PBL 1 Discussion by Low Chern Wey https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1 Case 3 en-us 2017-09-14 00:54:49 UTC 2023-02-20 18:57:41 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Ninja.png LOW CHERN WEY https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188129534 - Immunity protects animal against microbial invasion and is essential for life (ensure health and survival
- Includes physical barrier, innate and adaptive immunity]]> 2017-09-16 07:51:13 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188129534 LOW CHERN WEY https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188129919 - Provide rapid (immediate response) initial protection
-Non specific
Involves physical barriers like skin]]> 2017-09-16 07:58:57 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188129919 LOW CHERN WEY https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188129996 - Provide prolonged effective immunity
- Highly specific (Antigen specific)
- Directed against bacterial invaders; mediated by antibodies (Ab), binds to bacteria mark for destruction
- Includes both humoral and cell mediated immunity components
- Effectiveness improves with exposure 
- A memory of an encounter is reatined]]> 2017-09-16 08:00:26 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188129996 Noor Zafirah https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188133601 = Dendritic cells are presence in site of infection and take up the pathogen as innate immunity fails to control the infection, then will differentiate and mobilised to 2ndary lymphoid tissue  and activate adaptive immune respone.
= Macrophage engulf, express MHCII and recognized by helper T-cell]]> 2017-09-16 09:03:31 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188133601 LOW CHERN WEY https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188135763 1. Dendritic cell or DCs (phagocyte, multi-functional)
- Found in tissues, lymph nodes, skin, mucosal surfaces etc.
- the ONLY cells capable of activating naive T cells (Clark & Kupper, 2005)
- Macrophage produce CHEMOKINES>> Attract DCs (immature) to site of infection>> sample tissue environment>> detect pathogen through TLRs>> @recognition = Matures>> Present Ag>> Activates cells of Adaptive immune system (activate T cells>> Signal B cells>> Ab production (Antigen specific)
- Once pathogen has been removed, adaptive response ensure host is protected from a repeated attack by the same pathogen

2. Mast cells
- found at surfaces exposed to microbes (Skin/ mucous membrane)
- Granulated (with histamine, lipid mediators, cytokines, chemokines)
- Express TLRs
- Can direct immune cells to infection site >> modulate DCs activation// Ag presentation//  Expression of costimulatory molecules >> influence adaptive response

3. Basophils
- found in blood
- Granulated (with vasoactive molecules, +- mast cells), involved in more chronic inflammation
- Pdt of IL-4 >> Th2 differentiation >> Acquired immune response
]]> 2017-09-16 09:46:10 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188135763 LOW CHERN WEY https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188137432 2017-09-16 10:16:35 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188137432 LOW CHERN WEY https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188139201 - In innate immune response, PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors) is important in recognizing conserved PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns)
- PRRs:
  • Primarily expressed by APM (Antigen Presenting Macrophage/ DCs)
  • Localised on the cell surface (detect extracellular pathogens) // within endosomes and cellular matrix (detect intracellular invading viruses)
  • Key role in activating pro-inflammatory signalling pathways, stimulating phagocytic responses, binding to microbes as secreted proteins
- PAMPs are 
  • unique to each pathogen
  • Essential molecular structures required for pathogen survival
]]> 2017-09-16 10:49:46 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188139201 Zafirah https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188153777 First successfully  transplanted organ is the cornea.
-no administration of immunosuppressive drugs
-no assessment of HLA type]]> 2017-09-16 14:48:49 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188153777 Zafirah https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188155770 The first successfully transplanted organ is the cornes, and the reasons are :
-no immunosuppression drugs
-no HLA assessment]]> 2017-09-16 15:16:44 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188155770 SIN SHI https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188218799 Signals trigger innate immunity]]> 2017-09-17 12:29:03 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188218799 CHEW SIN SHI https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188220375 Overview of Innate immunity
Taken from Veterinary Immunology, 9th edition, by Ian Tizard]]> 2017-09-17 12:51:40 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188220375 TOSHAN RAMLOCHUN https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188230398 An immune response pertains to any of the body's response to a foreign substance, such as an antigen. The response intends to protect the body from antigens, e.g. disease-causing viruses, fungi, and bacteria. A transplanted organ may also incite an immune response when it is identified as not-self.

]]> 2017-09-17 14:27:32 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188230398 TOSHAN RAMLOCHUN https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188235062 A SUMMARY OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY]]> 2017-09-17 15:14:21 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188235062 TOSHAN RAMLOCHUN https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188241776 ALERT: I think these points can be describe as examples. Yet, these are very difficult to understand. (PhD level)
Information from a Journal, see link below.

- Cross-talk between the innate and adaptive systems may be bidirectional. The major cytokines implicated in atherosclerosis are produced by cells of both the adaptive and innate immune systems, acting upon one another in both a paracrine and an autocrine manner.

- For instance, IFNγ produced by the effector T-helper 1 (Th1) cell activates phagocytes such as macrophages, and interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5 produced by Th2 cells, may stimulate some macrophage and dendritic cell subsets.

- IL-5 in particular mediates a link between adaptive and natural immunity. 

- On the other hand, IL-12, IL-18, and type I interferons promote the differentiation of Th1 cells, and IL-12 can stimulate the production of IFNγ by NK cells.

- IL-10, which can be produced by T-cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, inhibits IL-12 production and Th1-mediated inflammation. 

