Physical Eschatology by Ho Sze Yuan

What is Physical Eschatology?

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Physical eschatology is the study of the ultimate fate of the universe based on the principles of physics, cosmology, and astronomy. It focuses on scientific predictions and theories about the future evolution of the cosmos.

The Universe is Expanding.

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Galaxies will drift apart and stars and planets will be ejected into interstellar space.

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The stars slowly burn out, some collapse onto themselves or get absorbed by black holes, while others quietly radiate away...

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After 50 Trillion Trillion Trillion years, protons decay

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And after 1 Million Trillion Trillion Trillion Trillion Trillion years, even Black Holes begin to decay from Hawking's Radiation

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As planets and galaxies decay, only black holes continue to grow....

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The Universe is reduced to a dilute gas of the smallest elementary particles and low energy radiation

Eternal Death

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Picture 2 balls.

The Big Rip

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Entities will continue to accelerate away from each other. Solar Systems, Planets and ultimately, atoms will be pulled apart until nothing remains but the most elementary particles.

The Big Crunch

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Gravity pulls everything back together, causing galaxies, stars, and planets to collide and merge as the universe contracts.

As this process continues, the universe becomes hotter and denser, eventually collapsing into a singularity.

The tenure of life in an open universe is limited

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The tenure of life in an open universe is limited, but the limitations of this tenure are incredibly generous.

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- Graham Oppy

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Change and impermanence confers meaning and value to life. And once we see the inevitable death of our Universe as a necessary price to pay for our existence, it is no longer a regrettable fate.

Bibliography

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melodysheep. (2019, March 20). TIMELAPSE OF THE FUTURE: A Journey to the End of Time (4K) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD4izuDMUQA

TED-Ed. (2019, February 19). Three ways the universe could end - Venus Keus [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itpLU7OzNV8

Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell. (2024, February 27). The paradox of an infinite universe [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isdLel273rQ

Oppy, G. (2001). Physical Eschatology. https://philarchive.org/archive/OPPPEI