• Hot temperature
• Standing up
• Emotions - hormones
• Medications
• Caffeine
  
  

• Bacterial infection
• Sweat production
• Age
• Location on the body
• Humidity
  
  

• Drugs Eg. Cocaine
• High sodium diet
• Stress
• Narrowed arteries
• Pregnancy
  
  

• Asthma
• COVID
• Anemia
• Heart disease
• Pneumothorax
  
  

• The maintenance of a constant internal environment, in a changing e___________ environment. 
• In order to function properly our cells require o__________ conditions. 
• They need a constant supply of o________ and nutrients and removal of w__________.
• Living cells can only function in a narrow r_________ of conditions: temperature, pH and ion c________________, the levels of which are constantly changing. 
• The body therefore needs a mechanism to maintain i____________ stability despite the environmental change.

Use the booklet to work through and complete the tasks within. Some of the video links are found here

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyCGVKFTZMw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OO8eqQrzeJ0&t=3s 

2) Further reading on animal thermoregulation

>Work in groups of 3 - 5, split the reading into sections appointing each person a section to read and summarise.

https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/documents/how-animals-survive-in-extreme-temperatures.pdf

>Either read the info on the digital version or print yourself a version of this reading.

> Complete your group summaries by making a copy of this doc https://docs.google.com/document/d/14glFHUcmR5DB4e41txxPkH7YWmAAwG5BVVbpX6zZDik/edit?usp=sharing (either work digitally or print if you wish to work on hardcopy)

2) Write summary notes of the key ideas you figured out about heat gain/loss methods in the human body.

3) Watch this short simple video recapping the methods of heat transfer.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7kmmj_qRss&t=174s 

4) Use the printed diagrams to annotate and add extra ideas about heat gain/loss methods in the human body.

https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1BBEjomqLtEpSloLzV5IkIKQAZ9ObMCgMu8bId4-80CA/edit?usp=sharing Diagrams can be found here.

5) Complete scipad pages 36 & 37

Starter Question: Why do you think metal doorknobs feel colder than wooden doors, even when they're at the same temperature?

Tasks to work through (Find info - by using textbooks, google search, you tube videos, discussion with teacher/peers, etc)

1) Identify the difference between shell and core temperature. Summarise this difference. Explain why there is a difference? Find a suitable picture to illustrate this.

Is it more important for medical staff to identify shell or core temperature? Explain your answer

2) We have many thermoreceptors in the human body - What is a thermoreceptor?

Where are they found in the human body?

What is the difference between peripheral and central thermoreceptors? Why is it important to have both types?

Do thermoreceptors detect warmth or cold or both?

3)How do thermoreceptors send information to the control centre?

4) What happens when multiple different bits of information are sent from different thermoreceptors to the control centre?

5) Use http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Thermal_touch

and/or https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/36%3A_Sensory_Systems/36.05%3A_Somatosensation_-_Thermoreception to expand your knowledge of thermoreceptors and learn more complexity about how they function (Eg. TRP Ion channels, nerve endings, neurons, electrical impulses, etc)

Use this summary task whilsts reading https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NfCUW_8oz4ugHSadCRW0nE43nj2hGzQWd_Nu_PGDODU/edit?usp=sharing or

Use this google form to check understanding of the second reading https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd1wnxa-IcN8kTkkEzMeGcFx6bPZEErHrqbL4U8qIqQdeuWRg/viewform?usp=sharing

6) Images to illustrate thermoreceoptors.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pZbgXBeUoDdWlyNsTrJA0nYs61vuR7iTu76s_KGyT2k/edit?usp=sharing

Tasks
1. Read the section about temperature regulation from the journal article above.
Summarise the job of the hypothalamus in temperature regulation.

2. Watch the video clip - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac_8bjEZaVE

Summarise 2 key ideas about the hypothalamus from this clip.

3. Watch the video clip - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVhm2rBGhB0

Answer Q's - Where is hypothalamus located? What main jobs does it do? What other glands does it work alongside?

4. Use the site below or other sources to research about; What is the difference between the anterior and posterior hypothalamus? what difference is there in the responses they trigger? https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/30050

5.  Read the section on page 2 below the diagrams (3 paragraphs) about thermoregulation in doc below; -

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ERE0oMT4C2vKQU3E_PHkhH6_A5q9E5Hc/view?usp=sharing

Summarise the key ideas about the different responses the body carries out to thermoregulate.

6. Add more key words/kupu to your keywords list

1. Understanding the Nervous system a little more; Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNLceVI8jcc&t=46s or other nervous system videos

Read the article and clarify the different types of nervous system. >Use your highlighting and summarising or annotating skills to pick out key concepts.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NGHRVeNdAKcqSOotU5bVUsjOD6_Kr3oHOCTRix4uwFY/edit?usp=sharing   

>Complete the multichoice quiz questions and the short answer questions.

>Check in with your kaiako to see how you went.

2. Use the info found on this site as an intro to Communication in homeostasis - https://www.verywellmind.com/the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems-2794894

For each section in the article answer the questions below;

P1 - What is the job of nervous and endocrine systems?
P2 - What is the connection between neurons, nerves and the nervous system?
The Central nervous system - What is its job?
The Peripheral nervous system - What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?
The Endocrine system - How does the endocrine system work? How does the endocrine and NS interact?

