🌊TITLE: Andrés Jaque’s COSMO: An incredible outdoor art installation in the form of a luminous water filtration system

🌊AUTHOR: Sukanya Mukherjee

🌊DATE: February 11, 2015

🌊KEY CONTENT:  

Andrés Jaque’s COSMO is an impressive outdoor art installation in the form of a luminous water filtration system that incorporates recycling and sustainability, while at the same time addressing the global menace of water scarcity. Constructed using an intricate network of custom-built irrigation pipes, the temporary structure will be capable of filtering and purifying as many as 3,000 gallons of water. The purification cycle, which usually takes four days to complete, will involve the removal of nitrates and suspended dirt from the water. Additionally, the contraption will be used to balance the water’s pH value as well as increase the level of dissolved oxygen. 

Thus, if this luminous water filtration system is introduced to Mindanao, it will not only educate the residents about the importance, the dire need, and the way to access safe water, but also help residents ensure access to clean and safe water in an affordable and sustainable way.  

🌊TITLE: Impact of Biosand Filter on Access to Safe Drinking Water in the Rural Communities of the Philippines

🌊AUTHORs: Marlon Bugante Sepe, Joel N Sagadal, Rudy Lange, Jobert Porras

🌊DATE: January 2011

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

The objective of the study was to assess how the biosand filter (BSF) affected access to clean drinking water in underprivileged communities throughout the Philippine provinces. In particular, this project sought to describe the BSF's effectiveness as a household water system and as a bio-innovative technology for reducing poverty. As a tool for ensuring access to clean water, it also aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of household (HH) BSF in terms of the model's specified criteria. 

As a result, according to the paper’s conclusion, the efficiency of BSF as a bio-innovative water intervention technology has brought many benefits in many aspects, even potentially impacting poverty alleviation. First, in the HH Economy, households using BSF can save 12.48 times the total cost of filters, up to PHP 31,484.04. Next, in household water health, every household that uses BSF saves 3.68 times the cost of filters and reduces the likelihood of drinking polluted water. Lastly, the environment, where all households using BSF improve the environment at about 5.45 times the cost of filters. 

This information is applicable to our research topic as the use of BSF in all households, especially those in Mindanao, where access to safe drinking water is difficult, will lead to securing cost-effective and safe drinking water for residents and reducing poverty, which will greatly contribute to achieving SDG 6. 

🌊TITLE:  DIY Water Filtration: Water Purification Made Simple for Use at Home, During Emergencies, and Everywhere in Between Kindle Edition

🌊AUTHOR: Stephanie Flores

🌊DATE: July 6, 2015

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

The DIY water filtration book shows step-by-step directions in order to obtain clean drinking water, especially in times of emergencies. The program's goal is to educate those who find it challenging to purchase pricey water filters that you can actually purify your water in the comfort of your own home with your own hands. The filter effectively performs similarly to a branded water purifier. These DIY filtering systems are, nevertheless, inexpensive and simple to build. The system is made of materials found around the house and a few naturally occurring goods. For instance, the old 5-gallon paint bucket and the black residue left on burnt logs are sufficient to create a water filter. 

This information-filled book is relevant to our topic because it will help those who have difficulty accessing safe drinking water in an affordable way by directly following what's in the book or taking inspiration from it. Moreover, the DIY water filtration can be the solution for those residents who find it challenging to purchase expensive water filters.

🌊TITLE: Michael Pritchard: How to make filthy water drinkable

🌊AUTHOR: Michael Pritchard (TED Talk Speaker) (in TED Youtube Channel)

🌊DATE: August 4, 2009

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

Many countries around the world lack access to clean, safe drinking water. Alarmingly, many vulnerable children around the world have died as a result of diseases caused by unsafe and unclean water sources. With this, engineer Michael Pritchard took action by inventing the portable Lifesaver bottle filter. This innovation can make even the most revolting water drinkable in seconds, benefiting many, especially those who live near the water or in areas struck by natural calamities. When using it, just take the dirty water and put it into the portable filter. Then replace the top and give it a few pumps. After this, sterile drinking water is going to come out, ready to be used. Moreover, Pritchard not only talks about the filter but, most importantly, educates viewers as he puts emphasis on the effects of unsafe water and what we can do to help solve it. 

