APWH Key Concepts by Jacqueline Candelas

1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies

romerjos031 — 2016-04-18 14:59:25 UTC

1) 10000 years after the ice age, the planet climate began to warm up and allowed agriculture. Although some societies remained hunter/Gatherer.
2) Elite groups accumulated wealth creating more hierarchical social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organizations.
3) Agriculturalists also made an impact to the environment through cultivation of selected plants.
4) Permanent agricultural villages emerged in eastern Mediterranean. Than continuously to Mesopotamia, the Nile river valley, sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus river valley, the yellow river and Huang he river valleys, Papua new guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes.
5) Humans began to use animals for food and labor.
6) Human population increased (Rapidly)
7) Each region began to take their own regions wild animals and began to domesticate them.
8) Now with enough food other jobs began to form. (Artisans, warriors, elites)
9) Pastoral-ism developed in grasslands sites of Afro-Eurasia.
10) Family groups gave way to village life which later developed into urban life.

2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange

quezaans001 — 2016-04-18 15:36:01 UTC

1.Organization of large-scale empires
2.Volume of long-distance trade increased. Land and water trade routes
-Eurasian Silk Road
-Trans-Saharan caravan routes
-Indian Ocean Sea lanes
-Mediterranean Sea lanes
3.New technologies permitted the use of domesticated pack animals to transport goods across longer routes.
4.New technology
-Yokes
-Saddles
-Stirrups
6. Domesticated animals
-Horses, Oxen, Llamas, Camels
7. Innovations in maritime tech.
-Lateen sail
-Dhow ships
8.The spread of crops, including rice and cotton from South Asia to the Middle East, encouraged changes in farming and irrigation techniques for ex. the ganat system
9.The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline of some empires
-Disease on Roman Empire and Chinese empires
10.Religious and cultural traditions were transformed and spread
-Christianity
-Hinduism
-Buddhism

Key Concept 1.3. The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

sanchshe001 — 2016-04-19 15:00:28 UTC

1. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas.
2. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning.
3. Some states started to develop legal codes like the Code of Hammurabi that reflected upon existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of the government over the people.
4. Trade expanded from locally to regional and trans regional with civilizations exchanging goods, technology, and cultural idea.
5. Social and gender hierarchies grew as states and cities expanded.
6. New religious beliefs developed and continues to have strong influences in later periods.
7. Both political and religious elites promoted arts and artisanship.
8. Pastoralists were often developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation which transformed warfare in argrarian civilizations.
9. As states grew and competed for land and resources the ones that were more favorably suited had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced population growths.
10. Early regions of states expansion or empire building were the Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley.

Key Concept 2.2 The Development of States and Empires.

candejac001 — 2016-04-19 15:04:17 UTC

1. Number and size of Key empires grew.
-Southwest Asia-Persian Empire
-East Asia-Qin and Han empire
-South Asia-Maurya and Gupta Empires
-Mediterranean region-Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city- and colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman Empires
-Mesoamerica- Teotihuacan, Maya city-states
-Andean South America- Moche.
2.Developed new techniques of imperial administration.
-Centralized governments
-Elaborate legal systems and Bureaucracies
3.Projected military power using-
-Diplomacy
-Developing supply lines
-Building defensive structures
-Drawing new military officers from local populations and conquered peoples.
4. Success came from building roads and maintaining currencies.
5. Imperial societies relied on different methods to maintain food production, and provide rewards for the loyalties of elites.
6. Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family relationships.
7. Empires caused environmental damage, social tensions, and difficulties because of concentrating too much wealth in the hands of elites.
8.Social structures displayed hierarchies including,merchants, slaves, artisans, elites, or caste groups.
9.The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta
10.Cities served as centers of trade, public rituals, and political administration for states and empires

Key concept 2.1 The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions

guevayes — 2016-04-19 15:48:39 UTC

1. Judaism was further developed with the codification of the Hebrew Scriptures
2. Hinduism contributed to the development of the social and political roles of a caste system
3. Buddhism changed over time as it spread throughout Asia
4. Daoism influenced the development of Chinese culture
5. Christianity drew on Judaism, spread through the efforts of missionaries and merchants, and eventually gained Roman imperial support
6. Buddism and Christianity encouraged monastic life and Confucianism emphasized filial piety.
7. Literature and drama influenced artistic developments in neighboring regions and later time periods.
8. Distinctive architectural styles developed in many regions
9. Convergence of Greco-Roman culture and Buddhist beliefs affected the development of unique sculptural developments
10. Shamanism and animism shaped the lives of people of core civilizations