3. Complete the worksheet about the key differences between endocrine and nervous system communication methods.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1or7yAQUwQQ4XHAYUyUIhgb__fvEWNFUpL8NmJa2LvwY/edit?usp=sharing 

Summarise the effector and response processes of thermoregulation to an increase in body temperature.
You should include the following responses;
Behavioural, vasodilation, sweating

Use the video clip above, the info in this article https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/advan.00126.2014 

and from the slide show below

https://www.slideshare.net/ngibellini/peter-shepherd-thermoregulation  

After you have completed these summaries, add them onto scipad page 38.

Video - Why do we sweat? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fctH_1NuqCQ

How does sweat work?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1s6ZGTvxB8k

Summarise the effector and response processes of thermoregulation to a decrease in body temperature.
You should include the following responses;
Behavioural, vasoconstriction, shivering, changes in basal metabolic rate, Thyroxine & thermogenesis, Brown fat oxidation, piloerection

Use video clips, the info in this article

Vasodilation vs Vasoconstriction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhBU6hvtaeE

https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/advan.00126.2014 

or this article;

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RZ1pm_6qhrfq1kn3FGyV2-DMoCFk1ouB/view?usp=share_link

and from the slide show below

https://www.slideshare.net/ngibellini/peter-shepherd-thermoregulation  

Or use any of the notes from this doc which has a collection of thermoreg notes.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Y1cGVx4JR-3a_aNfeULAcfWyPuiEvpVe/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=117787795061181894386&rtpof=true&sd=true 

After you have completed these summaries, add them onto scipad page 38.

Use the info from the resources below to understand Hypothermia and Hyperthermia.

Make a thermoregulation disruptions mind map, include the following;

• Definition (including key body temperatures)

• Causes

• Signs & symptoms

• Stages (Eg. Cold stress, mild hypothermia, moderate hypothermia, etc)

• Treatments

• Who is more likely to be affected and why.

Hot environment disruption & breakdown

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1aSxZIqQBdg5Yj62NU6xm5IC1t--nwhCOkTSXoHEbAus/edit?usp=sharing

Use this site for cold environment disruption & breakdown

https://www.lemonade-ed.com/level-3/3-4-homeostasis/4-responses-to-a-cold-environment 

https://www.osmosis.org/notes/Body_Temperature_Regulation_(Thermoregulation)_-_20082020#page-1 

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-hyperthermia-definition-causes-symptoms-treatment.html 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L735EkEbNgc 

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Ra8fmJKuvZehUrJtQLoiIx_YgpEdrv9WD3wH3PmFpfY/edit?usp=sharing 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoNLcfI2-eQ

https://visualxmed.wordpress.com/2016/02/06/a-tale-of-two-conditions-hypothermia-and-heat-stroke/ 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JAXbDTIiSk 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfXqyPS5bRo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_LiAEjuIIc&t=332s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iya-2bS14ho

Tasks - 

1. Brainstorm some key points if the following were the contexts of your assessment;

• Science researcher in Antarctica isolated outside and can't get back to basecamp

• Individual suffering from infection and has a fever

• Worker in a foundry, does a double shift failing to take any breaks for food & drink

• Ultra marathon runner across the desert, lacks sufficient supplies of food & water.

2. Summarise your knowledge and ideas about Thermoregulation - you might like to create a mind map of key ideas 

• Why Thermoregulate?

• When body temperature rises what is the bodies response?

• If Thyroxine secretion levels are reduced how can this affect body temperature?

• If humidity is high what effect will this have on the cooling mechanism of sweating? Why will it have this effect?

• Explain why someone looks redder when they have an increased body temperature?

• Why is shivering known as a type of thermogenesis?

• Explain the role of the components of the negative feedback loop – stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response, feedback.

• Heat can be lost by conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation, - Explain why someone will lose heat a lot faster if they are in cold water as opposed to just cold air. 

• Explain why the windchill factor can have a major effect on someone’s body temperature?

• Our body is constantly encountering variations in external temperatures, how will these affect the body's thermoregulatory system?

• Why is 37°C the magic number? Why do humans have such a narrow optimum range? 

• Adaptive advantage to humans of the thermoregulatory system?

Keyword/kupu list to help - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZaHJR8dUxmCYpCLsSQ0nZ3ivJUYYL9kHTCxwoGnyfdA/edit?usp=sharing

Scaffold writing task to help plan

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1L_oS8cZeDw5rRKLEIcSpEIMHWoB_unj5t5olRXYczZQ/edit?usp=sharing

• What is homeostasis?
• What controls human heart rate? Under what conditions does heart rate change?
• How is respiration rate controlled?
• Could you hold your breath indefinitely? What would happen?
• In what different ways does the body control temperature?
• How does the body maintain a steady level of sugar in the bloodstream? What happens if it is unable to regulate blood sugar?
• What factors control blood pressure?
• How is this Body Control Center simulation like the self-regulation that goes on in an actual human body? How is it different?