The TED talk’s relevance to our research topic is not just because it's about a filter system but also because the inventor was able to reach millions of viewers and promote sustainable, affordable, and easy access to clean potable water. Therefore, if this portable Lifesaver bottle filter is introduced to Mindanao, it will provide residents with an easy way to filter water; even a child could do it. This will go a long way toward ensuring access to clean and safe water for the Philippines as a whole. 

🌊TITLE: How City Water Purification Works: Drinking and Wastewater

🌊AUTHOR: Jacob O'Neal (Creator of Animagraffs) (in Animagraffs Youtube Channel)

🌊DATE: September 9, 2021

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

The video documentary initially discussed coagulation and flocculation when discussing the phases of water treatment in cities. Algae reject one another, and coagulants neutralize these particles, encouraging the algae to adhere to one another and form flocs. Flock particles settle at the bottom of the tank when water travels upward in the filtration system, removing them from the water. Ozonation and filtering make up the second stage. When dissolved in water, the oxidizing agent ozone kills pollutants like bacteria, viruses, and cysts. Water contaminants are captured during the filtering process using activated carbon and microsand. In the UV tanks, the final cleaning process starts. Different wavelengths of light penetrate water, damaging the structure of microorganisms. What was previously contaminated water has undergone all of these processes and is now fit for human consumption. 

The video documentary is relevant to our research topic because it covers city water filtration systems. As such, these systems could serve as a guide or inspiration for those who want to create a DIY version for home use, which will be useful for Mindanaoans, especially those in cities where water shortage is a problem.

🌊TITLE: Water & Water Filtration: Everything You Need To Know About Water Filters, Alkaline Water, Structured Water, Hydrogen Rich Water, Deuterium Depleted Water & Much More‪!‬

🌊AUTHOR: Ben Greenfield of Ben Greenfield Life (of Apple Podcast)

🌊DATE: May 25, 2019

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

The podcast talks about a leading question, "What water filter is best?" Author, Ben Greenfiled, interviewed Robert Slovak, who is known for co-founding water factory systems in the early 1970’s. He and his brother were early pioneers in the development of Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology and its numerous uses. Their successful technologies included RO drinking water systems for homes and offices, bottled water production, seawater desalination, microchip manufacture, bottled water production, water vending, and many more; making them well-known figures in the industry. 

Moreover, it was stated that health studies from all over the world proclaim Molecular Hydrogen (H2) as the most antioxidant and signaling molecule. In 2010, Robert co-developed a practical way for everyone to benefit from this discovery by creating the first reactive hydrogen tablet that infuses water with a supersaturated concentration of molecular hydrogen (H2) gas. This proven nutraceutical is now in its 9th year of distribution in both professional medical and consumer markets. 

Thus, understanding Molecular Hydrogen(H2) relates to our research topic, as safe water initiatives wouldn’t progress without first understanding what water is; how it is, what it is, what factors affect it, and its interaction with the environment. Furthermore, Robert Slovak worked to improve water filtration systems as a whole, which inspires us in Mindanao to make our own filtration systems that fit our capabilities and circumstances. 

🌊TITLE: Manila Water installs Activated Filter Media (AFM) in Balara Treatment Plant

🌊AUTHOR: Manila Water (Non-government Organization)

🌊DATE: June 22, 2022

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

The Balara treatment plant kills any microbes or germs that may contaminate the water before it reaches your taps. Thus, Manila Water optimized the operations of its Balara Treatment Plant 2 by reducing its chemical consumption through the installation of the Activated Filter Media (AFM). The use of AFM requires less backwash water and can remove iron and manganese. Activated Filter Media is a highly processed product in the form of particles with enhanced filtration features, lessening the need for additional infrastructure. 

In this article, it is evident how there can be more sustainable and cheaper alternatives for materials regarding water filtration that still work the same. Thus, its relevance to our topic is that it shows us that water filtration can be done with what you have or in ways that fit the resources of Mindanao; for example, we can use the aforementioned water filter made from red clay, since red clay is abundant in the area. 

🌊URL: https://doh.gov.ph/node/16883

🌊TITLE: KEEP YOUR DRINKING WATER SAFE – DOH

🌊AUTHOR: Republic of the Philippines: Department of Health

🌊DATE: March 16, 2019

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

The Department of Health (DOH) advised those who are experiencing water shortages to make sure that their drinking water is safe to avoid illnesses. They say that water filtration doesn’t have to be expensive, it can be done in simple ways; accessible in our own homes. For example, water from unsafe sources can be made safe by boiling it and using chlorine tablets. It relates to our research topic because water filtration systems are, most of the time, too expensive for a common person to have or even have access to. That’s why simple water purifying solutions such as the aforementioned should be given awareness for everyone’s use. 