1.1 - Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth

martipau003 — 2016-04-20 13:04:18 UTC

1) Paleolithic- The early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used.
2) Humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia< and the Americas all throughout the paleolithic period
3) Humans were able to adapt to different geographical settings from the "savanna desert to Ice Age tundra".
4) Humans developed different technologies
5) Humans used fire in various ways such as for hunting and foraging, protection against predators, and to adapt to cold environments.
6) Humans developed a wider range of tools to adapt to different environments from such as "the tropics to the tundra".
7) Economic structures focused on small kinship groups of hunting-foraging bands that could make what they needed to survive.
8) Not all groups were self-sufficient.
9) They exchanged goods, ideas, and even people.
10) Big geography draws attention to the global nature of world history.

3.1 - Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks

martipau003 — 2016-04-22 17:40:31 UTC

1) Afro-Eurasia and the Americas remained separate from one another
2) There was a deepening and widening of old and new networks of human interaction within and across regions
3) Unprecedented concentrations of wealth and intensification of cross-culture exchanges
4) innovations: Transportation, State policies, Mercantile practices: which contributed to the expansion and development of commercial networks, which in turn served as conduits for cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies.
5) Muhammad promoted Islam. a new major monotheistic religion
6) Spread quickly through: trade. diffusion
7) Trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities: The Silk Roads, The Mediterranean Sea, The Trans-Saharan, The Indian Ocean Basins
8) Luxury Goods: Silk, Cotton textiles, Spices, Precious Metals & gems, Slaves, Exotic Animals
9) Migration had significant and commercial contacts led to diffusion of languages throughout new region or the emergence of new languages.
10) Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, and artistic and cultural traditions.
examples: The influence of Neoconfucianism and Buddhism in East Asia: Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia , Toltec/Mexica and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean America

Key Concept 3.3. Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences

sanchshe001 — 2016-04-25 14:11:16 UTC

1. Agricultural productions significantly increased because of the new technological innovations.
2. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neo-Confucianism let to significant changes in the structure of family and changes in gender relations.
3. Patriarchy and caste hierarchies were still around but in some areas like West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia women exercised more power and influence.
4. The demand for slaves for military and domestic purposes increased mostly in Central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and Mediterranean.
5. Industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.
6. Chinese, Persian, and Indian merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelain for export.
7. Many factors like invasions, diseases, decline of agricultural activity, and the Little Ice Age contributed to the decline of urban areas.
8. The factors that helped the revival of urban areas were the end of invasions, availability of safe and reliable transport, rise of commerce and warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300, increased agricultural activity which led to growth in population, and greater availability of labor.
9. Many forms of labor organizations like free peasant agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, craft production and guild organization, various forms of coerced and unfree labor, government-imposed labor taxes, and military obligations.
10. Two regions where free peasants revolted were in China and the Byzantine Empire.

4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

quezaans001 — 2016-04-25 14:15:16 UTC

1.Imperial Expansion came with difficulty. Rulers used "the arts as to display political power" and to legitimize their rule: Monumental architecture, Urban design, Courtly literature, The visual arts
2.Rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimize their rule, European notions of divine righs, Safavid use of Shiism, Mexico or Aztec practice of human sacrifice, Songhay promotion of Islam, Chinese emperors' public performance of Confucian rituals
3.States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state, Ottoman treatment of non-Muslim subjects, Manchu policies toward Chinese, Spanish creation of a separate "Republica de Indios"
4.Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resource: Ottoman devshirme, Chinese examination system, Salaried samurai
5.Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion.
6.Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres
7.Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia
8.Land empires expanded immensely: Manchus, Mughal, Ottoman, Russians
9.European states established new maritime empires in the Americas: Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British
10. Competition occurred in trade routes

4.1 Global Interactions

guevayes — 2016-04-25 14:34:08 UTC

1. Transoceanic connections supported by technological innovations
2. Transregional and global trade networks helped large migration, the spread of religion, and other elements of culture
3. The new circulation of goods brought economic disruption to the merchants and governments in trading regions
4. European technological development in cartography and navigation
5. Improved understandings of global wind and currents patterns
6. Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to increased travel to and trade with West Africa
7. Spanish sponsorship increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade
8. joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies
9. the Columbian exchange was a result of new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
10. New connections between hemispheres expanded the spread of religions

