Joko Widodo, UNICEF).

Concise Language and 5W+1H Focus: The language is direct, straightforward, and focuses on answering the core questions: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How.

Headline

→ The title of the news; short and attention-grabbing.

Newsworthy Event

→ The main event or incident being reported.

Background Events

→ Additional details such as who was involved, why it happened, and how it happened. May include quotes or comments.

• ​To give factual information about recent events to the audience.

• ​To inform readers or listeners about important events that are considered newsworthy or interesting to the public.

• ​To inform the public about important events.

• ​To report fact and keep the public updated and establishing context.

• Action verbs (e.g., rescue, hit, announce)

• Past tense (because it reports past events)

• Reported speech (e.g., The police said...)

• Passive voice (e.g., The man was arrested...)

• Direct quotes (e.g., “We are safe now,” said the survivor.)

Background Events → this part gives more details about the event, such as when, where, who was involved, or how it happened.

Source → the closing part that contains comments from people involved, witnesses, or authorities to support the news.

​

- Description: This section outlines the core event or incident that the news item is reporting on. It presents the key facts of what happened, who was involved, where it took place, and when it occurred.

​

- Explanation: It's crucial to present this information clearly and concisely, usually in the opening paragraphs, to immediately inform the reader about the main point of the news. This part answers the basic questions of "What happened?"

​

2. Background Elaboration:

​

- Description: This section delves into the details surrounding the main event. It provides additional information, context, and sometimes the causes or consequences of the event.

​

- Explanation: This part helps readers understand the significance of the event by providing a more complete picture. It might include prior events leading up to the main event, statistics, quotes from people involved, or expert opinions. This section answers questions like "Why did it happen?" or "What's the background to this?"

​

3. Source(s):

​

- Description: This section cites the sources of information used in the news item. These sources can be direct quotes from witnesses, experts, officials, or documents.

​

- Explanation: Providing sources is essential for credibility. It shows that the news item is based on factual information and allows readers to evaluate the reliability of the information. Sources add authority and support the accuracy of the news report. This section shows "Who is saying this?" or "Where does this information come from?"

Use of saying verbs (e.g., said, reported, told, stated).

Use of action verbs (e.g., attacked, rescued, crashed).

Use of adverbs of time and place (e.g., yesterday, in Jakarta, at the airport).

Focus on specific people, events, or places, not on the writer’s opinion.

1. Past Tense → used to describe events that already happened.
   Example: A plane crashed yesterday.

2. Action Verbs → show actions or events.
   Example: ran, attacked, opened, rescued.

3. Saying Verbs → used to quote or report what someone said.
   Example: said, stated, explained, reported.

4. Adverbs of Time and Place → show when and where the event occurred.
   Example: last night, in Bali, at the airport.

5. Focus on Important Participants → the news focuses on specific people or organizations.
   Example: The government launched a new program.

6. Short, Clear, and Formal Language → to make information easy to understand.
   Example: The event caused heavy traffic in the city

Hundreds of volunteers joined a beach clean-up event in Bali last Saturday to help reduce plastic waste and protect marine life

.

It aims to make readers aware of what is happening around them.

- Short & factual sentences: Information is conveyed concisely.

​

- Action verbs: Bring the news to life.

​

- Saying verbs: Indicate the source of quotations.

​

- Adverbs of time, place, and manner: Provide context.

​

- Direct & indirect speech: Add authenticity.

​

- Specific & factual language: Accurate details.

​

- Attention-grabbing headlines: Summarize the news.

​

- Objective language: Without opinions.

​

- Attributive tags: Mention the source of information.

- To inform: Convey accurate news.

​

- To report: Present the facts of an event.

​

- To raise awareness: About important issues.

​

- To provide context: Understand the significance.

​

- To document: Record historical events.

​

- To engage the public: To stay informed.

​

- To influence opinion: Indirectly.

​

- To serve the public interest: Oversee power.

1. 📰 Newsworthy Event

→ this part tells the main event or important news briefly — what happened, to whom, and where.

example: “A fire destroyed 20 houses in Jakarta yesterday.”

2. 📖 Background Events

→ this part gives details of the event such as how, why, when, and who was involved.

example: “The fire started from an electrical short circuit at 3 a.m. Residents tried to put out the fire before firefighters arrived.”

3. 💬 Source

→ this part contains comments, opinions, or statements from people involved, like witnesses or authorities.

example: “According to the local police, no one was injured in

the incident.”there are 3 generic structures in a news item text, namely:

1. 📰 Newsworthy Event

→ this part tells the main event or important news briefly — what happened, to whom, and where.

example: “A fire destroyed 20 houses in Jakarta yesterday.”

2. 📖 Background Events

→ this part gives details of the event such as how, why, when, and who was involved.

example: “The fire started from an electrical short circuit at 3 a.m. Residents tried to put out the fire before firefighters arrived.”

3. 💬 Source

→ this part contains comments, opinions, or statements from people involved, like witnesses or authorities.

example: “According to the local police, no one was injured in

the incident.”

1. Newsworthy Event

This part presents the main event being reported, usually answering the questions what, who, when, and where.

2. Background Events

It explains how and why the event happened, providing more details or a sequence of events for better understanding.

3. Source

This section contains comments, opinions, or statements from sources related to the news, such as witnesses, officials, or people involved.

Common language features of a news item text include:

1. Using formal language – because the text is official and public-oriented.

2. Using direct and indirect speech – to report statements from sources.

3. Using material (action) verbs – such as reported, said, delivered to describe actions or events.

4. Using adverbs of time and place – such as yesterday, today, in Jakarta, to indicate when and where the event happened.

5. Using passive sentences – to emphasize the event rather than the doer.

6. Using nouns and specific terms – to give precise and accurate information.

7. Using causal or sequential conjunctions – such as because, then, after that, to explain cause or sequence of events.

More specifically, its purposes are:

1. To inform the public about real events that have happened or are happening.

2. To broaden knowledge of readers about events around them, both local and international.

3. To educate people to be aware of social, political, economic, and cultural issues.

4. To encourage opinions or reactions to the reported event without leading readers subjectively.

2. Use of action verbs → e.g. hit, attacked, caused, rescued.

3. Use of saying verbs → e.g. said, reported, told, explained.

4. Focus on specific participants → e.g. The President, The Police, The Victims.

5. Use of adverbs of time and place → e.g. yesterday, last night, in Jakarta.