Golf-Buckle, from the Sutton-Hoo ship burial. First half of 7th; “animal style” (not one animal; tones of them)

Section frick missed it (after Kubach)

• 8 symbolism of baptism (octagon)

• Passion week lasts 7, but Christ is rising on the 8th day 

Throne

• raised ; trying to re establish new rome

• New idea in churches: 

--

Accusation and Judgement of Adam and Eve, from the oDoors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim, Germany. 1015

• bulbous yet skinny (gut, eyes, head)

• cowering 

• sparse (NOT horror vacuii)

temptation and Fall, from the oDoors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim, Germany. 1015

• meant to show us that we are ugly and corruptible; but meant to be uplifting 

• viking = pirate → career; not a race of people

----

• carpet page ; knoting

• cross design 

• illuminated manuscript

• miniaturist = artist

• written and drawn by bishop eadfrith ; bound by ethelwald 

• lots intertwined birds -w- 

• still visible ruler lines & compass pinpricks

• meditate on the words ; show reverence for the words ; prep you for what is in the book ; sacred words

• you can find animal heads everywhere ; biting each other (christ overcoming evil?)

--

NOTE: louis the pious has three sons

• lothair (middle part; little bit of both) 

• louis the german (modern germany)

• charles the bald (modern france)

charlemagne’s father = charles the hammer

challenge the great 

charles the fat

louis the stammerer

charles the simple 

OH NOOOO

• looks like the adam and eve (swollen body) 

• INRI → Jesus, king of the jews (greek, latin, and hebrew; initials in latin) 

• really rarer due to the fear of idols 

• byzantine influence of drama

• used to be where they held the sacrament bread; now it is a reliquary that holds hold objects behind it 

• made by Matilda (granddaughter of Otto the 1st?)

• unsettling 

• jesus sitting in her lap

• holding jesus & holding apple; jesus wearing crown 

• originally marry was wearing a crown, but it’s not on her anymore (they keep it seperate)

• jesus looks like a tiny pope (imitating the pop, vise versa) 

• crown is the first of its kind, made specifically for the Mary; has the flur lease (however the french symbol is spells) 

• connection to the Caroligian & later Kings of France?

• used to do coronations here

Ambulatory of abbey church of Saint-Denis

• pointed arches 

West façade of abbey church of Saint-Denis. ca. 1137-40

• borrowed from Romanesque Norman design

• mismatched towers ; crawdad lol

• planned westwork and never finished 

• round arches, nave,aisles, heavy westwork with buttresses 

• Abbot Suger 

NOTE:

Romanesque ambulatory → dark and closed off 

Abbot Suger: in charge of rebuilding of Saint-Denis ambulatory → divine light, symbolism of church of place filled with divine light & inspiration → birth of gothic architecture 

• openness possible to fill with windows → stained glass for this one → possible because pointed arch → gives variable width of columns & not as static of a shape → strong shape because it doesn't have all the pressure at the springing (big thrust in a normal one) → sends pressure straight down instead of out all the way onto everything else

• groin vault

• burial place for French Royal Family 

• partnership of power between monarchy and catholic church → designed to express power of monarchy

• updated EARLY church

• lots of light from windows 

• increase of stained glass “heavenly”

(DIAGRAM PETER KIDSON

• lots of new construction techniques

• buttresses but not flying yet (arrow figure in the ambulatory)

• pointed arches allowed thinner support

• choir is built first in construction (usually)

• took almost a century to build + more centuries after that 

• pantheon comparison because of the GOLDEN SECTION

• has triforium???

• Lady of the Beautiful Window

• bundled piers = heavy and blocky usually

• compound columns = uh oh

• colonnette = uninterrupted from floor to ceiling 

• big boy flying buttresses → channeling pressure → sticks way out to help build higher without the whole thing be a buttress → opens spaces for windows

• creates an allusion that the building is lighter & floating & bigger 

West portal (Royal Portal) of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres. ca. 1145-50

• christ in the center (tympanum) → (judgment of gospel writers too??? mayeb thats the pillars)

• portraying kings & prophets & queens of the hebrew bible

• Right → incarnation 

• Left → heavenly christ of the ascension

• Gospel of writers (4) 

NOTE: Notre Dame → The Virgin Mary = lots of Notre-Dames

Jamb statues, west portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

• stretched; individualized; they look like they're not even part of the column anymore → attached, but becoming more removed from its role as a column → start of classical influence

???Plan of cathedral of Notre-Dame (as rebuilt after 1194), Chartres 

• High Gothic

Nave and choir of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres. ca. 1194-1200

Axonometric projection of a High Gothic cathedral (after Acland).

• opt. for quadripartite vaulting

(FROM THE SOUTH)

• look at image)

• roof is probably copper & lead (it’s that blue color of oxidized copper)

• resists wind

Transverse section of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres (After Acland)

North transept of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres 

• 180 stained glass → temporal & divine realm

• can’t see the manuscript, but you can see the windows (cuz most people can’t read and cannot see the very few manuscripts locked up)

• 4 → triforium; always a gallery followed yada yada he’s talking too fast 

• all about logical, harmonious with nave arcade; 4th = higher = more light onto ceremony (“glowing”)

• aka Lux Nova

• sexpartite vaulting

• very compact

Nave of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris.

• huge rosette windows 

West façade of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris. ca. 1200-50

• most recognizable image here

• looking to the Hebrew bible for this design

(from the west)

• pinnacle (spire-lookin)

• portals are pointy; don’t have the sculptures; have huge windows in them

• royal statues (coronation cathedral)

• upward movement 

• look at the inside; got sick lighting for ref.

• the one  that sounds like my name

• builders attain a social status unseen before (start to know them by name)

• center = crossing; r. groin vaulting; quadripartite

• narrow → tight and high

Nave and side aisle of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Amiens. Begun 1220

• 144 ft nave

• something is 70 ft 

Comparison of nave elevations in same scale (after Grodecki)

• look up

• marked his own birthplace; apart of the French papacy → time of great contention w/ Rome

• eliminated triforium

Interior of Saint-Urbain

• windows → 10 ft above the floor

• shift → monumental to more refinement (detail) 

St. elizabeth → acts of service known for → martyred

• England → Norman style fits well so they really liked the Gothic style 

• later weld both together kinda 

Plan of Salisbury 

Nave of Salisbury cathedral

• pointed arches

• clear story

• perpendicular gothic style (it changes; much closer to the french on steroids)

• gothic style 

• dominant vertical accents → looks like a snake spine)

• climax of perpendicular gothic??

• conical fans (lantern nobs) → fan vault

• bringing tith

• a gothic cathedral in the bg. 

• wearing crusaders armor → connection to heroic Biblical figures 

• Louis the 9th went on two crusades → why he was Sainted → died on his second one (Indonesia?)

• figures in a sway

• ref. legs, i love them

• Books of Hours; meant to be taken out once an hour and read a story

• about the size of the palm of your hand → lots of details for something so small

• Grisaille → monochromatic value → black, greys, whites

• Bas-de-page → “the bottom of the page” → decorative pieces below text; really anything you could fill things (humor, fantasies, frogs, and other doodles)

• looks solid gold, but it’s solid silver

• made for the same woman w/ little book

• connecting to Cult of Mary

• not relief; round

• s-curve chiastic pose; perfect face; idolized features; holding French monarchical septur (Fleur-de-lis)

• baby touching face; holding orb

• pretty drapery

• Venus-like

• base looks like a reliquary w/ scenes from the life/passion of Christ

• looks older; grumpy; chubby face; looks motherly; holding the baby w/ actual weight; holding a lily (often seen; and Gabriel; represents purity/chastity); a little more abstracted; not really classic

• she has a crown

• Savior of the World (holding the globe)

• new style pushed by the court

• stone portraits of the donors to the church

• painted

• regal & cosmetics ; almond shaped face, wide eyes, bodily form w/ the way drapery falls; detail in hands = exquisite

• 1/7 sorrows of mary?

