- at that time europe started to colonize Africa 

It was the climax of the colonization of the European powers in Africa (the trial is known as "Scramble for Africa" )

- India has flat plains, cities and towns.

- One billion people live in India.

- Some people are living great comfort because their well of. 
- Some of them are very poor and have very little possession.

- In India 18 major Languages are used.

- Indias people follow many different religions.

- Today one central government in the capital New Delhi is elected by all these millions of people.

- The rise of slavery
-> harsh and brutal treatment
-> Plantagen systhem created a great need for workers
     -> buying enslaved men, women and children (brought from Africa)
     -> 5 million enslaved Africans were taken to the Caribbean
-> populations of the Caribbean colonies changed
     -> people born in Africa, or their descendants, came to form the majority (part of an inferior ‘race’)
-> excuse the brutality of slavery
     -> ‘white’ people at the top, ‘black’ people at the bottom and different ‘mixed’ groups in between

->Political unrest and the development of nationalist politics

->Haile Selassie, the Rastafari movement and Marcus Garvey

->Independence and post-independence: the political and cultural background

-> Language can reflect what kind of community s/he is from, what kind of community s/he wants to identify with, even what kind of audience s/he wants to speak to or write for

3500 - 2700 BC The early Harrapan sites
The earliest settlements were located in Pakistan and Baluchistan.

- Trade with Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Persian gulf.

- The Harappan endet, resulting from a combination of environmental factors.

- They traded silk from China and religious thought.

- Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism were spread from India to Southeast Asia.

- Magnificent palaces were built.

- They reaped enormes profits from the sale of spice, fine china, silk of course and precious metals.

- Some cloth were exported and became very fashionable in Europe.

- To buy these things european merchants started sailing into Indian ports.

- Soon some permission to set a permanent trading agreement was given the Indian rule.

Ethiopia is usually considered to have never been colonized, but following the invasion by Italy in 1935-36 Italian settlers arrived. Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed and went into exile in the UK. - regained his throne on 5 May 1941 when he re-entered Addis Ababa with his troops. Italian resistance was not completely overcome until 27th November 1941.

Guinea-Bissau made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence on Sept. 24, 1973, now considered as Independence Day. However, independence was only recognized by Portugal on 10 September 1974 as a result of the Algiers Accord of Aug. 26, 1974.

Western Sahara was immediately occupied by Morocco, a move contested by Polisario (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio del Oro).

- The Soldiers of the British Indian Army were given new types of rifle cartridge.

- Rumors spread that the cartridges had been greased with cow and pig fat.

May 10, 1857 - The Indian Revolt began

- Bengali Muslim troops were marching to Delhi pledging their support to the Mughal emperor.

June 20, 1858 - The Rebels surrendered after a year-long struggle

-Indias territory consists of 3.3 million square kilometers (km2)—> often referredto as “subcontinent”

-population above 1 billion —> will catch up with China (greatest population in the world so far) soon

-Indian civilisation goes back in history -> 3000 to 1700 BC valley civilisation had already developed farming, trading and rich civic life

-400 out of 5000 years under English influence may not seem like a lot - but it could not be exaggerated too much, how much India was influenced by the English.

-400 years divided in 3 periods: 

1. British colonization (c. 1600-1880) 

2. freedom movement (c. 1880-1947) 

3. independent India (since 1947). 

- late 15th Century - - Portugal arrived in India, beginning a new era of interaction between Europeans and Indians. 

-For next century, the Portuguese presence would go entirely unchallenged - allowing them to create a vast trade monopoly spanning the entire subcontinent. 

-The arrival of the Danish, Dutch and English in the early 1600s lead to the decline of Portuguese control and ultimately Dutch superiority for the rest of the century. 

-The arrival of France in the 1670s lead to a new form of conflict, that over land.  - This would ultimately result in British control by 1800 - - expansion by Britain would only continue through the 19th Century and early 20th Century, sidelining the other powers. —> full control/power over India 

-All the British possessions would gain independence  in 1947 and 1948, with France following in 1954 peacefully, and Portugal in 1961 via an Indian military annexation, ending European control in India. 