Thus, in Mindanao, affordable, safe water initiatives are needed because there are still many cities that are still developing, making their finances limited. 

🌊TITLE: The Modern Water Purification Process

🌊AUTHOR: Venngage

🌊DATE: 2023

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

The data infographic talks about the modern water purification process. Given that it has a direct effect on everyone's health worldwide, water purification is crucial for ensuring access to clean and safe drinking water. Before water is made available for home distribution, a suitable system for filtration must be in place. This involves collecting water in an aeration tank, holding it in a settling tank, moving it into a coagulation tank containing precipitating chemicals, and filtering it using a gravity sand filter. Following filtering, the water is disinfected by killing diseases and germs in the water using chemicals like chlorination. Then, tanks with disinfected water are pumped into them for household distribution. This infographic seeks to promote the contemporary water purification method; the notion in this can be applied to our research topic as it shares commonalities because both of them work to promote the importance of water purification. 

Thus, its relevance to our topic is that through it we are educated about the new process of purifying water that we can possibly take inspiration from or even adapt in Mindanao in the near future.

🌊TITLE: SAFE DRINKING WATER IS A RIGHT

🌊AUTHOR: NRDCflix (Youtube Channel)

🌊DATE: December 9, 2020

🌊KEY CONTENT:

This professional vlog feature talks about the right to attain safe, potable water despite factors and circumstances that may be unpleasant. It is said that people trust the regulatory agencies in the government to provide them with clean and healthy, safe drinking water, but not all communities are created equal. This is why there are many who are unable to access clean, safe drinking water. Research found that a number of communities shoulder a heavier burden, particularly those of color, low-income communities, and communities that don't have access to adequate housing and transportation options. It was also mentioned that there was a statistically significant relationship between the social factors studied by scientists and drinking water violations. Moreover, the residents are educated on different issues, but most of them have concerns about access to safe drinking water. They say that their children won't be able to live a healthy, quality life if they and the whole world don't fight for these issues pertaining to safe water. 

The vlog’s relevance to our research topic is because it contained the cause behind not being able to attain water, which is immensely seen in Mindanao, where the main reasons for the inability to access safe water are financial inequity, living in remote areas, and even because people are of a tribe; making the government forget about them. Thus, the video and our research topic have similar goals, promoting the importance of accessing safe water systems not only for the present but, most importantly, for future generations to come. 

🌊TITLE: Water Filtration Systems for Developing Countries

🌊AUTHOR: Deborah Bensen

🌊DATE: November 14, 2022

🌊KEY CONTENT:

One of the most important things a person needs in order to live a healthy life is access to potable water, yet not everyone on our planet has that privilege. This professional blog article talks about reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. These are two methods of water treatment that make water safe to consume by removing harmful impurities. Specifically, the main differences are that reverse osmosis removes dissolved substances from the water, while ultrafiltration systems are far more economical to install and maintain. Furthermore, the blog talked about the advantages, disadvantages, and design of the two. 

Since our research topic also deals with "Promoting Affordable Filtration Water Systems in Accessing Safe Water in Mindanao," the information in this article will be helpful for us to have an idea on how to access safe water in more ways that are unique yet also effective and doable. More than that, the article also talks about the significance of water filtration systems in developing countries, which can be very beneficial for the Philippines, and specifically Mindanao, as it contains booming industries considering all the natural resources found in the area. 

🌊TITLE: 7 Amazing Ways How Water Filters Help the Environment

🌊AUTHOR: Big Berkey Water Filters

🌊DATE: January 10, 2022

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

The ecosystem may be better preserved and made more sustainable for future generations by using water filters. With that, the magazine is about the seven amazing ways water filters help the environment. First, it can reduce the use of plastic by preventing us from buying bottled water. Second, it saves wildlife as it can help reduce the number of plastic bottles that end up in the ocean. Third, remove pollutants from the water as filters remove radon, arsenic, asbestos, and mercury from the water using carbon-activated filters. This helps improve the water that we drink and the water that is recycled back into the water system. Fourth, it can help improve the overall energy efficiency of all your appliances. Fifth, in helping to reduce the amount of fossil fuels that the country uses. Sixth, it promotes a healthy food chain because plastic water bottles create an abundance of pollution, which is dangerous for all animals in the lower parts of the food chain. When we eliminate and reduce your consumption of plastic, we are improving the lives of others lower in the food chain. Lastly, it saves money for other things; allowing us to have safe drinking water without having to spend money each week on plastic bottled water. By then, you can save more money each day and use this money to do other things to help the environment. 