• andachtsbild → private image 

• quite morbid & gory

• thin & emaciated 

• terrible anguish

• the greater emotion → the more personal connection

"pity" or "piety"

• roman barrel vaulting

• ribs

• barely any ornamental ; pretty empty & narrow & super tall (solid; thick; heavy; stable; castle like)

• arcade → series of arches

• burrows traditional roman design

• use of piers (bundling of columns together of the weight transferred from the ribs; OR engaged/squared pilaster) 

• aka rounded columns vs squared piers

• no wooden roof 

• beautiful symmetry

The Church of Sant Vicenç in Cardona, Spain, represents a prime example of Romanesque architectural elegance and grandeur. Built in the 11th century, its fortress-like appearance characterizes the Romanesque style, with thick walls, small windows, and a sturdy appearance designed to symbolize the Church's power. The church holds an impressive crypt and frescoes illuminating the religious artistic expressions of the era.

The Saint Trophime Cathedral is located in Arles, France on the Camino de Santiago. It is considered to be a smaller pilgrimage site. The church is named after St. Trophimus whose remains were buried in the church. It is known for its impressive entrance and tympanum depicting the Last Judgement.

Trumae and jambs, S. portal, church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac

• spider-like figures 

• getting near east influence due to crusades

East flank, S. portal, church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac; limestone (stone?)

• birth of christ? with child?

• most people can’t read and people would never see inside a Bible (due to rarity)

Saint-Lazare Cathedral of Autun, France is a masterpiece of Romanesque architecture and art, famous for its tympanum depicting the Last Judgment by Gislebertus, a highlight of medieval sculpture. Built around 1120, this cathedral showcases the transitional elements from Romanesque to Gothic styles, with its detailed sculptures and capital carvings offering a vivid glimpse into biblical stories and medieval life.

West portal, the Last Judgment by Gislebertus on tympanum, cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France. ca. 1120-35

• very few we know by name, but we know this one 

• trial by ordeal (anti-whatever)

Giselbertus. Eve, right half of lintel, N. portal, from cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France. 1120-32

• very pretty; very, very different way to depict Eve

• she’s depicted like a slithering serpent 

• Eve symbolizes the base enchantment of worldly women 

Sarcophagus of Doña Sancha, front side. ca. 1120; 

• was for a princess; not sure who

• mandola

Sarcophagus of Doña Sancha, back side. ca. 1120; 

• jousting

• one is straddling a lion & holding its mouth open with hands → seen as a battle against good & evil

• short, stalky, exaggerated 

• likes simplicity 

Nave of abbey church, Fontenay. 1139-47

• clean & eleqant

NOTE:

• Clunaics like are

• other one that sounded S didnt

Built in the 12th century by Cisterian monks— set on separating themselves from the secularized monks of the Benedictine. (More specifically, they wanted an equal focus on prayer, study, and manual labor) The Cisterians wanted an abbey that was self-sufficient and free of worldly distractions, and so outfitted the abbey to suit their needs. They didn’t want to rely on patrons or donors, and so became an economic hub of their own. Was outfitted with no decorations, built with ashlar masonry and neglected the usual extravagance of churches, such as excluding a clerestory.

• “Place of James the Apostle” 

• becomes incredibly famous if you cannot get to Jerusalem 

Plan for cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ca. 1075-1120 (after Dehio)

• meant to be symbolic of entering the body of Christ

Reconstruction (after Conant)

Nave of cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

• the Way (2010)

Reliquary casket w/ symbols of the four Evangelists. ca. 1150; guilt copper, metalwork; enameling; opposite of cloisonne → champleve (glass enamel with depressions in the metal surface with the glass inside the depression and it fills the area when fired 

• metropolitan museum, NY

• Matthew

• John

• Mark

• Luke 

• Christ

• aka 4 gospels

• Relics of St. Marshall

The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is the ultimate pilgrimage destination for many. Built in the 11th century, its Romanesque structure has been a place of worship and a symbol for the end of the pilgrim's journey. Inside, the Pórtico de la Gloria showcases masterful sculptures, which mark it as a high point of Romanesque art.

Andrei De Leon, Daniel Heaney

It stands on a hill where St Minas lived. It is the traditonal Basilica Plan with Corinthian capitals made from spolia. It has a colorful stone inlay both in the interior and facade. A community of Benedictine monks living there. The facade makes reference to acient Rome with its columns pilasters and pediment.

Façade, San Miniato al Monte, Florence, Italy. 1062-1150

• tuscan romanesque

• St. Minias → florence's first christian martyr

• He was beheaded for converting to Christianity; this is considered the site (his head was paraded)

• some french inspiration, corinthian capitals

• bell tower to call for church

• italian flavor of romanesque

• engaged capitals

• islamic inspired motifs

• local marble for covering

Interior, Pisa cathedral

• Pisa → Marshy land

• miracle it didn’t collapse

Pisa tower plaza, Via Guardistallo, Pisa, Province of Pisa, Italy

Lillian, Chantal, Shannon

The Bell Tower: It was used to announce the executions. Built on swampy land which is why it leans. It started to lean during construction, yet they still finished constructing it. It was built near the sea as in important port. Fun fact: It has 7 bells.

Baptistry: Inner jambs between the columns show different reliefs (byzantine style). Meant to be a holy land. The largest baptistry in Italy. Has a large octagonal font.

Cathedral: Basilica plan originally to imitate old St. Peters. Has reused stones as a show of wealth and power. Dome added later on in construction. Not originally in the plans.

• Symbolism for rebirth

• 8th day = first day of the week

• 6 days of work, 7th day rest, 8th day → everything begins → octagonal

• Blind arcade

The Peterborough Cathedral is located in Peterborough UK during an era when England was divided into many kingdoms. It was originally a site of a Benedictine Monastery found by Peada, son of King Penda of Mercia c 650. Viking burned it down in 870 AD, and it burned down AGAIN in 1116 AD after it accidentally caught fire. The only thing that remains of the original site is stone known as the header stone, which depicts Christ, Mary and Peter. The current cathedral has nave elevation, meaning it features three stories, the Arcade, Gallery, and Clearstory. They also have a retrochoir which has various work of late Gothic art. It was changed into a Cathedral in 1541 AD when King Henry VIII replaced the Pope with himself and kicked out the monks.

The Abbey Church of Saint-Étienne, in Caen, France, not to be confused with the cathedral, was completed in the early 1130s. Renowned for its two large towers and spire, it is a monument to Norman architectural prowess and a significant part of the Romanesque architectural heritage in France.