-Today, many former British colonies are still part of the Commonwealth.

1600-1700: first Englishman, Thomas Stephens, sails to Indi->  Britain's colonial involvement in India begins - - The British East India Company is founded (grants trade privileges in India)

1701-1800: Treaty (contract) of Paris-> end to Anglo-French wars and French attempts at supremacy (showing who is most powerful) in India. India placed under direct British rule by East India Company. ->Gradually, all the Mughal ['mug~l] states (i.e. states governed by Muslim leaders) become British protectorates (a state that is controlled and protected by another).

1801-1900: Thomas Macaulay writes his famous Minute on Indian Education -> he demands that English becomes only language of higher education (suggestions are accepted by the British colonial government) The Indian civil service is established, all universities and many secondary schools for middleclass Indian families become English-medium institutions. The Great Uprising: a year-long insurrection (violent uprising against government) against the British, showing the growing Indian anger against British social and political policies. The British troops dominate. India is put under British power. Queen Victoria becomes 'Empress of India', and a 'Viceroy' (second ruler) acts as the British force in India

-> others managed to form communities of ‘Maroons’ who continued to resist European rule
     -> 

-tended to occupy land far from plantations, in places that were difficult for the colonial forces to reach 

-In some places, such as Jamaica, the British were unable to defeat the Maroons and had to reach an agreement with them

1918: After First World War,  political demands become much more radical - constant opposition from the British government towards any kind of Indian autonomy. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru form freedom movement, strictly based on a policy of non-violence.

1947: After Second Wold War, the new British labour Government grants independence to India, but at the same time paves the way for an independent Muslim homeland in those regions where Muslims form the majority of the population.- On 15 August 1947 two Dominions become independent: secular India and Muslim Pakistan. Splitting causes millions of people to leave their homes - around 15 million become refugees, nearly half a million Indians die in massacres. Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first Prime Minister of independent India.

1950: Indian constitution signed: India becomes a democratic federal republic, but remains within the Commonwealth (loose bound of predominant states) of Nations.

1962-1966: Indo-Chinese war due to continued Chinese occupation of pans (parts?) of Kashmir. - Indian troops are defeated. Official Language Act: English remains the second official language of India, (Hindi being the first). This is a compromise reached after 'language riots' about me status of Hindi: in Southern Indian states many people protested violently against the planned introduction of Hindi as the only national language. Jawaharlal Nehru dies. Second Indo-Pakistani war over Kashmir.Indira Gandhi, daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, becomes Prime Minister.

1971-1977: Third lndo-Pakistani war; with Indias military support, East Pakistan becomes independent as Bangladesh. First Indian nuclear test explosion. lndira Gandhi orders a State of Emergency, suspending many civilians.-  response to growing political unrest across India due to economic problems - accusations that Indira Gandhi had been misusing her power. lndira Gandhi loses general elections- for the first time, the Congress Party finds itself in opposition.

1980-1984: lndira Gandhi, after having won general elections, becomes Prime Minister again. Indira Gandhi is murdered by two of her Sikh bodyguards (belong to a group of Sikh fanatics fighting for an independent state for all Sikhs) ('Khalistan'). Her son Rajiv Gandhi becomes leader of the Congress Party and Prime Minister.

1991-1999: Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by members of the terrorist organization 'Tamil Tigers'.

The Hindu nationalist party BJP, responsible for the destruction of the Muslim shrine 'Babri Masjid' in Ayodhya 1992 - severe riots between Hindus and Muslims - edges its way into office: the BJP leader A.B. Vajpayee becomes Prime Minister. India and Pakistan initiate a series of nuclear test explosions; both countries declare themselves nuclear powers. Fourth Indo-Pakistani war over Kashmir

2004: The Congress Party, now led by Sonia Gandhi (Rajiv Gandhi's widow) wins general elections and forms the new government. Manmohan Singh, a Sikh by faith, becomes new Prime Minister.

For 45 prisoners charged with murder, treason and torture a series of court-material trails were held.

The men were convicted, but the commutation of their sentences were forced by huge public protests.