]]> 2017-09-17 16:20:33 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188241776 TOSHAN RAMLOCHUN https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188243849 I didn't read this link entirely. But, I think it may have some points. I'll try to simplify it into main points by tuesday. You guys can have a read in the meanwhile, and post the points you found. Thanks]]> 2017-09-17 16:41:55 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188243849 Yong Qian Hui https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188286971 -The immune response is the responce which body recognizes and defends itself agains bacteria, viruses and substances that appear foreign and harmful
- The immune system protects the body from possibly harmful substances by recognizing and responding to antigen.]]> 2017-09-18 00:14:58 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188286971 Yong Qian Hui https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188287389 Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that react immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body. The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the antigen.]]> 2017-09-18 00:18:22 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188287389 Yong Qian Hui https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188287712 - antigen-specific immune response. 
- The antigen first must be processed and recognized. After recognition of antigens, the adaptive immune system creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack specific antigen.
- Adaptive immunity also includes a "memory" that makes future responses against a specific antigen more efficient.]]> 2017-09-18 00:20:59 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188287712 Yong Qian Hui https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188289247 1. Dendritic cells
- Dendritic cells are members of the innate immune system that are particularly efficient at stimulating T cells to respond to antigen.
- The only cells capable of activating naïve T cells, and they can load endocytosed antigenic peptides on both MHC class I and MHC class II molecules, allowing presentation to both CD8 and CD4 T cells. 
- Dendritic cells detect danger signals within the tissues and transmit this information to T cells. Pathogens and tissue insults of many kinds are translated into a common result which is the activation and maturation of dendritic cells. 
-  Dendritic cells pass on a remarkable amount of information to T cells about the type of insult that prompted their maturation. This information affects whether a T cell will respond to antigen, how it will respond, and likely where it will go to respond. 
2. Natural killer cells
- NK cells lack the Toll cell receptor (TCR) for antigen recognition and possess the ability to kill tumor cells or host cells infected by virus.
-  NK cells do not require prior contact with antigens to develop cytolytic properties, though NK cells can acquire specificities using their Fc receptor that binds to IgG-coated target cells. NK cells use numerous pore cell toxins. 
-T cell, particularly CD4+ cells, can stimulate NK cell functions. Therefore, NK cells, though members of the innate immune response, have a number of ways of interacting with adaptive immune responses



 

]]> 2017-09-18 00:33:57 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188289247 Yong Qian Hui https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188307286 2017-09-18 02:42:15 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188307286 Nisa https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188416030 ~the state of protection from infectious disease, it comprises of both less specific and a more specific component]]> 2017-09-18 12:11:05 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188416030 Nisa https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188417290 ~ the reaction is less specific
~it provides the first line defense against infection
~most of compponents in innate are present bfore the onset of infection
~the first barriers in innate include the skin, the mucosal membranes, HCL, lysozyme in tears]]> 2017-09-18 12:14:21 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188417290 Nisa https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188417903 ~it capable in recognizing and selectively eliminate specific foreign microbes or antigens
~have 4 characteristics; antigenic specificity, diversity, immunologic memory and self nonself recognition
~2 major groups of cells are involves; lymphocytes (B and T cells) and APC]]> 2017-09-18 12:16:08 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188417903 Nisa https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188419226 sooooo, i read from ref book, it stated that both innate and adaptive immune systems do not operate independently. meaning that, they need to cooperate with each other haha. as they will function as a highly interactive and cooperative system. so that the combined response will be moreeee effective than either branch could produce by itself.]]> 2017-09-18 12:20:05 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188419226 Nisa https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188420140 eg given in the book, cooperation in the encounter between mO and microbes. interaction between receptors on mO and microbial components will generate soluble proteins (cytokines) that stimulate and direct the adaptive immune responses, facilitating the participation of the adaptive immune system in the elimination of pathogens.]]> 2017-09-18 12:23:01 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188420140 MOHD AZMIE zmie_abdhalim https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188549801 As we all know, animals are under constant threat of invasion by a diverse range of microorganisms that seek to enter the body and exploit its resources for shelter and food. So, immune system is the detection and destruction of invading microorganisms. It will prevent the animals from having any infection or diseases that caused by the microorganisms. Basically it involved two systems which are innate and adaptive immune systems. ]]> 2017-09-18 16:23:40 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188549801 MOHD AZMIE zmie_abdhalim https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188555760 Innate immune system is the protection within the first few days of microbial invasion. The macrophages and neutrophils are responsible for this but they cannot always eliminate infectious organism and there are some pathogens that they cannot recognized.]]> 2017-09-18 16:35:30 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188555760 MOHD AZMIE zmie_abdhalim https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188560625 Adaptive immune system is responsible for longterm protection. There are two major types which are antibody direct against extracellular invaders and cell-mediated immunity against intracellular invaders. Adaptive immune system are complex and must very carefully regulated. It involves three major populations of lymphocyte which are B cells, regulatory T cells and effector T cells.]]> 2017-09-18 16:44:16 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188560625 MOHD AZMIE zmie_abdhalim https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188569213 From what I read, the innate and adaptive immune system are related with each other. For example, the phagocyte known as antigen presenting cell because after engulfing the invading microbe, it displays pieces of protein from the microbe, called antigens, on its surface, on what is known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. This alerts the adaptive immune system and allows cells known as T cells to recognize an infected cell.]]> 2017-09-18 17:00:08 UTC https://padlet.com/chernwey_96/pblOneDiscussionCase1/wish/188569213