• original was very damaged during WWI

• roof flat & made of wood

• engaged columns 

Interior (NOW); 1030-61; vaulted ca. 1080-1106

Vaulted forms: (a) arch; (b) barrel vault; (c) groin vault; (d) ribbed groin vault; (e) dome 

• symmetrical; system/formulaic

• primary colors & bands; bold, stands out; strong line

• eagle medallion 

• border sometimes has text or design or interaction that indicates 

• abbot either commissioned or wrote it; maybe both writers interacting; knife for sharpen quill

• scenes from the life of john, hand of god coming down to have the dove whisper in his ear aka holy ghost telling him what to write

• times past ; byzantine period reflection

• abstract ecampus leaf design = ancient rome = interlacing shapes of early medieval period 

• romanesuqe robes are completely  stylized design flat pattern

• some similarities to the hiberno saxon design in compositions and colors 

• meant to be sinners of all classes

• here is hell and the angels that lock the doors

• get rowdy during the plays with this scene

• where the wild things are lol 

• abbos (woman abbot), medical writer, mystic, visionary, a bunch of other things, wrote music notes and words and notations, more of her songs than any other person of this period

• founder of scientific natural history in germany 

• flames symbolic of the heavens giving her visions 

• passing them down to monks 

Crowds Gaze in Awe at a Comet as Harold Is Told of an Omen, details of the Bayeux Tapestry. ca. 1066-83

• embroidered tapestry?

• in pieces?

• 28, September, 1066 –? invaded 

• Hailey’s comet

• Battle of Hastings 

• William the Conqueror & Herald 

The Battle of Hastings, detail of the Bayeux Tapestry. ca. 1066-83

• William the Conqueror kills Harold rip

NOTE: most large scale → typically wood

• metropolitan museum, NY

• Matthew

• John

• Mark

• Luke 

• Christ

• aka 4 gospels

• Relics of St. Marshall

Apron Scene 

Painted Altarpieces 

Tempera 

Fresco --> “fresh” → have to paint it while wet

NOTE: secco fresco (dry, flakes off over time)

Pulpit 

Republics vs. Duchies 

Annunciation 

Concepts: Transition period; mixture of Byzantine, Gothic, and Classical influences 

POWER

Figure 12.2​

Saint=Smarthistory: Birth of the Gothic (5:17)*​

open! Continuous space outlined by slender arches, ribs, and columns​

Pointed arch could be stretched to reach any desired height regardless of the width of its base; more flexible​

Light in two ways; looked light in weight and let in light of the sun​

Allowed for more stained glass

----

NOTE:

Pro-Papal Part (the Guelphs)

- wealthy 

- Pro-HRE party (the Ghibellines) 

- aristocratic 

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE SPREADS ACROSS EUROPE, 1347-1351

• increase of trade facilitated the movement of germs

• urbanization = population rise → crowded neighborhoods & cumulation of waste → unsanitary living spaces

• lack of medical knowledge

• ⅓ of europe's population wiped out 

THE WAY OF SALVATION

• taught by the dominicans how to access heaven, give up obsession w/ worldly wealth & treasures 

• st. peter gauring gatres of heaven

• franciscans 

• not as many windows → replaced w/ paintings 

• no separate hallways (just one big hallway) = aisles missing 

• brightly colored 

• no gallery → just wall

• groin vault → gothic

• not very tall

• pilgrimage site → thought to be St. Francis’s burial site

• buon fresco (stays wet → cements and can be scrubbed and cleaned and be fine) 

• Situ → in place, cannot be moved 

---

• preach so well animals stop to listen

• symbol of teaching to even the poorest/lowest

• paint applied differently

• giornata -> "the days work"

• series of events of the life of christ

• french gothic cusped arches (islamic & french gothic & classicism influence) 

• 15 ft

Florence cathedral and baptistry seen from the air. Cathedral begun 1296

• Domo → the Dome

Nave and choir of Florence cathedral

Plan of Florence cathedral and campanile

• no true center → off geometrically → no place to put the dome → very poorly executed

• eventually they solved the problem & built the dome lol

• largest masonry dome in the world 

• not related to other Pisanos lol –> “similar to a Smith or a Jones”

• John the Baptist → patron saint of the city ; each panel shows a part of his life 

• blessing sign

• classical looking christ (not as sick → muscular)

• looking at the frescos being made for influence/reference 

• same tech. of backgrounds → quatrefoil is the word i heard but who knows

• Pro-Papal Party

• used to be called (title)

• tech. → rusticated/rustication

• tower is off center → done on purpose (foundation is bad; they moved it so it would be secure; learned from Piza’s mistakes

__

"The Old Palace"

town hall

• very byzantine (artist was taught by greek painter)

• subtle shading, get away from contour lines

• “madonna in majesty” miasta 

• 12 ft

• Cimabue --> "Vasari" i dont know if i heard that right

NOTE: dude might have taught Giotto "teacher of Giotto" but unconfirmed

--

POWERPOINT NOTES:

Cimabue. Madonna Enthroned. ca. 1280–90 ​

Giotto. Madonna Enthroned. ca. 1310 ​

Compare: Loved gold and pattern of Byzantine, but leans to classical tradition of figure​

Body shows beneath clothing, more physical solidity (except flat haloes), modeled in light; gradation of lights and darks; space more defined, solid​

Angels kneeling suggest space further; also overlapping saints​

Illusionistic textures shows familiarity with ancient roman painting​

• Cimabue’s student

• changed somethings ; hieratic scale ; people are overlapping & not stacked so that everyone is over seen

• sfumato? → volume using shade 

• church of the all saints

--

POWERPOINT NOTES:

Body shows beneath clothing, more physical solidity (except flat haloes)​

Loved gold and pattern of Byzantine, but leans to classical tradition of figure​

• not allowed to charge interest → now they are and uh, that’s breaking the commandments whoops

• best surviving murals

--

POWERPOINT NOTES:

Whole chapel painted by Giotto plus about 40 assistants​

Illusion: marble, painted statues of virtues and vices​

Blue vs. gold​

Nearby monks complained about the opulence of the chapel​

Buon fresco (good fresco): ​

Underpainting made in sinopia, a red pigment; around 1400, sinopia underpainting was replaced by use of pounced cartoons: the design is drawn full-scale on heavy pieces of paper (the cartoons), and transferred to the wall by pouncing, whereby a small spiked wheel is used to make a series of tiny holes along the lines of the cartoon, after which a cloth sack filled with charcoal is tapped along the holes, the charcoal dust penetrating them and transferring the design to the wall​

Giornata (day’s work) : the portion of wall to be painted in one day; covered with a layer of wet lime plaster, the intonaco​

The actual paint consists only of pigment and water​

Painting must be done rapidly bc the artist races against the drying time of the plaster​

Advantages:​

Permanence (painting dries as part of the wall)​

Crystalline glitter of the plaster surface​

Disadvantages: if the giornata dries before it is completely painted, the unpainted portion must be chipped away​

Seams between one day’s work and the next are visible​

Some colors are chemically incompatible with the lime and are adversely affected (especially colors of vegetable origin)​

Cannot be touched up or changed after the plaster dries​

It is difficult to match the colors used on one day to those used the next​

Arena=Smarthistory: Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, part 1 (4:56)​

Palace chapel—connected to Scrovegni Palace (located on site of former Roman arena)​

One-room hall covered with barrel vault; built to be Scrovegni’s burial chapel​

Scrovegni: banker; worry about connection to usury (charging interest); built chapel as a good work to atone for usury (Enrico Scrovegni in Last Judgment scene handing church to 3 Mary’s—on right side)​