4.2 New Forms Of Social Organizations and Modes of Production

candejac001 — 2016-04-26 14:27:18 UTC

1.Plantations expanded, and demand for land increased.
2. Peasant labor intensified
3.Growth of plantation economy in the Americas increased the demand for slaves in the Americas
4. Colonies in the Americas dependent on coerced labor:
-Chattel slavery
-Indentured servitude
-Enconmienda and hacienda systems
-The Spanish adaptation of the Inca mit'a
5. New ethnic , racial, and gender hierarchies.
6. New political and economic elites because of imperial conquests and economic opportunities.
7. power of existing political/ economic was challenged by powerful monarchs and leaders.
8. Demographic changes in Africa because of the slave trade.
9. Gender family restructuring . Ex:smaller European families.
10.New ethnic and racial classifications in the Americas because of massive demographic changes.

Key Concept 5.3. Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

sanchshe001 — 2016-04-30 00:36:15 UTC

1. Enlightenment developing new political ideas about individual, natural rights, and social contacts.
2. Enlightenment ideas sparked new ways of resistance to the already set political authority which later on led to the Revolutionary documents like The American Declaration of Independence, The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and Bolivar's Jamaica Letter.
3. People were becoming tired of the new imperial rule so they challenged the centralized imperialist governments.
4. Slave resistance was starting in the Americas.
5. A series of rebellions started to form which lead to the emergence of independent states in the US, Haiti, and mainland Latin America. The French subjects soon rebelled against their monarchy. Some rebellions were the American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements.
6. Anticolonial movements sparked because of increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism.
7. Some rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism.
8. Since the rebellions were becoming bigger and a problem they eventually led to reforms in imperial policies.
9. Women started to demand suffrage and feminism was emerging which challenged political and gender hierarchies.
10. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, and communism.

3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions

romerjos031 — 2016-05-02 14:04:31 UTC

1.) Some of the empires collapsed and were reconstituted.
2.) In some regions new states began to forms
3.) With the new states that formed they ended up with a combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations that were better suited for their current circumstances.
4.) Islamic states began to form.
5.) City-States began to form.
6.) There was a decentralized government (Feudalism) in Europe and japan.
7.) Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions.
8.) The wars that were happening between states and empires led to a significant technological and cultural transfers.
9.) Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region.
10.) The Aztecs in mexico and the Incas in South America began to input imperial systems in their governments.

5.2 Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

candejac001 — 2016-05-02 14:24:32 UTC

1.States industrialized and expanded overseas colonies
2. States with colonies strengthened their control over them.
3. European, American, and Japanese states established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific.
4.Spanish and Portuguese influence declined
5.European states established empires in Africa using warfare and political negotiation.
6.Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires.
7.Industrialized states practiced economic imperialism
8. Anti-imperialsims resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire
9.United States and Russia matched/surpassed European transoceanic imperialism by expanding boarders and conquering neighboring territories.
10. Development and spread of nationalism as an ideology. Also social Darwinism to justify imperialism and a 'white mans burden'

6.1 Science and the environment

guevayes — 2016-05-02 14:37:43 UTC

1. Researchers made advances in science and developed new technology
2. New forms of communication and transportation eliminated the problem of geographic distance
3. Human population increased and caused humans to compete for resources, and led to global warming
4. Demographic shifts due to disease, scientific innovations, and conflict
5. The Green Revolution produced food for the earth's growing population
6. Medical innovations increased the ability of humans to survive
7. Productivity and production of material good increased due to energy technologies
8. Rates of extinction of species accelerated due to deforestation and desertification
9. Disease associated with poverty persisted, while other diseases emerged and threatened human survival
10. Improved military technology and new tactics led to increased levels of wartime casualties