This is connected to our study since one of the reasons why we want to promote filtration systems is because we want to protect our environment and ecosystem against the millions of plastic bottles of water that are purchased every day. Moreover, this magazine provided the benefits of the system to the people and planet which motivates us to find more ways to encourage Mindanaoans to resort to water filtration.

🌊TITLE: Kinabuhing Tubig - AdDUvocacy Short Documentary | SDG 6

🌊AUTHOR: Elmie Joy Alinsub (Youtube Channel)

🌊DATE: May 22, 2022

🌊KEY CONTENT:

"Kinabuhing Tubig" is a promotional video made by AdDU students to shed light on one of the biggest problems in Davao City: dirty water and water shortages. This was brought to life by the interviewees, who showed clips of their clouded, slow flow of water in their homes and shared their experiences with inadequate and unsanitary water in their respective areas. The video also further discusses the cause and effect of the issue and, most importantly, promotes the participation of the Davaoenos in unfolding the truth on water scarcity and polluted water through social media platforms; having partnerships with DCWD or creating a community of practice; using innovative technologies and promoting sustainability; and doing research that enables people to reach correct answers or conclusions. 

Hence, all the information in the video, from the background of the issue to what actions we should take, is extremely relevant to our research topic. This is because safe water initiatives like filters enable residents to easily obtain a cleaner, more sustainable, cheaper, and a larger amount of water as compared to buying at water refilling stations or buying bottled water, which is expensive and increases the amount of plastic used. 

🌊TITLE: NOT EVERYONE GETS TO HAVE A CLEAN DRINK

🌊AUTHOR: ADDUvocacy (Facebook Page)

🌊DATE: October 24, 2020

🌊KEY CONTENT:

This simple yet impactful advocacy poster by AdDU students, shows a "pulubi" girl who is drinking dirty water out of a used milk tea bottle. This conveys the message that many unprivileged sectors still do not have access to clean water, which affects many, especially vulnerable children.  This aims to educate the people on the inability of many to obtain clean water due to poor sanitation and financial capabilities; this is why we, as members of society, should join hand in hand in order to alleviate this long overdue issue. 

Thus, this becomes relevant to our research topic as affordable filtration systems can be used to solve problems in insanitation as they filter out bacterias in polluted water, providing all with safe, potable, and cost-effective water. 

🌊TITLE: South African entrepreneur manufactures portable water filtration device

🌊AUTHOR: CGTN Africa (Youtube Channel)

🌊DATE: June 9, 2019

🌊KEY CONTENT:

South Africa has made improvements in providing access to clean water but still has a long way to go in reaching the thousands of citizens living in rural areas. However, Sihle Gcinumzi Ntuli, a young entrepreneur, has found a solution to this problem. Sihle moved to the Eastern Cape and traveled to rural areas, which is when he saw the need for clean water for people living there who were affected by the polluted water; some were even dying from water-borne diseases. To counteract this issue, he created a portable water filtration device that costs 84 dollars each, which may be expensive for a portable filter but is an investment as it has a 10 year lifespan and a capacity to clean up to 400,000 liters of water. This device is what he calls a kidney dialysis system, which works the same way the human kidney works. It is made of hollow fiber membranes, which is a very small filtration unit that no bacteria can pass through, making the filtration rate 99.99%. Ntuli wants to roll out the filters in mass to help secluded communities, then hopes to open his own manufacturing plant to produce the external components of the filters. 

Just like Africa’s situation, Mindanao also suffers with this especially those tribes who are living in the mountains or remote areas, in general. Thus, if this filtration device was introduced in Mindanao, it would be of great help to the residents and the Philippines as a whole as it will promote both the sustainable development goal and the basic rights of each citizen. 