Floor to ceiling fresco with three registers (even illusionistic marble panels): Cycle of Mary’s life (top), Christ’s life (middle), Christ’s passion (death and resurrection (bottom)​

Altar wall: Annunciation​

Back wall: Last judgment (as you leave); take these things seriously; you will suffer according to your sins​

• paliptic 

• byzantine style but more relaxed 

Annunciation and Death of the Virgin.from Maesta Altar. Museo dell’Opera Duomo, Siena

• holding a lily 

• lost ability to perspective  whoops

Christ Entering Jerusalem from the back for Maesta Altar. 1308-11

Duccio from Siena (neighboring city, competition; victory against Florence in 1260; took virgin Mary as protector/patron​

To celebrate, commissioned Duccio to make a huge altarpiece​

“Greek Manner” (Byzantine)—tempera on panel; richer colors than fresco​

Combines with some space (knee, throne)

• holding a lily 

• lost ability to perspective  whoops

POWER

Annunciation of Death of Virgin (angel Gabriel returns to again Mary to warn her of her impending death): attempt at space, foreshortening (beams); figures framed by architectural space​

• gilded frame 

• french gothic cusped arches; flamboyant style; pinnacle arches

• gothic + byzantine style

• speech ray lol speech bubble

POWER

triptych​

Annunciation=Smarthistory: Simone Martini, Annunciation (4:33)​

Student of Duccio in Siena; medieval frame not original; meant to be placed near Duccio’s Maesta​

Gentle gestures; had seen French Gothic mss painting​

Lilies—emblem of purity of virgin​

Words: “Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you”​

(the word became flesh; words going into Mary’s ear become son of God​

Like Giotto: reduces story to simplest terms​

Like Duccio: lyrical elegance; spiritual realm emphasized over physical realm​

• wants the city’s virtues personified 

Good Government in the City

• people dancing → entertainment; grain & abundance; buildings being built by laborers

• a good government provides (commerce, building, etc.)

• wall for safety fairly good perspective

Good Government in the Country

• farmland, harvesting, trade

• atmospheric perspective 

POWER

Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Allegory of Good Government (left),​

 Good Government in the City (right), and portion of Good Government in the Country (far right), Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena. 1338–40 ​

Ambrogio=Smarthistory: Allegory of Good Government (10:17)​

Brother of Pietro Lorenzetti​

Walls of palazzo of Siena, where laws were made; shows happy people, peace (propaganda)​

How to govern, how to be a good citizen—civic-minded​

-

Ambrogio=Smarthistory: Allegory of Good and Bad Government (10:18)​

Portrait of Siena; everyone busy, productive, harmonious (dancing in front)

- First true landscape since medieval times; orderly hillside, fruitful nature, peasants work in harmony, safety all because of justice and good governing

​

• no longer looking castle, looks islamic 

• merchant oligarchy strenght

• surrounded by water and no need for fortitude structures

POWER

Doge’s=Steve Ricks (3:41)​

Doge=city leader; city council here​

Venice=political stability (unlike Florence and Siena)​

Borrowed from Gothic, Byzantine, and Islamic ​

Open (not fortress-like); ornamental​

​

Venice enjoyed political stability, merchant oligarchy, the city’s leader was known as the Doge and was elected by the oligarchs, no defensive structures in architecture here, airy and open, borrowed from Gothic, Byzantine and Islamic styles, meeting place for the Great Council, lavish moldings and quatrefoils make it ornate, stone work​

​

• The architecture of Venice was directly influenced by Venetian trade with the Far East and Middle East. This resulted in the open arcades and decorative surfaces seen in buildings such as the Doge’s Palace. ​

• uses arts for his own campaign

• builds new cathedral

• creates the book for himself 

• book of himself lol

• his crest is a viper → family & him = ruthless  

POWER

Giangaleazzo Visconti, first duke of Milan​

Sums up period: a bit of Byzantine, Gothic, a bit of moving toward interest in space: modeling, architecture

Book of Hours 

Diptych 

Triptych 

Polyptych 

Donors/Patrons 

Grisaille 

Intaglio 

CONCEPTS

Attention to detail 
Religious symbolism 
New naturalism 
Oil paint: subtle effects of light and dark, modeling, greater details, glowing colors 
Art can be owned by middle class (especially prints) 
Mostly religious art; also portraiture 
Details of modern life (cityscapes, interiors, etc.) 
Fantastical creatures/demons (Bosch, Schongauer) 

• carthusian monastery

• someone i forgot whoops

• Jerimiah (left?)

• Zacariah (right)

• Daniel

• Isaiah

POWER

Claus Sluter, The Well of Moses: International Gothic; for Carthusian monastery, commissioned by Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy: aristocratic; attempt to maintain status and privileges: bridge between Gothic and newer naturalism of 15th century (continued refined forms of Gothic art but seeds of naturalism​

6 prophets: Moses, David, Jeremiah, Zachariah, Daniel, and Isaiah; each prophesied of the death of Christ (scrolls represent); crucifix scene above showed fulfillment of OT prophecy (destroyed during French revolution—anti aristocracy);​

​

Gothic: sculpture in niche (like cathedrals), Biblical theme, symbolism;  New naturalism: expressive, individualized faces; specific details-- bronze spectacles (Jeremiah); interactive; gestures, emotional urgency

• painted w/ tempera on panel

• humility sign (hand)

• gothic architecture drawings 

• byzantine/roman + gothic perspective

Other?

• cathedral 

• simeon 

other?

• gold and carved 

• beautiful painting & gilding w/ wood 

• beautiful example of international gothic 

POWER

• book of hours

• the rich/beautiful book of hours for Duke Berry

July page

• 12 pages for the calendar year

• looks like the cinderella castle 

NOTE: French kings used to live in the Louvre 

• first paintings in there belonged to Lymborch Brothers

• For the Dukes of Burgundy and all that jazz 

• 3 brothers 

POWER

Thought question: How is social class portrayed in these two images? What are the implications behind the portrayals?​

Peasants are dignified, elegant, hardworking, needs are met, even birds have enough food, still beautiful and beautiful clothing/blue​

Sister Wendy Beckett: “The two boats on the lake are fishing together; they have a net hung between them to catch fish for the duke’s table. They can only do this if they help each other and pull their weight, which again reminds us of marriage. Both have to try if it is to work.”​

(multiple choice questions)

Making hay​

Repetition/patterns

Nobles hunting (falcons); peasants cutting/loading hay and swimming; contrast of special rules of behavior and freedom

• diptych → on two hinges

• dude kneels towards mary → desire to create a connection between the two images/sides 

• tooled gold background 

POWER

Smarthistory 6:21​

National Gallery, London​

King Richard II (England) and patron saints kneeling before the Virgin Mary, Jesus, and Angels (wearing badges with emblems of King Richard)​

Gothic? gold background, haloes, flat space, floating feet​

International Gothic: sumptuous materials, elegance, patterns, repetition (wings, color, robes, faces), details in flowers​

Contrast in colors=heavenliness?​

Smarthistory video​

• straight up looks like it was photomashed in a good way

• incredible amount of detail

• in the home → modern devotion

• attention to detail & naturalism

• mouse trap to foil satan’s plans → lots and lots of other disguised symbolism

POWER

Robert Campin, Merode Triptych: (Smarthistory 5:47)​

(Metropolitan Museum of Art Cloisters) Early Northern Renaissance:  Subject in center? Compare and contrast with Melchior Broederlam’s altarpiece (next slide)​

