https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed Albert Xiao en-us 2020-06-11 17:33:16 UTC 2020-06-13 01:02:26 UTC hello@padlet.com 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/622879409 Vaccines are the solution to deadly viruses. Virus are pathogens that infect someone's body, and then uses their cells in order to reproduce. This causes the person to get severely sick. The best way to combat viruses is vaccines. First, we need to understand the basic idea of the immune system. When the immune system detects pathogens, it begins to combat the virus by producing antibodies to attack and kill the virus. The idea of a vaccine is that once those antibodies are produced, they stay in the body, so that next time someone gets sick from the same virus, they are able to easily fight off the virus. There are two types of vaccines, live vaccines,  which introduce a attenuated (weakened) version of a virus into your body, and inactive viruses. Both types aren't deadly enough to harm the body, but after the immune system easily fights off the weaker versions of the virus, the vaccinated person will be immune to that specific virus forever.]]> 2020-06-11 17:34:35 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/622879409 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623343693 Vaccines obviously need to be discovered and created of course; it isn't an easy process and many laws and rules are in place so that a vaccine won't be able to hurt people. The most important thing after a vaccine is created is to determine if it is harmful, and at what dosage it becomes harmful. Scientists do this in test tubes or culture dishes and also in animals. After it is been proven to be safe, the vaccine is tested in very small doses on a small group of people (10 - 15). Once scientists observes effects and gather data, the apply to test the vaccine through the investigation new drug application, where they submit proof and data that the vaccine is safe to be tested on humans. After that, they are ready to begin clinical testing.]]> 2020-06-12 01:10:03 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623343693 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623343970 Now that the vaccine has been approved for clinical testing, the first step is to determine the best dosage of the vaccine to minimize side effects but ensure its still effective. Researchers start with low dosage, and keep incrementing dosage until side effects become significant or until the dosage is effective enough. The vaccine is tested with 20-100 human subjects and lasts several months. ~70% of drugs pass this phase.

]]> 2020-06-12 01:10:26 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623343970 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623344102 This phase mostly tests for how well the vaccine works. It also tests for safety and side effects as well.  The vaccine is tested on hundreds of people. One important part of this step is to test combinations of the vaccine with other vaccines and other drugs to see if any dangerous reaction occurs from combining different vaccines/drugs. This phase lasts from months up to 2 years. ~33% of drugs pass this phase.

]]> 2020-06-12 01:10:35 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623344102 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623344157 This phase continues to test how well the vaccine performs and different side effects. The main different is that many subjects are used such that precise controlled experiments can be conducted. Additionally, an important experiment is to compare the effectiveness of the new vaccine to current ones if there are any. If the new vaccine is worse than current ones, then there is no point in continuing! This phase uses 300-3000 volunteers and lasts from 1-4 years. ~ 25-30% of drugs pass this phase.]]> 2020-06-12 01:10:40 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623344157 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623344217 At this point, there is a lot of testing that has happened, but 3000 people still isn't that much. The drug is now released to be tested on thousands of volunteers. This is able to detect if the vaccine becomes dangerous in any special circumstances. By using a huge sample, rare side effects can be detected. Additionally, scientists observe long term and short term effects. Once this phase comes to an end, the developers apply for the vaccine to be released to the market using the new drug application. In this application, the developers need to show the data of their experiments and prove that the vaccine is effective, useful, and not harmful.]]> 2020-06-12 01:10:44 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623344217 21ax09311 https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623394874 Once the vaccine is released to the market, it is available to the public and we can get our vaccine at the doctor's office. Now you are safe from another vicious virus.]]> 2020-06-12 02:15:49 UTC https://padlet.com/21ax09311/5i4k2ubjid7xjyed/wish/623394874