6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

quezaans001 — 2016-05-03 15:01:05 UTC

1.States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the twentieth century
2. In the Communist states of of the Soviet Union and China, governments controlled their national economies: The Five-Year Plans and The Great Leap Forward
3.With the onset of the Great Depression, governments intervened into economic life: The New Deal and The Fascist corporatist economy
4.Governments took a strong role in guiding economic life: Nasser's promotion of economic development in Egypt and the encouragement of export-oriented economies in East Asia
5.Many governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization: The United States beginning with Ronald Reagan, Britain under Margaret Thatcher, China under Deng Xiaoping, and Chile under Pinochet
6.New international organizations formed: The League of Nations, The United Nations, The International Criminal Court. And new economic institutions emerged spreading free market economics: The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and World Trade Organization (WTO)
7.Humanitarians organizations emerged; UNICEF, The Red Cross, Amnesty International, Doctors Without Borders, and the World Heal Organization (WHO)
8.Regional Trade agreements occurred designing to promote the movement of capital and good across borders: The European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN, Mercosur. And multinational corporations formed to challenge state authority and anatomy: Royal Dutch Shell, Coca-Cola, Sony
9.Peace movements occurred: Greenpeace, Green Belt in Kenya, Earth Day
10.People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions. And popular and consumer culture became global

Key Concept 5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism

martipau003 — 2016-05-03 15:12:42 UTC

1) Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world, not only changed how goods were produced and consumed, as well as what was considered a “good,” but it also had far-reaching effects on the global economy, social relations, and culture.
2) Variation of factors led to the rise of industrial production
• Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean

• The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber

• European demographic changes

• Urbanization

• Improved agricultural productivity

• Legal protection of private property

• An abundance of rivers and canals

• Access to foreign resources

• The accumulation of capital
3) Fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies
4) New methods of industrialization spread to other parts of europe, the united states, russia, and japan.
5) the second industrial revolution led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery.
6) Rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies
7)Forms of wealth led to the development of extensive mining centers
8) The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses
9) There was major developments in transportation
• Railroads

• Steamships

• Telegraphs

• Canals
10)The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.
• New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.
• Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed in response to industrialization.
• Rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions, as well as to new forms of community.

5.4 Global Migration

quezaans001 — 2016-05-04 14:14:54 UTC

1.Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living
2.Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population
3.Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the nineteenth century
4. Migrants relocated
5. Individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work
-Manual Laborers
-Specialized Professionals
6.The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration
mples of coerced and semicoerced labor migration:

-Slavery

-Chinese and Indian indentured servitude
-Convict labor
8.Large-scale nature of migration, especially in the nineteenth century, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the existing populations
9.Migrants tended to be male due to work for physical labor, leaving women at home
9.Migrants created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world
-Chinese in the Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America
-Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia
10.Societies did not always welcome immigrants, some societies regulated them:
-The Chinese Exclusion Acts
-The White Australia Policy

6.2 Global Conflicts and their consequences

guevayes — 2016-05-04 14:24:59 UTC

1.Europe dominated political order, including the United States, Russia, and Japan
2. Both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of transoceanic political organization by the end of the twentieth century
3. Old land-based empires (Ottoman ,Russian, and Quing) collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors
4. Some colonies negotiated their independence. (ex. India from the British Empire)
5. Some colonies achieved independance through armed struggle/force (ex. Algeria and Vietnam from the French empire)
6.Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule. Causing regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries.
7.Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries, like communism. Then movements to redistribute land and resources developing in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, advocating communism and socialism.
8.The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlement(Ex; division of the middle east into mandatory states.
9. Military conflicts on a unprecedented global scale with sources of global conflict from;
-Imperialist expansion by European powers and japan
-Competition for reasources
-Ethnic conflict
-Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany
-Nationalist ideologies
-Economic crisis engendered by the great depression.
10.After the end of WW2 The united states and the soviet uniopn emerged as super powers leading to ideological struggles of capitalism and communism evolving into the cold war.

Feedback

jrcdmc — 2016-05-06 18:17:08 UTC

Great padlet overall.
Things to work on in future:
1) Vague developments. Again, the more specific you can get in your writing, the better. Examples of vague wording include, but are not limited to the following:
KC 1.1 "developed different technologies". Ok, which ones? KC 1.2 What is pastoralism, and what does the KC say about their importance? KC 2.1 "distinctive architectural style"? Like what? KC 2.2 #9 is unfinished and vague. KC 2.3
What factors caused states to decline besides disease?
There are other examples, but you get the idea.

2) Picture selection. Overall, this was awesome except for KC 5.2. I mean yeah, Social Darwinism was an important development, but was it THE most important development? Nah. Nation-state formation and imperialism was. It's in the title. Far better would have been a picture of that.

All of that said, this was an awesome padlet. Thanks for the hard work.

4.5 (A)