Difference in setting? House interior; effect? brings supernatural event to everyday life (not painted for a church but for fellow citizen--25”x25” ); brings sacred  to terms we can understand; bond between patron and Biblical figures​

What do you think of the perspective?  (overly foreshortened, different points of view)​

Attention to detail; equality of attention to every detail; every object can have symbolic significance (reason for intense study of everyday objects): candle/Christ, lilies/purity; vessel/Mary as pure vessel (holds pure water for cooking; Mary holds the pure “Living Water”l; mousetrap;cross (St. Augustine); disguised symbolism​

Names of Donors: Peter Ingelbrecht (angel bringer) and Scrynmaker (shrine or cabinet maker)​

Shows city scenes of Liege​

• 11 X 15

• brand new stuff

• this guy got the credit for creating oil paint

• my mans knew this was going into a frame, so he painted the frames shadows onto it

Hubert & Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece (OPEN); Church of St. Bavo, Ghent, Belgium. Completed 1432; OIL on panel

• center = lamb on the altar w/ it’s blood pouring into a chalice 

• all classes of people here? + Duke Phillip (commissioner dude)

• John the Baptist & Mary = The deeisis or whatever its spelled 

• angels playing instruments from the time period

• adam & eve holding citrus fruit 

Adam, detail

• cain & abel alive

• looks like a real dude; walking; almost looks like he’s walking out of the frame

• real tendons & muscles → increased naturalism

Eve, detail

• cain & abel killing 

POWER

Smarthistory 7:23​

Ghent Altarpiece (open): considered world’s “most coveted painting” WHY? First great oil painting​

History: 1566 dismantled and detached from elaborately carved frame in order to protect from Protestant iconoclasts (when reinstalled in 1587, frame missing)​

Napoleon’s troops looted after French Revolution and brought to the Louvre​

WWI some panels taken by German forces​

WWII Hitler seized and stored in Neuschwanstein castle and then in salt mines​

recovered by Americans (Monuments Men)​

Why so coveted? Embodiment of Christian faith, especially of Catholic Church​

 Main theme? Redemption of mankind through Christ’s atonement​

 Plan of salvation? Mercy of God, redemption, adoration of the lamb​

Lamb of God (center) on altar: Christ’s sacrifice; bleeds into golden chalice (wine is blood of Christ)=Holy Communion/Eucharist​

Fountain: eternal life because of Christ (like well of Moses)​

Meticulous attention to detail​

Top: God the Father on throne surrounded by Mary and John the Baptist (all part of my plan): different God than medieval view (wrathful; now God of forgiveness)​

Adam and Eve: Fall, vulnerability; need for a Savior; naked (not idealized as in Italian Renaissance)​

Creation? Details of plants—identifiable by species; clarity and details of natural world: the world around us is a reflection of God and his creations (not viewed this way in middle ages)​

“an eye like a microscope and a telescope at the same time” –God’s vision, all-seeing; God’s creation is beautiful, and artists have a duty to show that beauty​

Delicate play of light and shade, extreme details, vibrant colors all possible because of (oil paint)​

Painting of Ghent Altarpiece in chapel. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

• put together w/ pins & hinges; hitler knocked them out, so now it’s behind a glass case

• secular painting

• start doing these as commissions for middle class people

• exquisite detail we’ve never seen before

• frame says “as best I can”

• phrase means “this is the best i can do” → “im as good as the ancients 

POWER

Jan van Eyck, Man in a Red Turban:​

Smarthistory 4:31​

Revival of portraiture seen in donor portraits and here; not big since antiquity; looks straight at viewer (first portrait in 1000 years to do so)​

¾ view; eyes return your gaze​

Secular; middle-class; precision in details of skin, texture, stubble of beard​

Als Ich Kan (as I can/ as best I can)—his personal motto​

Self-portrait? Why would they think that? Scrutiny, squint of eye; no other name on frame (Jan van Eyck me fecit—made me)​

Sample/showpiece to show skill to buyers?​

Red turban—reference to ancient world (as well as lettering—Greek and Latin)​

In National Gallery in London​

Made in 1432 for Ghent’s cathedral of Saint Bavo, was financed by the Ghent merchant Jodocus Vijd​

Credited with “invention” of oil paint by Italians; signed paintings (unusual at the time)​

20 images inside and out; many hinges; (open only on Sundays and special feast days); both brothers worked on; Hubert died 1426, Jan completed (Hubert was the more famous at the time)​

A now lost inscription on the frame stated that Hubert van Eyck maior quo nemo repertus (greater than anyone) started the altarpiece, but that Jan van Eyck – calling himself arte secundus (second best in the art) – completed it in 1432​

What is Gothic? Style of architecture/ niches/ sculptures in niches/ New Testament figures (2 St. Johns), altarpiece​

New: (northern Renaissance): rich detail/ velvety shadows (oil); continuous depth in room, cast shadows, realistic portraiture (skin on hands looks old), weighty folds/figures​

Center: Annunciation​

top: OT prophets and sybils: foretelling Christ’s birth, mission​

• Giovanni dude → merchant & his wife cannot pronounce her name

• His wife is dressed as the most fashionable woman around: incredibly pale → wealthy; long neck; lots & lots of fabric gathered up (looks pregnant); big forehead → fashion was to pluck your hairline like halfway back (in the middle of the top of your head); dye their hair to make it look blonde

• St. Margaret → patron saint: child-bearing

• one candle lit → symbol of christ 

• my dudes lookin like Tom Riddle w/ no hair; straw hat

• they have a tiny dog w/ wet nose; he’s a symbol of faith (Fido → faith)

• mirror w/ the entire scene in reverse; he included himself and the witness lol (first selfie lol nice)

• we don’t really know what is happening here, but it is most likely some important legal documentation, which is why he wrote “-- was here” 

• she might be getting legal permission to make transactions while hes away trading 

• may not have been his wife even

POWER

Jan van Eyck, Arnofini Portrait: National Gallery, London next to portrait; considered a masterpiece of the period (Flemish)​

Jan=National Gallery video​

Smarthistory 7:07​

Portrait=Waldemar Januszczak (start at 14:19)​

Signature: Jan van Eyck was here, 1434​

Subject? “Almost every object portrayed conveys the sanctity of the event, specifically, the holiness of matrimony” (Gardner’s Art Through the Ages)​

Giovanni Arnolfini, Italian merchant in Bruges​

Textures, light; space believable?​

POWER

Halo was found to be not original and was removed​

More of a portrait? Goldsmith’s face is more specific than the customers​

Portrait of a shop: lots of naturalistic details (cracks in mirror, gold stitching in woman’s dress, surface reflections and textures)​

Convex mirror shows a couple outside the shop (reflects a window)​

Details of balance, ring, weights, money, brooches, coral, pearls, amber, shark teeth, crystal, porphyry​

Story: Philip the Bold sent many treasures made in Bruges for the wedding of his grand-niece​

But this is not a portrait of the grand-niece; conjecture that the painting was commissioned by the goldsmith himself to show that he is sought after by royal patrons​

Religious symbolism: falcon on mirror symbol of pride and greed outside, while inside is harmony and balance​

Belt has wedding connotations​

Pelican on container symbolic of Christ’s sacrifice​

Jewels symbolic of divinity and heaven​

• 7x8’ 

• controlled by the guilds; commissioned by the crossbow guild (which is why the crossbows are in the corners)

