1. Electric Generator : derives motion from steam turbine & generates electricity.

2. Steam Turbine: Generates high-speed rotation with help of high energy fluid.

3. Condenser: Collects and removes heat from the steam.

4. Cooling Tower: Removes excess heat from the condenser & increase efficiency.

5. Stack: Ensures proper ventilation & maintain safe & clean environment.

6. Boiler?

Process Variable (PV):

1. Steam Pressure

2. Steam Temperature

3. Coal combustion Flow Rate

4. Feed water Flow Rate

5. Condenser pressure

Manipulated Variable (MV):

1. Feed water pump speed

2. Steam turbine valve position

3. Boiler fuel supply

• Pumps play many roles in water treatment plant.

• They move water from one place to another, and they provide added pressure that's sometimes needed to perform treatment functions.

• Pumps are used to inject water treatment chemicals, to supply compressed air, and to move treated water to its point of use.

  
  

The implemented pump in the WTP process:

1) Low-lift pump

• Move large volumes of water at relatively low discharge pressure.

• Suitable for the pumping of surface water.

2) DAF Compressor

• Supplying and regulating the air needed to create microbubbles for the flotation of suspended particles and containment.

3) Backwash pump & compressor

• When the filter’s pores become clogged, they need to be cleaned.

• One of the ways is to use this pump.

• Where it can reverse the flow and increasing the velocity at which water passes back through the filter.

• While for the compressor it will produce constant flow of pressurized oxygen.

4) DAF pump

• To remove suspended solids, oil and grease from water

• Involves the used of fine air bubbles to float and separate containment form the water

• These bubbles attach themselves to the suspended particles, reducing their density and causing them to rise to the surface removal

5) Return pump

• Known as recirculation pumps.

• A liquid has to be pumped from one tank into another tank.

6) Sludge transfer pump

• Be able to handle thick liquid with high solid content such as sludge.

• Process and moves waste fluids with high solid content.

7) High-lift pump

• Known as booster pumps.

• Pumps that discharge treated water into arterial main.

• Increase the pressure in zones far from the distribution system.

• Fuel Combustion in Boiler: Fuel (e.g., coal, oil, gas) burned to produce heat.

• Water to Steam Conversion: Heat from combustion turns water into high-pressure steam.

• Turbine Operation: Steam's kinetic energy causes turbine blades to rotate.

• Electricity Generation: Turbine's rotation drives an electric generator, converting mechanical energy to electrical.

• Steam Condensation: Steam is cooled and condensed back into water in the condenser.

• Cooling and Water Recirculation: Warm water from condenser cooled in a tower; cold water recycled back.

  
  

  
  

  
  

  
  

  Control Applications:

• Boiler Control: Monitors and controls combustion conditions like air-to-fuel ratio and temperature.

• Turbine Control: Manages turbine's rotational speed to match power output with grid demand.

• Turbine Control: Manages turbine's rotational speed to match power output with grid demand.

• Condenser Pressure Management: Keeps pressure within condenser low for efficient condensation.

• Cooling Tower Regulation: Adjusts water flow rate and sometimes fan operations to maintain desired water temperature.

• Feed Water Control: Ensures consistent water level in the boiler by adjusting feed water pump speed or valve position.