🌊TITLE: Mga sakop sa Tribung Ata Manobo sa Kapalong, nakadawat og portable water filtration devices

🌊AUTHOR: PTV Davao (Youtube Channel of PTV News Mindanao)

🌊DATE: June 8, 2022

🌊KEY CONTENT:

Fourty (40) members of the Ata Manobo tribe that live in Kapalong, Davao Del Norte, received 40 boxes of portable water filtration devices. This gadget will be used to ensure that the community is able to prevent acquiring viruses, bacteria, and other reasons for waterborne diseases from faucets, streams, rainwater, and other water resources in the area. Moreover, the tribal leaders expressed their gratitude for the things they got from government and non-government organizations that provide great help in order to prevent the community, especially the children, from acquiring life-threatening diseases. The donation program is not like the typical canned goods, but is something that feeds the residents' long-term needs. 

Thus, it is immensely related to our research topic as it, first, not only talks about water filtration systems but was also done in Mindanao context. Second, the given water filtration system is sustainable, effective, and affordable, given that 40 of them were distributed, which is evidently connected to our topic. 

🌊TITLE: Finding answers to the world's drinking water crisis

🌊AUTHOR: Natalie Lisbona (BBC News Business Reporter)

🌊DATE: August 2, 2021

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

Is the Ocean the Answer? For many centuries, civilizations removed salt from seawater using heat, a process called desalination. This process is being used by DuPont, a water provider that supplies 25 million US gallons of water per minute around the world. Using the process of desalination in their plants, they are able to filter seawater into clean and drinkable water. "The process allows water to pass through a filter while salts get separated. as a result, two streams are generated, one with drinkable water and one with high levels of salt," says Veronica Garcia Molina, the Global Market Leader of DuPont Water Solutions. 

This international article has note-worthy relevance to our research topic as it can be of great help in promoting affordable filtering systems in coastal communities, like the Badajao’s who live in houseboats, clustered near the coastline of Southern Mindanao.

🌊TITLE: Cheap way to filter water for the poor

🌊AUTHOR: Jocelyn R. Uy (Philippine Daily Inquirer Reporter)

🌊DATE: August 8, 2016

🌊KEY CONTENT:

The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) recently made a pitcher with a water filter made from red clay that can turn deep-well and tap water into safe drinking water. The project was then funded by the Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD) and initiated by DOST's Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI). The pitcher is cost-effective and sustainable since red clay is an abundant resource in many parts of the country, such as Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Aurora, Tarlac, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, Aklan, Leyte, and South Cotabato provinces, and Cagayan de Oro City. Moreover, it is also cheap and reusable, allowing Filipino households that have little to no access to safe drinking water to receive some through the device. 

This is relevant to our research topic as they offer cheap and affordable water filters to those who receive little to no clean and drinkable water, which is what our study is promoting. Moreover, it widens our perspective on the types of filtration, making us realize that filters aren’t just those thin nets but can also be made from available resources such as the aforementioned red clay that is also available in Mindanao. 

🌊TITLE: Water purifiers, food aid from CDO, Lanao Sur bound for flood-stricken Maguindanao

🌊AUTHOR:  Froilan Gallarado (of MindaNews)

🌊DATE: October 31, 2022 

🌊KEY CONTENT:

After Typhoon Paeng, trucks equipped with food and portable water purifiers left on Monday morning via the 82-kilometer Talakag-Wao-Libungan road to assist flood victims in Maguindanao provinces. Charlito Manlupig, president of the non-profit Balay Mindanaw Foundation Inc., said the relief convoy was forced to take this route after the Nituan Bridge in Parang, Maguindanao del Norte, collapsed at the height of tropical storm Paeng on October 28. Manlupig also stated that their group sent eight portable water purifiers to Maguindanao to help residents access safe drinking water. He said they have entrusted the water purifiers to Bangsamoro Minister of Social Services and Development Raisa Jajurie. 

This local news article’s relevance to our topic is that it shows the significance of water filters beyond home use. It is especially vital in times of calamity, like typhoons, where people won't have access to clean water for a period of time.

🌊TITLE: SITIO TAPAYANON

🌊AUTHOR: Project Amansinaya (Twitter Page)

🌊DATE: February 10, 2021

🌊KEY CONTENT: 

Sitio Tapayanon is an Ata Manobo far-flung tribal village situated along the benches of the Pantaron Range in the tri-boundary portion of Davao del Norte. They are isolated from the rest, and that's why they currently lack access to clean water, making most of their population ill. Major health risks also arise within the village. With that, an organization, Project Amansinaya, aims to ameliorate their situation by providing several units of LifeStraw, a type of water filtration and purification device, through a fundraising event that is promoted on social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. 

Thus, this short-form social media content is pertinent to our research topic because this movement is done through a fundraiser that promotes affordable ways to safe water initiatives.