• unless you painted for the courts, you had to start as an apprentice in the guild systems 

• emotion being shown (Mary fainting; Christ taking a similar pose)

POWER

Rogier van der Weyden, Descent from the Cross: (Smarthistory 7:09) (also Flemish; Brussels)​

Similarities to Van Eyck? Heavy drapery, details of textures, fabrics, symbolism, modeling (oil paint)​

Differences? Shallow space: enhances dramatic, emotional quality (similar to large sculptured shrines)​

Depiction of the agony of loss​

Composition: pose of Mary echoes pose of Christ (even arms); visual balance as well as link—shared relationship; Mary also suffers, has fainted, but will be revived; foreshadows resurrection​

3 figures on right, 4 on left; how balanced? Elaborate dress on right (gives us more to look at)​

Also figures curve inward to direct our eyes​

Skull: tradition that Christ was crucified on spot where Adam was buried: Adam=fall; Christ=redemption (also the Latin word for skull is calvaria = Calvary)​

Different goal:  emotional expression: gestures, faces (all crowded in together)​

​

Naturalism (brings immediacy to viewer; can relate)​

Rogier Van der Weyden, Descent from the Cross, details: ​

Look at tears, pin, creases in headress​

Michelangelo is reported to have said “Flemish painting will please the devout better than any painting of Italy, which will never cause him to shed a tear, whereas that of Flanders will cause him to shed many.”​

Attention to detail continues to be a quality of northern European art through several centuries​

Possible because of oil paint​

Mary, John on the left; patrons on the right (separated by a small fissure in the earth)​

Left wing: Mary Magdelene with jar of ointment​

Right wing: Veronica holding cloth with which she wiped the face of Jesus on his way to the cross​

Veronica means “true image”​

Meant to be an aid in prayer​

Interest in emotion​

Intense focus on particular details​

Background meant to be the heavenly Jerusalem; specific architecture​

Foreground: detail of loin cloth, ruffles, fur, tears on Mary’s face​

Similarities to Van Eyck? Heavy drapery, details of textures, fabrics, symbolism, modeling (oil paint)​

Differences? Shallow space: enhances dramatic, emotional quality (similar to large sculptured shrines)​

Depiction of the agony of loss​

​

Naturalism (brings immediacy to viewer; can relate)​

Commissioned by Chancellor Nicolas Rolin for the Hotel-Dieu, which was a hospital for the poor (he also commissioned the building for the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Bold)​

Why? He hoped it would ensure his own salvation​

Outside: 6 panels​

Annunciation​

Grisaille paintings of St. Sebastian and St. Anthony (both associationed with sickness and healing)​

Patrons: Nicolas Rolin and his wife (angels hold their coats of arms)​

Open: 18’ wide​

Christ as judge reminds us of Rolin’s position as a lawyer: justice being meted​

Christ sits on rainbow and puts feet on a golden orb, signs of his power​

Christ holds both blessing and condemning gestures​

Lilies (his right)=mercy​

Sword (his left)=justice​

Michael (below) with scales (and peacock wings)​

Heavier=weighed down by sin (damned)​

Gate of heaven on left, gate of hell to right​

Precision in style gives a feeling of absoluteness and finality​

• departing from realism to go into a world of fantasy

• secular

(outer wings closed)

• earth all monochrome (greyscale)

• interpreted as earth gets so wicked its flooded and i missed the second interpretation >:( 

• first: the third day of creation rising up from the sea 

POWER

8:51 minutes​

Triptych; opened on feast days and Sundays​

Outside painted in grisaille: St. Bavo distributing alms and St. James making a pilgrimage​

Inside: Left—God in heaven; war in heaven below; angels expelling the rebelling angels led by Satan from heaven​

Below: Creation, Temptation, and Expulsion of Adam and Eve (parallels of disobedience and expulsion)​

Center: Last Judgment; Bosch most interested in the wages of sin​

7 deadly sins pictured with their punishments: pride, gluttony, avarice, anger, greed​

Right: Hell itself (Satan at lower right corner creates a diagonal with God on the left)​

Fire and brimstone​

She wrote One Hundred Ballades of a Lover and His Lady (Cent Ballades d’amant et de dame, virelyas, rondeaux) around 1402.​

double horned headdress originated in Burgundy and France; that and brilliant blue dress communicate her noble status (painted with ultramarine, which came from lapiz lazuli from Afghanistan​

small white dog loyally seated next to her chair.​

She has her own study with a desk, writing materials, and books ​

Etienne supported Christine’s continuing education and literary endeavors. He died suddenly in 1390, when Christine was only 25, and her father died shortly thereafter, leaving Christine to support her children and mother. She turned to writing full time to make a living, and she was the first person in France to earn a living as a professional author. Later in her life, she entered a convent where she remained until her death in 1431.​

Disputations were common at universities, where students and professors would engage in intellectual debates to prove their wisdom. Women were not permitted at universities, so Christine’s seat in a position of authority and engaged in debate with four men communicates her intellectual abilities and elevates her to a position of authority.​

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Intaglio: engraving → paper slightly 

POWER

Engraving on metal plate (opposite woodcut technique)​

Intaglio=incised​

St. Anthony tempted by demons, whom he resisted​

Tempera?​

Northern detail in flowers, foliage​

Symbols of Mary: roses, strawberries, hortus conclusus (enclosed garden); symbolizes Mary’s virginity​

Goldfinches symbolize the passion of Christ; also red color of roses​

Unicorn Tapestries​

Tapestries made for the highest elite​

Made with threads of silk wool, and metallic threads​

Myth of unicorns written in bestiaries: healing powers, could only be caught be a virgin​

Unicorns became a symbol of Christ and virgin Mary​

Mille fleur=1000 flowers​

Unicorns also associated with a person completely subdued by love (in captivity)

--

Consecration of the tabernacle and its priests, detail of the west wall of safety art of synagogue; Dura-Europos, Syria l pieces

Floor mosaic, synagogue, hammath Tiberius, Israel 4th century

• Wheel signs of zodiac (odd) 

• Center = Helios sun god framed with the season's wrapping around him 

• Shrine = tora shrine 

• Judaism at this point is mixed with paganism 

• peacock = symbol for afterlife 

• cross shape in the center

• another depiction of jonah getting spit out by the serpent

>>>????

Painted ceiling catacomb of santissimi pietro e marcellimo rome italy 14th cen ce. 

• jonah getting spit out again

• christ shepard 

• Jonah getting thrown off the boat? 

• christ jazz hands (orant position = prayer = 1 Timothy 3:8)

• beanstalk for shade after teaching nineveh

• Jonah is a type of Christ: 

The Donna Velata, Catacomb of Priscilla, 3rd cen, Rome

• “the veiled woman”

• the veiled woman, they show her life, she lived a full life, the measure of your creation, etc. 

More Priscilla:

• Isaac carrying the wood on his back for his own sacrifice = Christ carrying the cross on his back

Parallels between Isaac & Jesus (Abraham & God’s sacrifice of)

• the first son

• the only son of abraham from sariah 

• both births announced years before birth

• both miraculous births

• both first forn sons

• both willing

• both went to a place on a hill in jerusalem

• both had three day journeys 

• Isaac carrying the wood on his back for his own sacrifice = Christ carrying the cross on his back

• isaac was to be sacrifice in place of a lamb, jesus was the lamb

• the ram caught in the thicket by his horns prefigures the crown of thorns 

Three Youths in the Furnace, Catacomb of Priscilla, 3rd cen. rome

• clothing = to make a point that they are in a foreign country = Babylon 

• had faith that god would do it, but if not, they would still follow him 

• carries a little leaf (palm = victory for not being taken by the fire / or olive?)

The story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego

Woman with the Issue of Blood

Noah = ark is a box lol

Daniel in the “kittens” den

Moses smacking water lol, why he standinglike that 

Takes about 100 years, but christ eventually gets a beard.

• jonah under his bean stalk waiting for ninivites to be destroyed

• sheep around shoulder

• assume christ the good shepherd

• baptism

• john the baptist???? & dove & baby christ??? 

• face blank = for people to guy n stuff 

• Roman; for his internment 

• Roman tradition 

• in charge of administering western? empire

• died at 42 

• mis of roman and christian tradition

• 10 little stories

• top left: abraham & isaac

• 2) peter being taken prisoner 

• 3) important: Roman tradition = emperor sitting on throne w/ advisors→ now it's Christ & his apostle Peter & Paul; he’s resting on the roman god to show he’s the ruler of the heavens? APOLLO looking christ 

• 4) & 5) christ being brought before Pilate

• 6) bottom left: story of Job → suffering of Christ connection

• 7) adam & eve: covering themselves (less depictions of nude now; mostly only adam & eve → they're ashamed → human body = shameful now 3: → snake missing his head rip lol) 

• 8) triumphal entry of jesus (palm sunday): reuse the roman tradition of emperor on his horse 

• 9) daniel and the lions den → descending into hell and coming back triumphant 

• 10) paul being led to his martyrdom 

• prefect ruler

• became christian kind of on his deathbed, not atypical at the time (possibly afraid of losing his status) 

• christ (as judge), pilot (another judge), adam, eve, daniel, abraham, issac, job, peter, paul. 

• mix of classical & christianity

• arcade = row of arches

Apse Mosaic, 4th cen. ce. 

• apostles each have an animal (the 4 evangelists) 

• a man with wings = Matthew

• a lion with wings = Mark → resurrection → “lions are born dead and after three days they lick them or breath life into them”

• an ox with wings = Luke → Luke 2 → the birth of christ → ox in the manger (ox = sacrifice)

• and eagle = John → John’s language is poetic, soaring like an eagle (isaiah is proetic too) 

• arcade = row of arches

Apse Mosaic, 4th cen. ce. 

• apostles each have an animal (the 4 evangelists) 

• a man with wings = Matthew

• a lion with wings = Mark → resurrection → “lions are born dead and after three days they lick them or breath life into them”

• an ox with wings = Luke → Luke 2 → the birth of christ → ox in the manger (ox = sacrifice)

• and eagle = John → John’s language is poetic, soaring like an eagle (isaiah is proetic too) 

• baldaquino = canopy

• spolia = taking spoils of war; architectural fragments taken from and old structure and repurposed in new construction 

• heavily restored 

• a lot of glass tiles to sparkle when the sun came in; almost appeared to float

• light → symbol of Christ = light of the world 

Interior 

West doors, Santa Sabina, Rome. ca. 432. Cypress wood, large panels 2’9 ½ “ x 1’ 3 ¾” 

• original wood (minus the bottom ones; which were restored)

Crucifixion, Satna Sabina, Rome, ca. 432 (top left corner)

• dedicated to the Major Mary

• 42 mosaic panels 

The Parting of Lot and Abraham and Shepherds in a Landscape, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome. ca. 432-40 AD 

• not concerned with details; concerned about the word of God

• story: arguing whose sheep is whose (+ water & land)

• Abraham let Lot choose one and Abraham would choose the other 

• Serves as a teaching method

• buried for his daughter; mausoleum 

• built on top of catacomb 

• 12 double column support 

Interior (view through ambulatory into rotunda) of Santa Costanza, Rome 

• ceiling has an image of Santa Costanza; Constantine’s daughter; harvesting grapes for wine (lots of grape vines) aka repurposed dionysus (blood of christ); wine press = christ’s suffering

• layout is important

• crossing: center part of the cross

• building is plain and simple on the outside; and is beautiful on the inside = philosophy of Christian art = abstracted to waht a chrsitian should be 

Interior of Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy; lunettes 

• St. Lawrence = early christian martyr = grilled to death

• books in cabinet = gospels & power of the word 

Good Shepherd, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy

• Apollo version of Jesus

• deep purple and gold = royalty 

• clusters of sheep (use these as reference; they’re cool) 

• sign of son of god; large cross in the sky lol 

• surrounded by stars = sometimes stand for angels ; in this case maybe something else cuz theres 99 of them → might refer to us, the sheep, the one lost sheep while the other 99 are gathered (ref)

• Where are we???: on a mountain??? peter james and john also depicted 

• implied mountain

• Moses & Elias 

• the Hand of God (voice in the clouds)

• the mount of transfiguration; hot take, they were transfigured into sheep to stand the presence of god

• four evangelists on the top lol 

• Theme Ideas: unity, Christ as the Savior/Shepherd (were all sheep)

• (Aryian Chrisitan → didn’t believe Christ was a god; no idea why this is written here)

Nave; 6th cen.

• Aisle Mosaics (original)

• walls → a bunch of people in a line → procession 

• Procession of the Virgins (women) → leaving the city and following three figures (the three magi) 

• Procession of the Martyrs

The Three Magi

• offering gifts 

• three ages of man (old, middle, young → the gifts of the magi symbolize the nature of christ → gold: royal; myrrh: human nature; frankincense: holy nature) 

Palace of Theodoric Mosaic (the men’s side)

• Aryan Christianity once displayed but taken out and now you can really only see the guys hands left under the curtains that replace them

• everyone headed to Mary on her throne = eternal mother of christ and “eternal virgin” 

Themes: come to christ, sacrifice and offerings; 

Second precession the congregation would follow 

• named after martyr 

• connected to palace (palace chapel) when made

• founded by Bishop Eclesius?  

• and dedicated to Justinian (who never came here, but his presence is felt) 

Plan; 526-47 ce

• enter from the narthex

• central plan (long nave is wrapped in on itself)

• ambulatory (aisle that wraps around)

• three story building 

• plain and modest on the outside

Interior (view towards the apse) 

• inside is heavenly and decorative big time per usual

• where there aren't mosaics  revetments → sheets of marble decorating the wall → showing their power

• made mirror images with the stone designs

Mosaic; 547 ce.

• gold tesserae reflecting light 

Apse Mosaic

• lamb of god

• people:

• christ in center; nymbus → christ has; dressed in purple (hard to tell); holding a scroll with seven seals; christ at the end of time opening the book of revelation; four rivers of paradise (four corners of the earth); surrounded by the founder of the church, the martyr (offering the church to him; christ handing him a wreath)

Emperor Justinian and his Attendants (left side?)

• ucharis → the bread thing lol → or bowl to hold the bread wafers lol

• like christ; purple robe; has a nimbus; 12 people around him; ref to constantine in the sign/chi ro; 

Empress Theodora and Her Attendants (right side)

• has wine which completes the bread; nimbus; puts the magi on her dress;

• she advocated against rape, for women’s rights to own property & to inherit; was once a performer/possibly prostitute; 20 yrs young; really good queen and advisor actually

• fountain?: holy water, fountain of paradise; christ’s living water; baptism/sins washed away

• elongated figures 

• “Holy Wisdom”

• built in five years

• one of the greatest architecture structures 

• architects: Anthemius of Tralles (forgot what he studied oh no) & Isidorus of Miletus (physics)

• This structure was originally a christian church; then a mosque; then a museum after WWI 

Plan of Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus. (AFTER V SABEL?)

• Dome on Pendentives

• no central support; this is what the emperor wanted

• 184’? at its highest point; 41 ft higher than the pantheon

Arcade and capitals, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey

• strange version of roman composite capital

Justinian as Conqueror. ca. 525-50 AD; ivory

• depicts his victory in Italy, Africa, and North Asia????

• touching earth personified, she's holding him up; he own the earth

• Christ in the center; apollo 

• blessing gesture (ring finger to thumb)

• stylized eyes (fuller, larger); tradition rooted in roman art now mixed into byzantine 

• holding globus cruciger (crucifix on a globe)

• looks red, but it’s purple?

• dyed velum

• in greek; used silver ink (metal ink; looks dark cuz it’s tarnished)

• hodegetria - she who knows/shows the way

• Theotokos - the bearer of god 

• hard time with depth

• Saint Theodore & Saint George? next to her

• survived cuz Egypt likes icons and no one wanted to travel that far to destroy them

Tesserae

Nimbus

Nave

Aisle

Gallery

Narthex

Apse

Apse mosaic

Central Plan

Pendentive

Icon

Iconoclasm: Iconoclast, Iconophile

Psalter

Pantocrator

Codex

Vellum

Theotokos

Ivory relief sculpture

Encaustic

• roman looking david; meant to look like orpheus

• Melody personified?

• woman peeking; nymph Echo

• red figure at the bottom; personification of jerusalem/bethlehem 

• middle period

• a little worried about idolatry? 

Interior (facing west)

• some mosaics left after WWII?

Christ Pantocrator, dome mosaics

• he is the pantocrator; ruler of the universe; ruler over all 

• zeus/jupiter depiction

• he looks angry; he’s the judge and ruler of the universe

• covered in gold

The Crucifixion, mosaic

• Mary & John the beloved 

• emotion on their faces; start to see a greater movement of emotion in Christ & the figures around him?

• used to not have a lot of emotion in crucifixion due to something something he’s better than that i'm so tired

• Mary & John the beloved 

• emotion on their faces; start to see a greater movement of emotion in Christ & the figures around him?

• used to not have a lot of emotion in crucifixion due to something something he’s better than that i'm so tired

The Crucifixion, mosaic

• Mary & John the beloved 

• emotion on their faces; start to see a greater movement of emotion in Christ & the figures around him?

• used to not have a lot of emotion in crucifixion due to something something he’s better than that i'm so tired (THIS GOES BACK AND FORTH) 

NOTE: Two people on the cross: Mary & John the Beloved

• often depicted a skull → he’s fulfilling the plan of salvation where adam falls; everyone who has died because of adam will overcome death 

• 13 domes —> symbolizing christ and the 12 apostles 

Interior

• pantocrator

• 4 evangelists in the pendentives; not in their animals forms

• usually in hierarchy of importance

• Christ is usually in the circle (middle byzantine?)????

• a lot like Hagia Sopiha

• orant position Mary

• Mary becomes the symbol for the church → stands as our advocate between us and christ 

• byzantine faces tend to have modeling rather than straight flat (especially for middle byz and on)

Interior

• no sense of space or depth, but beautiful lol 

• jupiter 

• had to plan for the wall distortion

• good example of western influence in contact with the east; crusades 

• tessere are smaller here, especially in the face

(Anastasis, Kariye Camii (Church of the Savior in the Chora monastery), Istanbul, Turkey. ca. 1310-20 AD); Greek word for resurrection

• Mandorla - “almond”; representation of his power 

• Satan is being crushed under him; keys & locks & chains → shattering; he’s lifting Eve & Adam out of the grave/out of the Fall

MIGHT BET THAT ONE????

Hajj

Shrine

Mosque

Mihrab

Qibla Wall

Minaret

Squinches

Qur’an

Calligraphy

Kufic Script

Horseshoe arches

Hypostyle Hall

Voussoirs

Iwan

Muqarnas

Minbar

Madrasa

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. ca. 690 and later; shrine

• the rock where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac (but they belief it was Ishmael, as they believe to descend from him, not Isaac) 

• not a mosque 

Cutaway drawing, Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

• Solomon’s temple's original site? 

• convergence of three major religious groups = contention

INTERIOR

• no human figures, no animals, no deity; none of it is allowed in any sacred space

• Khufic/kufic script

• carpeted 

• octagonal 

• 16 columns 

• 4 piers / 12 columns (rotunda?) 

View into the dome of the Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 687-692. 

Dome of the Rock (looking east, Jerusalem, 687-692.

Schematic drawing of a generic Arab hypostyle mosque

• originally had grass mats? 

• used oil lamps 

• qibla wall =  the direction of mecca

not a mosque

Cutaway drawing, Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

Solomon’s temple's original site → commemorate this temple; Muslim commemorate Abraham and Ishmeal; talked about above)

convergence of three major religious groups = contention

INTERIOR

no human figures, no animals, no deity; none of it is allowed in any sacred space

Khufic/kufic script

carpeted

octagonal

16 columns

4 piers / 12 columns (rotunda?)

FOCUSED ON GOD’S CREATION BUT NOT THEIR DIRECT FORM

Aerial view of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia. 8th century and later

• hypostyle prayer hall

• love the contrast to Christian churches (aka they are much more simple and “humble” being plain; at least on the outside?)

• moksura??? = stairs = write something from qur’an

• originally built to shield you from assassins 

Interior of prayer hall, Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain; mid 10th century

• known for horseshoe arcade (very exaggerated; double arches)

• og church → temple → mosque → then back to church

Carved stone grille on qibla wall of  Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain; mid 10th century; marble; geometric arabesque 

• lavishly decorated

• waqf → rent income goes to create these beautiful mosques 

• rise of kufic script

• approaching divinity

• known for horseshoe arcade (very exaggerated; double arches)

• og church → temple → mosque → then back to church

Carved stone grille on qibla wall of  Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain; mid 10th century; marble; geometric arabesque 

• lavishly decorated

• waqf → rent income goes to create these beautiful mosques 

• more open ; lighter ; refined

• inspired by Hagia Sophia

• glass lamps hanging

2nd 

• glass lamps 

• blue tile ; iznik tiles (shades of turquoise and tulips and tendrils)

• RED = introduced 1550+ 

• reproduced over and over again (tiles) ; no need to be different or unique as an artist ; honor god not self

• original fountain

• “Red Palace”

• originally had pressurized water coming out of Lion’s mouths

• water channels ran through the building to keep it cool 

Palace of the Lion; 1354-1391

• consulting about not having an heir

• elephant and 

• persian tradition of flowers and pattern

• western influence ; illuminated manuscript looking ; halo nimbus ; king james included (sword most likely removed to keep the peaceful painting as it might have been referencing another portrait ; cherubim ; 

• he and his father were really curious about other world’s works and were open to new ideas & traditions

• hands him a book that he receives with cloth ; shows respect & deference to the king ; i honor you not because of your status, but your humility/holiness (giving/receiving from poor) 

• artist was Hindu

• east meets west 

• petals = cup

• the rest = plate

• rests on a Buddist flower 

• delicate goats head